فهرست مطالب hussein moftakhari

The first Iranian social democratic groups and organizations stepped into the political arena during the late thirteenth century (according to Georgian calendar)One of the important factors in the formation and establishment of these organizations was the growth of socialist tendencies and the spread of socialist ideologies mong Iranians, caused by the emigration to Russia and CaucasusIn this regard, the Democratic Party of Iran, as one of the members ,of parties influenced by the views of Russian Social-Democracts and those of Karl Katsky began to formulate its memorandum and started its political activity officially from the second round of assembly of national board of representatives. Therefore, the necessity of examining the political dynamics of this party is of great significance, so the present research is trying to answer certain questions related to this era, by relying on valid resources and documents with a descriptive - analytic method. Questions sch as: How much the Democratic Party could have succeeded in the process of democratization of Iranian society? Or, what factors contributed to the incompetence of the party in achieving its goals and plans in society? The results of this study shows that internal and external causes, such as the lack of compliance of the Democratic Party memorandum and plans with the many economic and social conditions And political and cultural affairs of Iran as internal causes and interference of countries such as Russia and Britain as foreign causes that prevented the party from achieving its fundamental goals. Even with the conspicuity of these dynamics in politial history, so far, no research has been done on the political trends of the Democratic Party of Iran.

Drug is important in the treatment of epidemics and governments knew it .Hence, any government, in order to supply the drugs, according to its political and economic conditions, would adopt certain policies. The specific political, economic, and social conditions of the period between 1941 to 1953, such as the initiation of the World War II and the military occupation of Iran, lack of health infrastructure and the prevalence of epidemics, short-lived governments, shortages of the health budgets, and the economic crisis in the year 1952 pinpoint the importance of the pharmacological measures to be taken by the government authorities of that time. Given this importance, so far, no research has been done in this regard. The present paper attempts to rely on the available publications and employs an analytical method to answer the following questions: What policies did the then governments implement against the inflation, shortages, hoard, and counterfeit drugs? And to what extent did they succeed in overcoming these difficulties? The results obtained in this study indicated that the governments, to solve the crisis of drugs, took the following measures: establishment of the Pharmaceutical Department and the Department for preventing Hoard Medicines, establishment of pharmaceutical institutions, abolition of the drug monopoly and customs duties of peculiar drugs, monitoring the import and production of peculiar drugs, and the expansion of Razi institution and Pasteur Institute of Iran. These measures which were accompanied with the enactment of some laws and exercising severe punishments could not solve the drug problems in the long run and they were only of an instantaneous effect.

“Explanation” is an important issue in the philosophy of history¡ science of history and historiography with its all types¡ models and patterns. It is responsible for expressing the rational relationship between the events¡ changes and historical developments on the one hand and the why and the how of them on the other hand. Paying attention to the Muslim historians’ methods and models of historiography reveals the origin of the thoughts and ideas pertaining to the explanation in relation with the history of Islam events. Examining different types of explanations can reveal the evolution of the explanation in the Islamic historiography. It developed significantly due to the scientific¡ intellectual¡ cultural¡ political and social changes and advancements. Implementing an analytical method¡ this article tried to investigate different types of explanations in the works of prominent historians like Tabari¡ Masudi¡ Moqadasi¡ Miskawayh¡ Ibn Kasir and Ibn Khaldun from the fourth to the eighth centuries. The results revealed that explanation evolved towards rational explanation from solely narrative explanation. There appeared a search for the causes of the events and their whys and hows.

Although most of reports on Bani Saede΄s Saqifa Exist in the primary sources indicating the political participation of Mohajers and Ansar, which is also the subject of the current paper, shows that the Mohajers and Ansar were unaware about the happenings in medina hence; they could not actively take part in the later political process. About 3000 people from elite Mohajers and Ansar who with the decree of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) required to serve under Osma΄s division, were camping at a place called "Jorf" about 5km away from medina and were prepared to dispatch to Syria. In the meantime, a messenger from Medina gave the news about the demise of Prophet Mohammad and Osama along with some of his companions returned to medina. Although some of the narratives quoting Wagedi and Ibn A΄sam tell that the whole army unit returned to Medina after the prophet΄s demise, however; the others like Khalifath Ibn Khayyat, Tabari, Ibn A΄sam, Abdullah b. Mohammad al -Baghavi, Maqdesi, Ibn Asaker indicate that the complete unit could not return at the point of time. This army unit, by the first measure of the Caliph, was immediately rushed to Syria and left unaware about the incident in medina. The absence of elite Mohajers and Ansar, brigade for about 40 or 70 days after the demise of Prophet Mohammad (p.b.u.h) was the most important factor that led to establishment of the caliphate as most of them were not present during the Caliph΄s dealing with opponents of allegiance in Medina.