فهرست مطالب jalal jalali sendi

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is considered as one of the most important pests of vegetables worldwide. Nowadays, alternative safe control measures are usually recommended against various insect pests. We investigated the ethanolic extracts of a medicinal plant fruit called winter cherry Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae) against third instar larvae of cotton bollworm. The LC50, LC30, and LC10 values were estimated by feeding through larval diet at 1.33, 0.53, and 0.14 (% w/v). Later, the LC30 value (0.53 % w/v) obtained was again treated on third instar larvae to find out its sublethal effects on some important molecules and enzymes. The results showed elevated amount of uric acid and also increased activity in acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase in comparison with the controls (fed artificial diet with ethanol alone). However, decreased activity of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase were observed. The midgut histology showed disruption in main midgut epithelial cells as well as other cell types in treated vs controls. Chemical components of the ethanolic extract of winter cherry fruits were also identified using GC-MS where the main components included 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (51.18 %) and 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (21.86%). Our results are indicative of a promising natural product that can be regarded as a new source for insect pest control.

The use of blood-sucking insects is one of the most important methods for pathogen prevalence in biological warfare. Fleas are one of the most important insects in transmitting microbial agents. Developing and updating new and specific methods of insect control is essential for passive defense and preparation of biological attacks as well as unexpected disease epidemics. For successful flea management, the used strategies must be selective and have minimal impact on the environment and humans. In the current study, effects of hormone-like compounds and IGRs on fleas control have been reviewed. Databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, Citation Index, and Google Scholar were used as authentic sources. To retrieve the data, the search strategy and selection of articles was based on the keywords including Control, Fleas, Siphonaptera, Insect growth regulator, Insect hormone mimics, with different possible combinations were performed. We also used the keywords mainly mentioned in the titles of the articles without time limit but limited to 2020. The results of the study demonstrated that among the commercial growth regulators including juvenile hormone analogues, ecdysteroid agonists, and chitin synthesis inhibitors, the juvenile hormone analogues and chitin synthesis inhibitors have been most effective against fleas. In addition to their specificity, the growth regulators apart their safety are also considered persistant then their counterparts. These compounds can suppress flea populations and prevent the continued use of chemical pesticides. On the other hand, they impair resistance development in fleas. When fleas are used in biological warfare, growth regulators such as pyriproxyfen and lufenuron can disrupt flea survival and reproduction and control flea populations in a short while without harming own forces.

This study aimed to assess the effect of different mulberry varieties namely Ichinose, Kenmochi, Kines and Guilani local on economical nutritional and biochemical characteristics, of silkworm hybrid 103*104.The current research tries to select and introduce a suitable variety for 103*104 hybrid. The hybrid 103*104 egg batches were procured from Silk Research Center (Pasikhan- Rasht) and were bred on different mulberry leaves on the basis of classical culture method in controlled condition (25± 1 °C, 70 % RH and 12:12 L;D). Our results showed that the Kines variety possessing higher amount of protein, when fed by silkworm exhibited better economical parameters comparatively.

The eggs and larvae of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Zell.), are widely used to rear parasitoids and predators for biological control programs. In this study, nutritional responses and digestive enzymes activities of the fourth instar larvae, as well as some immunological parameters of E. kuehniella, were studied on the diet containing casein and zein proteins under laboratory conditions. The fourth larval instar reared on diet containing casein had the highest relative rate of consumption (5.9 ± 0.2) and relative growth rate (11.3 ± 0.3). The highest and the lowest activity of lipase, tripcine, elastase, carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase in larvae fed were on casein and zein proteins. In the immunological study, injection of tween and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in larvae treated by casein protein significantly increased the total number of hemocyte and the number of granulocytes and plasmatocytes. This study indicated that the nature of the protein in the diet effects on physiological mechanisms of feeding and affect the immune response.

Amylases and glucosidases are the major enzymes for carbohydrate digestion in herbivorous insects. Any interruption in enzymatic carbohydrate digestion and blocking of carbohydrases by inhibitors can deprive insect from utilizing the sources of carbohydrate energy efficiently. It can reduce insects’ survival and reproduction and retard their growth. The control strategies interfering with carbohydrate digestion are known to have been proposed as a practical and safe method for control of herbivorous pests. Therefore, in this research, enzymatic properties of α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases from digestive system oflarvae of the fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea Drury were determined in order to better understand the nutritional physiology of the pest.
The α-amylase activity was determined with 1% (w/v) starch as substrate. Absorbance of product was measured at 540 nm with a Microplate Reader Model Stat Fax® 3200. The activities of α-/β-glucosidases were measured with pNαG (p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside) and pNβG (p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) as substrates, respectively. P-nitrophenol absorbance was measured at 405 nm. To obtain the optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity, various pH 4.0 to 12.0 and different temperatures ranging from 15 to 75ºC were examined. The enzymes activity was assayed in the presence of chemicals including EDTA, Hg2Cl2, ZnCl2, CoCl2, FeCl2, MgCl2, KCl, BaCl2, CaCl2 and MnCl2 at two concentrations of 10 and 20 mM. Electrophoresis was performed and the realized bands in the native gel were observed.
The mean specific activities of α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases in gut of fifth larval instar were obtained as 9.1, 3.6 and 6.8 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Maximum activity of α-amylase in salivary gland and gut of fifth instar larvae was at pH 10.0 and α/β-glucosidases in gut and hemolymph was at pH of 8, 7, 8 and 8, respectively. The optimal temperature of α-amylase in gut and salivary gland was at 55 and 45°C. The values for α and β-glucosidases in gut and hemolymph were 35, 45, 45 and 35°C, respectively. The highest inhibition effect of enzyme activity was caused by Na and Co2 ions (at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM, respectively) on α-amylase activity, Fe2 (concentration of 20 mM) on α-glucosidases activity and Mn2 (concentration of 10 mM) on β-glucosidases activity. Mn2 (at concentrations of 10 and 20 mM), Ba2 (at concentration of 20 mM) and Mg2 (at concentration of 10 mM)significantly increased the activity of α-amylase, α–glucosidase and β–glucosidase, respectively. The zymogram pattern showed the presence of 2 bands for α-amylase and α-/β-glucosidases in gut of fifth instar larvae of H. cunea.
According to the results, α-amylase, α and β glucosidases are present in gut of larvae of H. cunea. These findings can be used in future research about using digestive enzymes inhibitors for management of H. cunea.

Citrus swallow tail butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. is a pest of citrus in many parts of the world. We examined the effect of four different citrus hosts including Citrus sinensis (L.) (Tarocco and Valencia) Citrus limon (L.) (Eureka), and Citrus paradisi Macfad. (Shambarg) on its life table parameters and biological characteristics at 24 ± 1 °C, 75 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h (L: D). The developmental time of immature stages was longest onC. sinensis (Tarocco) (12.3 ± SE days).The intrinsic rate of natural increase was significantly affected by variouscitrus, being the highest on C. sinensis (Tarocco) (0.099 day-1) and lowest on C. sinensis (Valencia) (0.011 day-1).The highest and lowest finite rates of increase were observed onC. sinensis(Tarocco) 1.10 andC. sinensis(Valencia)1.01, respectively.The highest gross reproductive rate and the lowest mean generation time were observed on C. sinensis (Tarocco) and C. sinensis. (Valencia), respectively. The findings indicated that C. sinensis (Tarocco) appeared to be the most susceptible host to P. demoleus among the tested varieties. The results of this and similar studies in the future on other hosts may be considered as a basis for finding resistant host/hosts in monitoring this pest.

A Castanea crenata agglutinin (abbreviated as CCA) was extracted and purified from bitter apple, Citrullus colocynthis L., to determine its effects on the demographic parameters of Apomyelois ceratoniae Zeller. Two groups of first larval instars were reared on an artificial diet containing 2% (w/w) of CCA and control diets until emergence of adults. Two Sex MS-chart life table software was used to analyze data and calculate life table parameters. Developmental times of larvae in control and CCA dietsshowed statistical differences for male, female except for third and fourth larval instars. It was found that A. ceratoniae larvaefed on control had a survival of 18 days but individuals fed on CCA diet survived for 12 days. The highest fecundity values of individuals fed on control and CCA diets were obtained at the age of 30 and 27 days, respectively. Adult longevity, pre-oviposition period, oviposition period and mean fecundity of A. ceratoniae fed on control were higher than those of individuals fed on CCA diet. The probabilities of a newborn egg surviving to age 28 days were 0.42 and 0.3 for control and CCA, respectively. Each female started egg laying on day 22 for control and 25 for CCA. Life expectancies of a newly laid egg were 29 days for control and 26 days for CCA treatment. Life table parameters except for mean generation time showed statistical differences between control and CCA treatments. These results demonstrated the negative effects of CCA on life table parameters of A. ceratoniae that might lead to a promising and alternative way to suppress population increase and damage caused by A. ceratoniae.

Feeding performance of the green oak leaf roller, Tortrix viridana (Linnaeus) was determined on three host plants including Quercus libani Oliv, Quercus infectoria Oliv, and Quercus branti Lindl, under laboratory conditions. Mean total leaf weight consumed by larvae was the highest on Q. branti (0.31 g) and the lowest on Q. libani (0.14 g).The feeding index was the highest on Q. libani while the other two host plants were not significantly different. Significant relationships were found between amount of consumed leaf tissues and resulting pupal weight, on all host plants. Larval and pupal mortality were not significantly different on host plants. Findings indicated that the feeding index could be a key factor to assess performance of T. viridana on Quercus species.

The elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Müll., is the most important pest of elm trees in Iranian cities. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) such as hexaflumuron are recommended to use in urban areas for their low toxicity to human and environment. In this study, the impact of the chitin synthesis inhibitor, hexaflumuron, was evaluated on some biochemical and biological characteristics of the elm leaf beetle under laboratory conditions. The toxicity of this insecticide investigated on the last instar larvae of X. luteola using leaf dip method (25 ± 2 ºC, 75 ± 10% relative humidity, 16 h (light): 8 h (dark)). LC30 and LC50 values were calculated at 53.45 and 122.02 ppm, 72 h post treatment, respectively. Biological and biochemical characteristics were evaluated for 3rd instar larvae, following 72 h feeding on the elm leaves treated with LC50 and LC30 concentrations of hexaflumuron. The LC30 and LC50 concentrations of hexaflumuron increased the duration of larval stage, 10.04 ± 0.24 and 9.27 ± 0.43 days, respectively, compared with the control, 7.07 ± 0.413 days. There were no significant differences in the duration of pupal stage for LC30 and LC50 concentrations and control group. Hexaflumuron significantly decreased adult longevity compared with the control. Several morphological abnormalities were also observed in treated larvae and pupae. The results showed significant reductions of carbohydrate, protein, glycogen and lipid contents at the LC30 and LC50 concentrations of hexaflumuron. The activities of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase, general esterases (α-esterases and β-esterases) and the immunological enzyme phenoloxidase were significantly affected by hexaflumuron. Although the results are clearly indicative of the adverse effects of sublethal concentrations of hexaflumuron on the beetle pest, further investigations are required to improve the efficiency of the chemical for being viably used in integrated pest management programs against the elm leaf beetle.

In the current study, the extracted lectin from plant pathogenic fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was added to diet of third larval instars of Large cabbage butterfly, then its effects were determined on mortality, feeding and intermediary metabolism. Concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml of the lectin caused 20-60% of mortality in the treated larvae. Amounts of nutritional indices in the treated larvae significantly decreased versus control although level of Metabolic cost in the treated larvae showed statistical increase versus control. Activities of the digestive enzymes such as alpha-amylase, glucosidases, lipase, general and specific proteases (Serine and Exopeptidases) decreased in the fed larvae on lectin concentrations versus control. Although activities of aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl transferase significantly increased in the concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/ml but activity of alanine aminotransferase had a significant decrease versus control. Activity of acid phosphatase had no statistical differences among treatments and control but activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly lower than control larvae. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase in the fed larvae on the concentration of 2 mg/ml had significant increase but activities of aldolase in the control and fed larvae on 0.5 mg/ml of lectin were higher than those of other treatments. Amounts of storage macromolecules such as protein, triglyceride and glycogen in the fed larvae on the lectin were lower than those of control so that it was more significant in the concentration of 2 mg/ml. Results of the current study demonstrated that the lectin from S. clerotiorumcaused mortality and interference in digestive physiology and intermediary metabolism of P. Brassicae larvae so it could be used as a toxic molecule to control of the pest.

The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, is one of the major pests in stored products worldwide. Several problems assossiated with the use of conventional insecticides have strongly demonstrated the need for applying alternative safe compounds such as insect growth regulators (IGRs). In the present study, growth regulating activity and hematological effects of pyriproxifen and methoxyfenozide were evaluated on E. kuehniella larvae. Effects of the insecticides were evaluated under laboratory conditions set at 26 ± 1 °C and 75% RH. Findings indicated that inhibition dose for fifty percent of population (ID50) was equal to 0.16 µg/mg larvae for pyriproxifen and 0.4 µg/mg larvae for methoxyfenozide, showing the considerable growth regulating effect on two-day-old fifth instar larvae. Then, influence of estimated doses were investigated on the insect hemocytes including total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DHC). THC and the proportion of plasmatocytes were decreased as pyriproxifen doses increased, while, the granulocytes level was increased. In contrast, application of sublethal doses of methoxyfenozide caused a conciderable increase in THC and the plasmatocytes density, while, number of granulocytes was decreased. Since the total number of hemocytes and the proportion of plasmatocytes are very crucial in immune responses of insects, pyriproxifen could be used as an immunosuppressive pesticide in integrated control of E. kuehniella.

Mulberry pyralid, Glyphodes pyloalis Walker is an important pest on mulberry. The essential oil of Rosemary Rosemarinus officinalis L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) has been investigated on toxicity and physiological characteristics of this moth under controlled conditions. The major compounds of the oil were analyzed as 1, 8 Cineol (20.021%), Borneoll (7.17%), L. Camphor (6.541%), Geraniol (6.281%), Camphen (5.623%), Linalool (4.993%) Alpha fenchyl acetate (4.222%) and Verbenone (4.147%). Lethal and sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC30 and LC50) were estimated 0.77%, 1.18% and 1.59% (v/v) respectively. The essential oil affected the nutritional indices of fourth instar larvae of G. pyloalis. Efficiency of Conversion of Ingested food (ECI), Efficiency of Conversion of Digested food (ECD), Relative Consumption Rate (RCR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR) have been reduced in larvae treated with R. officinalis essential oil while Approximate Digestibility (AD) in treated larvae showed difference compared with the control. The essential oil affected the insect some key metabolic compounds like; lipid, protein and carbohydrates. Similarly this effect was also significant in the activities of certain key enzymes like; alpha- amylase, lipase, protease, glutathione-s-transferase and esterases.

The elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Müller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a serious pest of elm (Ulmus spp.) throughout Iran. In the present study, Lethal and sublethal effects of neem, Achook® containing 0.03% azadirachtin, were assessed on mortality, growth, larval weight and feeding deterrence as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities of third instar larvae of the elm leaf beetle. LC50 and LC30 values of the third instar larvae 48 h post treatment were estimated to be 3.3 and 2.25 ppm respectively. Observations showed higher mortality, increase in larval duration, sterilization of adults, reduction in weight and feeding deterrence after LC30 and LC50 treatments. Biochemical analysis showed changes in the amounts of biochemical components in the treated larvae after 48 h. In the treated larvae, activity level of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and α-amylase as enzymatic components and urea and cholesterol as non-enzymatic ones changed significantly in LC50 and LC30 treatments. Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, protein, glycogen, and glucose levels decreased in these treatments. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes such as esterase A, esterase B and glutathione S-transferase were significantly affected. Hence, neem is suggested as a safe product may have the potential use as a bioinsecticide in integrated pest management of urban elms where chemical insecticides use are discouraged.

Insects use humoral and cellular immune responses against attack of pathogens and parasitoids. Insect hemocytes have important roles in immune systems with diverse forms and activities. The identification of hemocytes and knowledge of their population could help us for better controlling of the respective insect pest. In this research the hemocytes of Carob moth Ectomoyelois ceratoniae in five larval instars were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Giemsa staining was used to identify these cells. Five identified types of hemocytes in this insect were; Prohemocyte, plasmatocyte (with several morphological forms), granulocytes, spherulocytes, and oenocytoids. All hemocytes types were detected in each larval instar. Mitotic divisions were observed among plasmatocyte, prohemocyte and spherolucytes. Total hemocyte counts in different instars showed that THC increases with increase in larval instars. Differential counts of hemocytes revealed that granulocytes and plasmatocytes are most abundant in all stages of larvae except in first instar larva.