jafar panahi

Teeth are always faced with different traumas and all those traumas, which cause teeth to exit their sockets, are classified as avulsion. Avulsion most commonly occurs in 7-11 year olds. If sports tutors have enough information regarding replantation, they could play a significant role in prognosis of treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess physical education teachers’ level of knowledge regarding avulsion of teeth in Tehran’s Primary Schools, Iran, in 2012. This was a cross-sectional study which used a questionnaire consisting three parts including 21 questions. The first part was about demographic information; the second part was about traumatic lesion to tooth and the third part was about process of avulsed teeth protection. The questionnaire was completed by a random sample of volunteer sports tutors in Tehran Primary Schools. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS software using the chi-square test. About 160 subjects participated, 67.1% of the tutors had mid-level knowledge regarding the second part of the questionnaire, and 64.1% had a low level of knowledge regarding the third part. In relation to the second and third part of the questionnaire, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the age of the tutors and their level of information (P < 0.050). There was also a significant relationship between the level of information about the third section of the survey and the amount of experience the tutors had about avulsion (P < 0.050). The results indicate a low level of knowledge in sports tutors in dealing with avulsed teeth and suitable media for transferring the teeth. Suitable educational programs for these tutors could be very useful in enhancing their knowledge and pertaining traumatized teeth.

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most lethal multi-system disorders and is the most common autosomal recessive disease in Caucasians. The related protein is named cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductive regulator (CFTR). Various mutations in CFTR gene have been reported to cause CFTR loss of function and diseased phenotype. The most prevalent mutation is ΔF508, deletion of phe at position 508. Here, we briefly explain clinical features and diagnostic methods of the disease firstly, and then the genetics of the disease and its mutations as well as genetic studies in Iranian populations are reviewed. Up to now, totally 56 different mutations have been reported in Iranian patients which 8 of them reported for the first time. Seven common mutations in this population are as follows p.F508del (33.33%), c.1677delTA (7.41%), c.2183_2184delAAinsG (5.56%), p.N1303K (4.81%), c.2789+5G>A (4.44%), p.S466X (4.44%) and p.G542X (4.07%).

The risk of disease spread through water, fruits and vegetables contaminated through unclean waters varies from region to another. Springs and underground water resources are essentially free of germs or they have tolerable levels of germs; unless they are infected by surface water or human excreta. Scientific reports have shown that outbreaks of food-borne illnesses especially foods such as fresh fruit and vegetables are rising. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of washing procedures in eliminating of microbial and parasitic contamination of vegetables consumed in Ilam city. Multiple samples of vegetables were collected from five regions of the city (North- South- West- East- Center) about 1 kg from each shop and transferred to the laboratory. Then we put apiece in a dish containing five liters water; vegetable was washed into it and a sample was collected. Then we added to dish, 20 drops of dish soap and mixed it for a few minutes so that all of vegetable dipped in the foam. After a few minutes, the vegetable were washed with pure water. Another sample was collected from sewage of this water. For detection of microbes, we used two formalin eater and direct microscopic observation. 86 samples were collected from five regions of city. 40.6% of them had parasitic contamination in scantling water of washing with pure water, and 43% had parasitic contamination in scantling water of washing with dish soap. 70.9% of them had parasitic and bacterial contamination in both wastewaters. There was no significant difference between washing with water and washing with dish soap for parasitic or bacterial contamination. Methods of washing in some types of vegetable may reduce effectively parasitic infection; but we found that washing with dish soap didn’t have any significant effect on reduction of microbial contamination.

Candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal diseases in humans, candida vaginitis being the most important fungal disease in women. Traditionally, different plant extracts are used in Western Iran for treatment of vaginal infections. This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Scrophularia striata on Candida albicans isolated from patients with vaginitis.

Scrophularia striata plants collected from the Zagross Mountains were dried in shade. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Scrophularia striata were prepared by rotary evaluation. Inhibitory effect of extracts was studied by disk diffusion and embedding sink diffusion.

This experiment indicated that no concentration of the alcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata had an inhibitory effect on candida albicans but the aqueous extract in maximum concentrations of 100 mg/ml had some inhibitory effect on this fungus.

Since people in Western Iran use this plant for treatment of infections, we expected these extracts to have significant inhibitory effect on candida albicans but the result was contrary to our expectations. Keywords: Scrophularia striata, Aqueous extracts, Alcoholic extract, Inhibitory effect, Candida albicans.