فهرست مطالب jamal

Today, the preparation of flood zoning maps is one of the basic and important issues in the study of development projects in the world; it is considered before any investment by the related organizations. In this paper, flood zoning was performed using the two-dimensional model HEC-RAS and GIS in order to assess the risk of the construction of a railway station near the bank of the Iranshahr River, in a range of 2500 meters. Two-dimensional hydraulic application could create a more accurate flow pattern in comparison to the one-dimensional model used in the previous studies, especially in the flood plain areas. In this paper, due to the important role of the topography of the area in ensuring the accuracy of the calculation, a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was used with very high precision (about 2 meters), as obtained from aerial photos. The results of this study indicated the onrush of flood, depth and flow velocity in different return periods. Based on the comparison of water surface profiles in the floodplains with the return period of 100 and 25 years, the maximum difference between the water levels was 0.5 m, which seemed to be reasonable by considering the low slope of the studied area. The results of this paper, therefore, showed that the location of the railway station was in medium risk and the outskirt of floodplain.

Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), Labiatae family, is widely used as a vegetable and medicinal herb. This plant commonly grows in the wet soils such as ditches, riversides and ponds. It is indigenous to the Central, Southern and Western Asia, North Africa, Ethiopia and the Canary Islands. It can also be found in Alborz, North and Northeast regions of Iran. The aerial parts of the plant are used as pharmaceutical and flavoring substances. The aim of this research was to find the best level of nitrogen fertilizer regime, harvesting time and plant density for pennyroyal plant in Rasht area.

This study was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan. The main plots included two harvesting times, the subplots were four levels of Nitrogen fertilizer including control (without fertilizer), 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 Nitrogen and the sub-subplots were plant density at 3 levels; 10, 14 and 18 plants m-2.

The results showed that triple interaction of nitrogen, plant density and harvest time had significant effect on dry weight. The highest dry weight (1909 kg ha-1) were obtained by 150 kg ha-1 net nitrogen with the density of 18 plants per m2 for the first harvest. Moreover, 50 kg ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer treatment with 10 plants per m2 showed lowest amount of dry weight (396.66 kg ha-1) in the second harvest time. However, the interaction of nitrogen and planting density revealed significant effect on fresh yield and leaf area. The highest yield (8071 kg ha-1) was related to 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen treatment with the density of 18 plants m-2. About physiological traits, the results claimed that treatments significantly affected the essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll, total phenol, nitrogen and calcium elements. The highest essential oil content (2.66%) was exhibited by the treatment of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen with plant density of 10 plants m-2. In addition, the essential oil yield was also influenced by the interaction effect of harvest time and planting density. The highest yield (25665/075 milliliters ha-1) was found by the plant density of 18 plants m-2 from the first harvesting time.

Finally, according to our results, the best treatment was first harvesting time, 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen with the density of 18 plants m-2, which can be recommended for the planting program of aromatic pennyroyal.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four types of nutrient solutions on growth, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Lilium cut flower (Lilium LA Hybrid Fangio) in soilless culture in a completely randomized design with four treatments, four replications with 10 pots per replicate in the research greenhouse of the University of Guilan. Plants with four treatments of macro elements(S1, S2, S3 and S4 highest to lowest macro elements,respectivly) were arranged on the base of modified Quick nutrient solution with different salts including potassium nitrate, di potassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride and Magnesium sulfate mg/L. All macro elementscontained similar amounts of micro-elements. Results showed that there were significant difference between different treatments of macro elements for length of bud, leaf length and width, number of leaves, daughter bulb weight, total chlorophyll content of leaf, anthocyanin and petal protein, leaf nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and magnesium. Also, significant difference was not observed for traits such as plant height, number of flowers, number of days to flowering, number of daughter bulb, proline content, ion leakage, leaf relative water content and lipid peroxidation in leaf. Results of mean comparison of data showed that S1 treatment, had the highest concentrations of macro elements, had a positive effect on vegetative characteristics such as length of largest flower bud, leaf length and width, leaf number and weight of daughter bulb as well as biochemical parameters like anthocyanin and protein in petal, chlorophyll in leaf, and concentration of mineral elements of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the leaf of lily cut flower in soilless culture conditions.

Mosques in the history of Iran’s architecture have always been in the culmination of Islamic art and architecture. The architecture of the mosques seeks to receive an inspiration from the concepts of divine word to create a space which joins the heavenly world to material world and create a single spiritual environment. The study proposed to compare 9 traditional mosques in Yazd in terms of the spiritual indicators employed in the architecture of these mosques. The research method was descriptive-analytical. In the first step, a field-library study was conducted to conclude the spiritual indicators of the mosques from reliable sources, and then these indicators were confirmed by 8 experts in this field. In the second step, the data were tested analytically using SPSS and VIKOR method. The indicators studied in this paper were: 1. Golden ratio, 2. Being symmetry and coupling of components 3. Curved shapes and lines, 4. Observing the use of warm and cold colors together, 5. Materials, 6. Use of sensory integration, 7. Hierarchy, and 8. Conceptual decorations. The results show that Yazd Grand Mosque, Hazireh Mosque, Rig Mosque and Mulla Esmaeil Mosque are in an acceptable level in terms of spiritual tranquility indicators.

Drug delivery is one of the major issues in the world of science, which receives a large part of the research in various fields. The ultimate goal of drug delivery is to help the patient with developing advanced drug delivery systems. These systems revolutionize the treatment of many diseases including cancer. Effective drug carriers can significantly reduce the undesirable side effects of anticancer drugs through the drug controlled release and using the selective drug to cancerous tissue. The natural biocompatible and biodegradable polymer of chitosan is widely investigated in drug delivery systems, especially as the carrier for anticancer drugs. An important aspect for the application of chitosan in drug delivery for cancer treatment is its pH sensitivity. Graphene attracted much attention in various fields as a shining star in the science of materials. In recent years, the use of graphene in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer is also investigated. Therefore, chitosan-graphene nanocomposite can be introduced as a pH-sensitive carrier for cancer theragnosis. In the current study, the application of chitosan and graphene in the treatment of cancer addressed in previous years was discussed.

Fritillaria raddeana is one of the most fascinating flowers, belonging to Lilliaceae family, native to Iran, Turkmenistan, rarely found in Afghanistanand Pakistan. It is an important ornamental-medical bulbous plant, tolerant to arid conditions and stony slopes but facing extinction, so in vitro propagation of this plant will have a great importance for introduction and domestication of this wild and endangered plant. The present study was carried out to find an efficient system for in vitro callus induction and regeneration of F. raddeana via culturing of seeds and bulb scales. These explants were sterilized first and then cultured on media containing various concentrations of plant growth regulators. Different proportions of Auxins (6- indole-3-aceticacid (IAA), α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D))  and Cytokinins (Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), Kinetin (KIN)),  and different MS basal mediawere tested. More survival percentage, less contamination and higher percentage of callus formation were the advantages of seed explants and heavier callus with higher regeneration percentage during the same period of time were the positive points of bulb scales explants. The best callus formation and regeneration medium was MS medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1 TDZ + 0.5 mgl-1 IBA.

This research tried to study the influential factors on increasing a "sense of spirituality" in the interior of the mosques. The methodology in the first section is evaluated by reviewing the background and thematic literature regarding the "sense of spirituality"; a relation that promotes this sense in the interior of the mosques and in the second section, a survey and field study were done to prove the research hypotheses. So, the descriptive - survey method was used and the statistical population were architecture experts with a sample size of 175 people who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Also, a questionnaire with Likert scale was distributed among the population after examining the validity and reliability of the research. The tests used in this research were correlation, Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance, Mann–Whitney in SPSS 21. The results showed that sensory factors (color, light, sound) and physical factors (form, geometry, motifs, and materials) were effective in increasing a "sense of spirituality" in the internal architecture of mosques. Also, there was a significant difference between gender and age on perceiving a "sense of spirituality" so that women experience a "sense of spirituality" earlier than men and older people.

The study aimed to achieve measures for designing open and semi-open spaces in junior schools with an emphasis on environmental features influencing the mind and behavior of adolescents to promote socialization of these spaces. Case study was used in this study based on the integration of comments related to the subject of the research and based on the results of this study, architectural standards are extracted for the design of open and semi-open spaces in schools to promote the socialization of these spaces. The population in this study included all male students of junior school in the academic year 2011-12 in Shahre Rey, Tehran. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used in this study and the population in this research were 102 students and 49 teachers. To collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The data were analyzed by using SPSS after classifying and based on the types of variables and their relations with each other and the following results were obtained after the descriptive analysis of the users’ comments.
Primary importance: non-fixed or dynamic elements / green space, smell, temperature, light, and sound, respectively

One of topics that arises after revocable divorce is revocation right to woman for man during Eddeh days that related to nature of revocable divorce requirement. At first in this research, the nature of revocable divorce and revocation have been focused to review the inaccuracy or accuracy of non-revocation condition by descriptive_analytic method and it has been determined this condition isn’t contrary to nature of revocable divorce. Then, given that some disagreements about this subject related to being right or sentence of revocation permission, this subject and features of these two items was studied and since the revocation permission is one of dubious instances, at the end, a solution for recognition of dubious cases is provided. In the following, with the help of juridical, legal and juridical foundation, the result has been achieved is that this condition is not contrary nature of revocable divorce requirement and is not lack of ability for waiving because of being sentence. Also, the nature of revocable divorce does not turn into irrevocable divorce with waiving of revocation right and the wife can enjoy from her rights during Eddeh days of revocable divorce, such as alimony, housing and inheritance.

This study aims at comparing the anti-social and borderline personality disorders and addiction among healthy individuals and addicts who are referring to Addiction Treatment Centers at Bonab.
This study is of descriptive-survey method, with the statistical population size of 120 people. 60 addicts and 60 healthy individuals were selected through random sampling method. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) is the data collection tool in this research that includes 175 questions. Data analysis is also conducted in descriptive and inferential statistics (independent T-test).
Results of the study: The results show that the average anti-social personality disorder in healthy individuals and addicts are equal to 13.03 and 21.40 respectively. The results also show that the average borderline personality disorder in healthy individuals and addicts are equal to 13.45 and 19.33 respectively.
Considering the achieved results, it is understood that there is a significant relationship between anti-social and borderline personality disorders and addiction.

Resin composites are an important part of restorative treatment in modern dentistry. There are many trademarks available in Iran market and physico-chemical properties of many of these resin composites are not evaluated yet. This study was carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of four available resin composites and also to assess the effect of aging on their properties. The findings of this study help clinicians to choose the best materials available.
Four types of resin composites available in Iran market including Filtek Z350 XT, Filtek Z250, Herculite XRV Ultra and Herculite XRV were evaluated. Five samples were made of each composite using a metal mold (2* 10 * 10 mm). Two areas of each sample were light cured for 40 seconds. Samples were kept in saline for 24h and then underwent polishing process. Samples of each group were randomly allocated to five groups held in different conditions as follows: room temperature, distilled water in 37˚C, Distilled water plus hydrochloric acid, distilled water and thermocycling (5000 rounds of 5-55˚C), distilled water, thermocycling, and hydrochloric acid. At the end of one month, indentation was applied on each sample using nano-indentation technology (TriboIndenter, Hysitron, Minneapolis,MN).
The results of this study revealed that the type of composite and the environmental conditions affect elasticity and nano-hardness.
storage conditions affected the elasticity of Filtek Z350XT, Herculite XRV Ultra and Herculite XRV and the hardness of Filtek Z350 XT and Herculite XRV Ultra.

Fiber reinforced composite (FRC) has become a considerable material in restorative dentistry. In this work the effect of different UHMWPE fiber content and fumed silica nanoparticle incorporation on the flexural properties and fracture toughness of UHMWPE fiber-reinforced dental composite was studied.
FRC used in this experimental study, was made of BisGMA/TEGDMA (70/30) resin and silanized corona treated UHMWPE fibers. The flexural strength and flexural modulus of the FRCs were determined on 2 mm×2 mm×25 mm specimens. The fracture toughness (the critical stress intensity factor, KIC) of the composites was also evaluated using a three-point single edge notch beam (SENB) bending technique. To investigate the effect of fiber content on mechanical properties, three different fiber volume fraction (41%, 33% and 25%) were used. Treated nanosilica filler with different weight percentage (0wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%) were added to composite samples to evaluate the effect of nanoparticle incorporation on mechanical properties. The nanoparticles distribution was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results were submitted to statistical analysis through ANOVA complemented by Tukey’s test at a significance level of 5%.
The results show that flexural strength, flexural modulus and fracture toughness of the samples increases with increase in the fiber percentage and this increasing in FRC is significant (P˂0.05), (flexural strength (225.7±22.2 MPa), flexural modulus (45.225±5.1 GPa), fracture toughness (6.832±1.3 MPa.m1/2). Nanoparticles incorporation (10%wt, 15%wt) show significant reduction (P˂0.05) in flexural strength of the composites.
Fracture toughness and flexural properties of FRC increase with increasing fiber content. Also nanoparticles distribution and dispersion are two important factors to determine mechanical properties of hybrid composites.

Inclusion of inhomogeneity corrections in intensity modulated small fields always makes conformal irradiation of lung tumor very complicated in accurate dose delivery.
In the present study, the performance of five algorithms via Monte Carlo, Pencil Beam, Convolution, Fast Superposition and Superposition were evaluated in lung cancer Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy planning.
Treatment plans for ten lung cancer patients previously planned on Monte Carlo algorithm were re-planned using same treatment planning indices (gantry angel, rank, power etc.) in other four algorithms.
The values of radiotherapy planning parameters such as Mean dose, volume of 95% isodose line, Conformity Index, Homogeneity Index for target, Maximum dose, Mean dose; %Volume receiving 20Gy or more by contralateral lung; % volume receiving 30 Gy or more; % volume receiving 25 Gy or more, Mean dose received by heart; %volume receiving 35Gy or more; %volume receiving 50Gy or more, Mean dose to Easophagous; % Volume receiving 45Gy or more, Maximum dose received by Spinal cord and Total monitor unit, Volume of 50 % isodose lines were recorded for all ten patients. Performance of different algorithms was also evaluated statistically.
MC and PB algorithms found better as for tumor coverage, dose distribution homogeneity in Planning Target Volume and minimal dose to organ at risks are concerned. Superposition algorithms found to be better than convolution and fast superposition. In the case of tumors located centrally, it is recommended to use Monte Carlo algorithms for the optimal use of radiotherapy.

A one-pot and simple method for the solvent-free synthesis of chalcones and dibenzylidene alkanones, catalyzed by heterogeneous and nanoporous MCM-41-SO3H catalyst is reported. The products were afforded in most cases with excellent yields.

Human tissue failures caused by different damages or injuries are the most serious and costly problems in health care and have direct effect on life quality. Tissue Engineering, as a scaffold-based strategy, provides promising research field and may offer innovative viewpoints to treat diseases. Scientists in various fields have tried to functionalize polymers to achieve special surface cell interactions. Cellulose powder was oxidized with NO2 gas and the porous scaffold was fabricated via dry pressing. RGD peptide was immobilized on the surface of scaffold via grafting to make a hybrid scaffold. The hybrid scaffold was characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and SEM (Scanning electron microscope) and its biocompatibility was examined through MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. FTIR results proved oxidization of cellulose and bonding between scaffold surface and RGD. Porous microstructure having suitable size was confirmed via SEM. The results of MTT showed significant increase of viable cells on hybrid scaffold. Porous structure and high biocompatibility were benefits of prepared hybrid scaffold. Cellulose oxidation can present suitable condition for RGD immobilization caused to enhance biocompatibility. In addition, existing pores in good size conditioned hybrid scaffold to engineer bone tissue.

In this study، the wear behavior of UHMWPE based hybrid composites reinforced with short carbon fibers and silica nano-particles at room temperature were investigated. The composite samples were fabricated by melt mixing process using the paraffin oil in order to overcome high viscosity of the polymer matrix. Finally، the wear tests were performed. The results of wear tests showed that the weight loss of the composite decreases noticeably in the presence of carbon fibers. It was also shown that the effect of nano-particles depends on their weight percent. The surfaces of the composite samples after the wear tests were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Present research dedicated to literary criticism and analysis of story elements in ten selected narrative poems of contemporary poets. Introduction refers to the narrative poems, then the most important story elements: plot, character, points of view, set in ten contemporary narrative poems have been considered. These narrative poems have simple plots each of which based on a linear time and others which are complicated having a non-linear time. Characters in these traces are flat, allegorical and in some cases dynamic and the poets introduce them to the readers through direct and indirect descriptions. These poems narrated according to different viewpoints including: omniscient (third person), first person point of view and dialogue, and in some sorts of traces, conversation serves as the intrinsic (internal) element of narrative passage. Poets create the setting by use of/via characters and their surroundings descriptions and it means that these descriptions draw a thoroughly natural picture of the setting with the general time and place to the reader.

One of the main constraints in Aloe vera production is poor information about optimum nutrients that are helpful for growth and production. The objective of this study was to optimize nutrient solution for Aloe vera cultivation in soilless culture. Therefore, to determine the best nutrients the experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2011 in the Agricultural Faculty, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran (37 °16 ′N). Experimental design was a completely randomized with three replications and each replication contained ten pots. Aloe (A. vera L.) sprouts were irrigated with nutrient solution containing different level of NO3, NH4 and potassium starting from March and harvesting took place during September. The research indicated that nutrient solution with the highest level of nitrogen increased Aloe vegetative growth without any negative effect on qualitative indices including Aloin, total phenol, total antioxidative activity and element contents; it was possible to produce the highest level of vegetative growth in Aloe vera.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mil.) is one of the most important economical vegetable in the world and its greenhouse production has expanded during the recent years. In this study, the effects of two pruning methods on yield and some fruit quality traits indices of two varieties of tomato (Newton and Oregon) were investigated. In the first experiment (florescence pruning), treatments were keeping 4, 6, and 8 florescence per plant. In the second experiment (fruit pruning), 4, 6 and 8 fruits were kept in each florescence. In each experiment, a non-pruned treatment was considered as the control. The results showed that although florescence pruning increased volume, length and mean weight of fruits, but it decreased the fruit yield. However, fruit yield of the 8 florescence per plant treatment was not significantly different from the control. Florescence pruning also increased pH and concentration of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll in leaves. Although fruit pruning had positive effect on fruit volume, but decreased total yield in 4 fruits per florescence treatment. However, keeping 8 fruits per florescence did not show significant difference with control. Fruit pruning increased chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content in 4 fruits per florescence treatment. According to the results of this research, fruit and florescence pruning had no significant effect on yield and qualitative traits of tomato and therefore are not recommended due to their costs.

High quality GGG:Cr,Ca crystal for passive Q-switching Nd:garnet lasers has been grown by the Czochralski method. Thermal treatment of GGG crystals co-doped with Cr4+ and Ca2+ at different temperatures is investigated. The absorption spectra were resolved into different peaks, of modified Gaussian line-shape. Transition from octahedral sites to tetrahedral ones is thermally activated. An optimal temperature interval for this transition was found to be 1200-1300 ˚C. The investigated samples were used as saturable absorbers in flash-lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser, and a pulse width of about 16 nsec was obtained

Among different teaching methods in the field of mathematics, each method has its own implications and consequences in the areas of cognitive, emotional, mental, physical and creative thinking, and so on. But not using active methods of teaching mathematics in schools, and lack of attention to nurturing creativity has attracted our attention to the discovery method. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of guided discovery methods of teaching mathematics and creativity on the third grade of elementary school girls. In this study, pre-test and post-test control group quasi-experimental method was used. For this purpose, 30 students from third grade girl students in the school academic year 2010-2011 of Ardakan city were selected randomly and creativity tests were carried out. Findings of the study indicates that the guided discovery method of teaching math students have an impact on different aspects of creativity and it has grown. This approach will undoubtedly be one of the most appropriate methods for teaching mathematics to students. The study shows that the use of active teaching methods in schools, particularly in guided discovery methods such as mathematics textbooks have challenged the increase of creativity in the students.

In order to increase the efficiency of essential oils، the use of formulations with controlled release of the oil encapsulated in micro- and nano-scales would be the best option. In this research، the antifeedant activity of nanoencapsulated essential oil of Carum copticum C. B. Clarke was investigated on Plutella xylostella (L.) larvae. To determine the nutritional indices of the larvae affected by the formulated essential oil، weight of ingested food، larval biomass and weight of feces produced were recorded daily for three days. The experiments were conducted at 27 ± 1°C، 65 ± 5% RH and photoperiod of 16:8 h light: dark. Results indicated a significant decrease in nutritional indices such as relative consumption rate، relative growth rate، efficacy of conversion of ingested food and efficacy of conversion of digested food as concentration of the oil increased. Moreover، digestibility was decreased significantly، 72 h after feeding. However، feeding deterrence index was not significantly increased as compared with control. The finding led to a conclusion that nanoencapsulated oil has potential to control release of the essential oils and increase in post-ingestive toxicity of the insect.

Nano-ordered MCM-41 anchored sulfonic acid (MCM-41- SO3H) was used as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of Schiff bases by the reaction of different aryl/alkyl aldehydes or ketones with primary amines at room temperature with high to excellent yields. This mesoporous catalyst can be reused at least four times without significant loss to its catalytic potential.

To study the outcome of cases with nuchal translucency (NT) ≥ 95th centile in the first trimester of pregnancy. This cross sectional study was performed at Iranian Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) between January 2009 and December 2011. Totally, 186 cases with NT≥ 95th centile who attended for the first trimester screening were studied. All cases with increased NT including those with normal karyotype were followed up with anomaly scan at 18-22 weeks and fetal echocardiography at 22-24 weeks. Pregnancy outcome was extracted from delivery records and pediatrics notes and telephone interviews. Of screened cases, 186 fetuses had an NT≥95th centile, of them 19.8% were abnormal karyotype, including 29 cases of trisomy 21, three of trisomy 18, two of trisomy 13, three of Turner syndrome. 77.8% did not show any abnormalities on follow-up examinations. 4.6% of cases were found to have malformation antenatally and 4% cases postnatally. 11.4% women elected termination of pregnancy without further follow up. There were 4.6% fetal loss and 1.3% hydrops fetalis. In this unselected population, the study showed one out of four fetuses with enlarged NT had an adverse pregnancy outcome (miscarriage, fetal loss, and fetal abnormalities), however the chance of having a normal child after exclusion of chromosomal abnormalities and adverse pregnancy outcome was 95%.

Les théories modernes de la lecture privilégient les besoins du lecteur réel, concret et dynamique en matière de littérature, notamment la littérature destinée à un jeune public. Quoique cette dernière soit de bonne ou de mauvaise qualité, elle relève de la littérature de masse. Tout cursus universitaire en vigueur sauvegarde le contenu culturel des finalités éducatives. Il s’agit de construire et de développer la compétence culturelle de l’étudiant-lecteur qui aborde les textes littéraires. Une telle conjoncture nous incite à nous interroger sur les fonctions du texte littéraire relevant de la littérature de jeunesse et la place qu’il occupe au sein de la pratique didactique universitaire du français et à saisir la conception du produit littéraire en tant qu’objet de connaissance pour les étudiants. Pour ceci, nous inscrivons notre article dans un cadrage théorique et référentiel qu’est la Pédagogie de la Lecture, et dans un cadrage méthodologique qu’est la recherche fondamentale descriptive axée sur l’analyse conceptuelle.