hozan loqmani

Aflatoxins are fungal toxins with carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is resistant to autoclave, pasteurization temperature, and other food preservation procedures. The present study aimed to measure and compare the levels of AFM1 in 84 raw milk samples collected during six successive months, including 36 samples from a dairy factory and 48 samples from four major local dairy distribution centers. The day of sampling was selected randomly. AFM1 levels were measured using the ELISA assay. In distribution centers number one, two, three, and four, the levels of AFM1 were higher than the permissible limits in 33%, 25%, 8.3%, and 25% of the samples, respectively. Furthermore, the level of AFM1 in 19.44% of the factory samples was higher than the permissible limits in the United States. The mean AFM1 concentration in distribution centers number one, two, three, and four and the dairy factory was 0.0344, 0.243, 0.19, 0.301, and 0.175, respectively. The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant difference in the mean concentration of AFM1 with (P=0.279). According to the results, it is recommended that more preventive actions be taken in order to control the AFM1 content of livestock feeds and consumed milk in Kurdistan University, Iran.

Despite regular disinfection and decontamination of the hospital floors and surfaces, resistant pathogens from the hospital surfaces and their transmission to humans have been reported recently. The resistance of pathogens to the disinfectant agents or failed disinfection techniques have put the routine floor and non-critical surface disinfection done in hospitals into question with regard to their effectiveness. In this study, 112 samples were collected using cotton swabs which were immediately placed in a broth agar media. The collected samples were cultured in broth agar and eosin methylene blue media. We determined the bacterial load on the ward floors and patient rooms before and after disinfection and assessed the effectiveness of the used method and decontamination agents in cleaning the floors. The results showed that disinfection did not have a significant effect on the hospital surface decontamination, and the disinfection process did not change the colony count in the different wards of the hospital (P-value

Many nosocomial infections are transferred by hand contact between personnel. Among basic actions to control such infections is the investigation of hygienic conditions of washing hands with hand washing liquids. In such situations, if the hand washing agents are contaminated with pathogenic agents, they may lead to the development of nosocomial infections.. In this study, we investigated infections in hand washing liquids in public hospital of Sanandaj during 2011.. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in public hospitals of Sanandaj. The type and species of microorganisms from 52 samples were examined and diagnosed. Statistical analysis was done using Excel with frequency distribution tables and descriptive tests.. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47.36%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (26.31%) had the highest frequencies and Escherichia coli (5.26%) had the lowest isolation rate.. The results indicated that the level of contamination at public hospitals of Sanandaj was very high (59.37%). An important finding of this study was the need for appropriate training because we observed liquid containers without lids or with unsuitable lids..