فهرست مطالب javad akhtari

Functioning as the human body's most extensive organ, the skin exhibits an intricate, stratified architecture. This architecture consists of distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Collectively, these layers play a crucial role in safeguarding the body and upholding its general well-being. The aging process of the skin is complex and is influenced by a wide range of internal and external factors. The loss of skin elasticity and firmness is a consequence of these factors, which ultimately contribute to signs of aging such as wrinkles, skin discoloration, and diminished radiance as people get older. A comprehensive understanding of these factors and their impact on the skin can lead to the development of more effective methods and products for skin care, capable of slowing down this process and improving skin quality. Recent advances in nanotechnology, driven by increasing consumer demand for beauty products, have prompted the development of novel methods of skincare that are aimed at minimizing the appearance of symptoms of aging. Therefore, nanotechnology in skin care has emerged as a recognized novel and effective approach that can provide efficient solutions for combating skin aging. Nano lipid carriers have been introduced as one of the key innovations in this field. These carriers can effectively enhance the penetration of active cosmetic and skincare ingredients through the branched layers of the epidermis, which serve as the main barrier to the penetration of substances into the skin. These nanocarriers enhance the stability of active ingredients present in cosmetic and skincare formulations. When it comes to cosmetics and skincare products, nano lipid carriers have several distinctive qualities that add to their potential to improve efficacy while simultaneously minimizing side effects. They facilitate controlled release and long-term diffusion of active ingredients, ensuring continuous and uniform distribution of active compounds in the skin. Hence, they improve the biocompatibility of ingredients, thereby reducing skin irritation and enhancing skin tolerance to active substances. A wide range of nanocarriers is utilized in the dermal delivery of cosmetic and skincare products. These include nanoemulsions, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, ethosomes, niosomes, transferosomes, nanocrystals, as well as polymeric and mineral nanocarriers. Each of these nanocarriers exhibits specific properties and mechanisms of action that effectively improve the penetration and efficacy of active ingredients into the deeper layers of the skin. In the present article, various types of nano lipid carriers have been examined as effective vehicles for delivering active compounds into the skin layers, along with their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the latest anti-aging and anti-wrinkle products containing these nanocarriers have been discussed. Scientific investigations have demonstrated that the use of nano lipid carriers in the formulation of anti-aging products can significantly improve skin rejuvenation and regeneration. These products, by enhancing the permeability and stability of active compounds, exhibit better efficacy in reducing wrinkles and fine lines, increasing skin firmness and elasticity. It is also anticipated that with further advancements in this field, more innovative products will be introduced to the market to meet diverse consumer needs.

Methamphetamine is one of the stimulant drugs that leads to the occurrence of cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Among the disorders that occur after methamphetamine abuse are learning and memory disorders as well as social interactions and anxiety. On the other hand, the function of sex steroids in the development of brain regions involved in reproduction has been the subject of extensive research over the years. In this context, testosterone plays an important role in neuronal and glial organization in prenatal and postnatal periods. Recent studies showed the effect of sex hormones on the nervous system and highlight the brain as a main target tissue for androgens. On the other hand, studies have shown that testosterone has neuroprotective effects against cognitive and behavioral disorders. Clinical manifestations of testosterone-related brain changes include cognitive impairments such as reduced memory efficiency related to the frontal cortex, as well as reduced long-term memory related to the hippocampus and other temporal regions of the midbrain. Androgens, especially testosterone, play an important role in memory function whereby the decrease and absence of testosterone leads to cognitive impairment and also neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Therefore, in this study, the role of testosterone hormone in social memory, novel object recognition memory, as well as anxiety-like behavior and brain edema induced by a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine were investigated.

This study was conducted on 48 gonadectomized rats in 6 groups including control groups, methamphetamine (6mg/kg), solvent (sesame oil), methamphetamine + testosterone (0.25mg /kg), methamphetamine + testosterone (0.5 mg/kg) and methamphetamine + testosterone (1 mg/kg) were performed. At first, mice were anesthetized and gonadectomy surgery was performed. After 2 weeks of recovery, the evaluation of social memory was done using the three-chamber social interaction test, and anxiety-like behavior index using the open field test. Finally, the animals were killed and the brain tissue was evaluated for brain edema.

The findings of the study showed that social memory was significantly impaired in rats that received methamphetamine compared to the control group (P<0.001). On the other hand, results showed that there was a significant increase in anxiety-like behaviors as well as brain edema in rats that received methamphetamine (P<0.001). Statistical analysis also showed that the administration of testosterone hormone was able to improve cognitive functions and reduce anxiety-like behaviors and brain edema caused by methamphetamine (P<0.05).

Overall, the present study suggests that the male sex hormone testosterone can be effective in improving behavioral disorders and anxiety, as well as brain edema caused by the administration of methamphetamine. Further research is needed to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the effects of this hormone.

Cancer is one of the causes of mortality worldwide. Evidence suggests that iron depletion by a chelator agent suppresses the development of some cancer cells. Deferasirox is shown to have anticancer properties. This research aims to synthesize and evaluate the effects of deferasirox nanoparticles on human breast cancer cells (SKBR3) and mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) compared with the drug form.

Deferasirox nanoparticles were synthesized by Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) moiety with emulsion formation and solvent evaporation. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay and their 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were assessed in SKBR3 and 4T1.

Findings showed that IC50 of nano-deferasirox for SKBR3 and 4T1 were 9.09±0.011 µg/ml and 6.6±0.032 µg/ml, respectively and the IC50 of the deferasirox drug form for SKBR3 and 4T1 IC50 were 21.07±0.003 µg/ml and 11.08±0.013 µg/ml, respectively.

The anticancer effects of deferasirox were confirmed on the cell lines, and the improved properties and efficacy were also confirmed on two cancer cell lines. Nanoparticle delivery systems improve absorption and drug properties and increase the effectiveness of the drug.

Olanzapine (2-methyl-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-10H-thieno [2, 3-b][1, 5]benzodiazepine) is an antipsychotic drug with poor water-solubility that has a suitable affinity to some receptors. This benzodiazepine derivative is a new (atypical) antipsychotic drug and has a wide range of efficacy, especially in treatment of patients with negative psychiatric symptoms of schizophrenia. Olanzapine is used in psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and acute restlessness in bipolar patients. Its oral absorption is low and about 40% of the drug is metabolized in first-pass hepatic metabolism. This drug has low permeability into the brain related to remove by p-glycoprotein efflux and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) existence. Emerging nanotechnology during recent years demonstrated the tremendous ability of nanoparticles as versatile nanocarrier systems. This emerging technology has raised promising attempts to address the significant impact on decreasing side effects of drugs and their associated defects. Olanzapine can be administrated by different routes. Intranasal delivery of olanzapine to the brain due to lack of blood-brain-barrier in the olfactory system has facilitated its delivery. In this review article, several olanzapine nano-drug delivery systems are listed by reviewing their results, including nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), niosomes, transfersomes, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), polymeric nanoparticles (PNP), etc.

Sumatriptan is a routine medication in the treatment of migraine and cluster headache that is generally given by oral or parental routes. However, a substantial proportion of patients suffer severe side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetic parameters of a novel delivery system for sumatriptan succinate (SS) using nanoliposomes (NLs) coated by chitosan (CCLs) to optimize the formulations to enhance its bioavailability.

The new formulation was used to minimize drug particle size and extend its release and bioavailability. The mean particle size and entrapment efficiency for NLs and CCls were optimized and the formulations with better characteristics were chosen for in vivo studies. The concentration-time profile of intravenous SS, intranasal SS, SS-NLs, and CCLs were examined in a rabbit model.

The results demonstrated that CCLs were absorbed more rapidly from nasal drops containing chitosan compared to those of SS and SS-NLs as indicated by a shorter tmax, and a higher Cmax in both states. A comparison of the AUC (0-240 min) values revealed that chitosan improved the extent of SS absorption for CCLs formulation. The results of the present study indicated that loading SS into the liposome and coating with chitosan improves drug absorption and a large amount of the drug can be efficiently delivered into the systemic circulation.

The liposomal and chitosan formulations of SS had better kinetic behavior than the soluble form in the animal model.

Cutaneous fungal infections are the fourth most common health problem, which involves approximately  billion people worldwide. Drug delivery to the skin seems to be the best choice for superficial fungal infections. Topical formulations can release a sufficient amount of drug in therapeutical concentrations and permeate higher layers of the skin like the stratum corneum. As the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum prevents the drug from penetrating the skin. Liposomes, especially nanosized as topical drug delivery systems to the skin, can show various functions depending on their size, lipids and cholesterol components, the percent of ingredients, lamellarity, and surface charge. Nanoliposomes can increase permeation through the stratum corneum, decrease systemic effects with their localizing actions, and overcome many dermal drug delivery obstacles. Antifungal drugs, such as croconazole, econazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine hydrochloride, tolnaftate, and miconazole entrapped in liposomes have indicated improved skin penetration and localizing effects. According to the literature review summarized in this paper, many studies have identified liposomes as a powerful carrier for topical antifungal drug delivery to the skin. However, a few studies introduced new generations of liposomes like ethosomes and transfersomes. This paper was conducted on almost all liposomal studies of antifungal drugs with dermal application.

Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, is widespread across the world. It causes congenital disease and abortion in humans and domestic animals. One of the major concerns in parasitology, thus, is an effective vaccine development to control Toxoplasmosis.

In the present research, a nano-liposomal vaccine containing soluble antigens (SA) was designed to evaluate the immunity and protective efficacy against T. gondii infection in BALB/c mice. Soluble antigens (SA) were achieved from tachyzoites, encapsulated in the liposome, and investigated via scanning electron microscope. Three times with 2-week intervals, BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with different formulations. The level of protection against infection was assessed through the percent survival survey of BALB/c mice after challenge with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain; also, the type of generated immune response was determined by evaluating the generation of cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-4) and titration of IgG isotypes.

The immunization with liposome DSPC+ SA and liposome DSPC+ Imiquimod + SA induced a substantial increase in anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody as compared to the PBS group (p <0.05). The IgG2a and IFN-γ secretion highest levels were seen with liposome DSPC+ Imiquimod + SA more than the control group (p <0.01) and (p <0.0001), respectively. After challenge with tachyzoites, less mortality was detected in the immunized mice by liposome DSPC + Imiquimod + SA that was meaningfully different (p <0.01) in comparison to other groups.

Vaccination with liposome DSPC + Imiquimod + SA showed more survival rate and cellular immune reaction against T. gondii.

Global prevalence of neurological disorders such as Parkinsonchr('39')s disease, Alzheimerchr('39')s disease, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis is steadily increasing, but, there is still no effective delivery system to deliver therapeutic amounts of drug into the central nervous system (CNS). The blood-brain barrier ​​is the major component to control the entrance of drugs into the brain. Recent studies introduced intranasal drug delivery as a suitable method of drug delivery for bypassing blood-brain barrier and treatment of neurological diseases. The nasal route has been repeatedly examined in several preclinical models to investigate the delivery of drug to the brain via nanoparticles. Among various carriers utilized for drug delivery via nasal route, chitosan is widely used due to being effective in modulating drug charge. Key features of drug delivery systems through nasal route include easy drug delivery, higher stability in nasal cavity, increased penetration ability of drugs through nasal epithelium, and decreased drug metabolism. The present review investigated novel nano-formulations for drug delivery via nose to brain in treatment of major neurological disorders. In preclinical studies, intransaal nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems are found to be more promising, effective, and targeted. However, more preclinical studies are needed to confirm their non-toxicity and beneficial effects.

Sumatriptan is a routine medication in the treatment of migraine and cluster headache that is generally given by oral or parental routes. However, a substantial proportion of patients suffer severe side effects. Nasal administration is significantly effective in case of oral administration of drug gives an undesirable side effect. So, the purpose of the present study was to develop intranasal delivery systems of Sumatriptan succinate using nanoliposomes as container of a water-soluble drug and chitosan as a mucoadhesive polymer.

Liposomal formulations containing Sumatriptan as well as chitosan-coated liposomal formulations with different phospholipids and different concentrations were prepared. The formulations were evaluated for their physicochemical properties, stability and Cytotoxicity on BEAS-2B cells.

The prepared liposomal formulations coated with chitosan containing Sumatriptan had a size range of 165±9.4to 258±6.4 nm, and the surface charge of the obtained formulations was measured between 32±6 and 40±5 mV. Also, the encapsulation efficiency of the formulations was also observed between 14.2±2.7% and 19±3.4%. Based on the obtained results of physicochemical studies, liposomes F2 was also tested for stability and toxicity and showed that the F2 liposomes retained its physicochemical properties for up to 3 months. Finally, the toxicity test of the mentioned formulation showed relatively low toxicity on BEAS-2B cells.

In the presents study, stable liposomal formulations coated with chitosan containing Sumatriptan were prepared and studied. Based on the obtained, these formulations can be used in preclinical and animal studies for the nasal administration of Sumatriptan.

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by various species of the genus Leishmania, (trypanosomatidae family) that is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. The disease can present in a range of clinical forms, including dermal lesions, metastasis mucocutaneous forms, and fatal visceral forms. In this non-systematic review, we aimed at introducing the role of kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and dependent topoisomerases (TPI) as potential chemotherapeutic targets for treatment of leishmaniasis. The Leishmania parasite has a mitochondrial DNA located in the attached circles. KDNA replication process is very complex and a large number of proteins are involved. Some of them are classified as topoisomerases, which play major biological roles in the effective cell processes in the topology, synthesis, and organization of kDNA and constitute the main drug target in kinetoplast for leishmaniasis cure. Several studies have shown that the inhibitors of TPI exchange these enzymes into intracellular cell toxins and provide an appropriate tool for killing the parasite in the host. DNA binding drugs have also been reported as therapeutic agents against leishmanial infections.

Attempts to produce vaccines for leishmaniasis need adjuvants to trigger the kind of immune reaction required for protection. In this study, we examined the properties of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod, a vaccine adjuvant, making use of a live model of infection where the immune reactions could be identified prior to and following the challenge of infection. The liposomes of EPC containing the imiquimod adjuvant were prepared and characterized for protein concentration, surface charge, and particle size. Vaccination was done using the soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) as a first-generation vaccine model in the liposomal state to vaccinate BALB/c mice against the challenge of leishmania major. BALB/c mice were vaccinated subcutaneously, three times at a two-week interval. Parasite burden, footpad swelling, IgG isotype, as well as the level of IL-4 and IFN-γ were assessed as the protection criteria. The group of mice vaccinated by Lip+Imiquimod+SLA demonstrated a lower amount of footpad swelling and parasite burden than the buffer group. In addition, the highest level of IFN-γ and the lowest level of IL-4 production was noticed in the splenocytes of the mice vaccinated with the formulation of Lip+Imiquimod+SLA. These results imply that imiquimod added to the formulation of liposomes is able to modulate the immune reaction of the BALB/c mice vaccinated preferably to a Th1 reaction rather than a Th2 reaction which can also lead to partial protection against the challenge of Leishmania.

Methamphetamine (METH) as a synthetic psychostimulant is being increasingly recognized as a worldwide problem, which may induce memory impairment. On the other hand, it is well established that naloxone, an opiate antagonist, has some beneficial effects on learning and memory. The present research aimed at evaluating naloxone effects on spatial learning and memory impairment triggered by a neurotoxic regimen of METH in male rats.

The animals received the subcutaneous (sc) regimen of METH (4×6 mg/kg at 2-h intervals), intraperitoneal (ip) naloxone (4×1 mg/kg at 2-h intervals), or normal saline at four events. The Nal-METH group of rats received four naloxone injections (1 mg/ kg, ip) 30 min before each METH injection (6 mg/kg, sc) at 2-h intervals. Seven days later, they were evaluated for spatial learning and memory in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task.

METH regimen induced hyperthermia, as well as a poor performance, in the acquisition and retention phases of the task, indicating spatial learning and memory impairment compared to the controls. Naloxone administration (1 mg/kg, ip) before each METH injection led to significant attenuations of both hyperthermia and METH adverse effects on the rat performance in the MWM task.

The results revealed that pretreatment with the opiate antagonist naloxone could prevent METH adverse effects on body temperature and memory performance. It seems that the opioidergic system and hyperthermia may, at least partially, be involved in METH effects on spatial memory.

All organisms struggle to survive and find food. This is the biggest and most important need of all organisms. Meanwhile, food safety is very important. Nanotechnology has penetrated every aspect of human life and plays an important role in the food industry. This technology has changed production and services as well as packaging and specifying the expiration of the food. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, chitosan, polymeric nanoparticles, and liposome are the most common particles in the packing and food protection. Here is a review of a number of developments in the nanotechnology over the food industry.

This study was a Nonsystematic Review and was searched through the databases Pubmed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the keywords Nanotechnology, Nanoparticle, Packaging, and Food Science in recent years (2015-2018). There were 852 articles of which 43 papers were selected.

Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, and liposomes are the most commonly used particles in packaging and food preservation. The use of various nanoparticles and nanoparticle-coated composites, nanofilms, etc. has improved the quality and shelf-life of foodstuffs.

Nanotechnology has been able to influence the food industry as an emerging technology that has entered into all aspects of human life.

Protection against leishmaniasis, in the murine model, is dependent on developing a potent CD4+ mediated Th1 type response. Liposomes can be applied as immunoadjuvants to stimulate immune responses to different antigens. In the present study, it was investigated whether DOTAP liposomes having SLA and imiquimod adjuvant, can induce a Th1 response and protect against Leishmania major challenge in BALB/c mice. Liposomes were provided applying the lipid film procedure. BALB/C mice were subcutaneously immunized, three times with 2-week intervals, with various formulations. Assessment of lesion development and parasite burden in the foot and spleen after challenge with L. major, assessment of Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ), and titration of IgG isotypes assessed the type of generated immune reaction and the protection extent. The mice immunized with Liposome DOTAP+imiquimod+SLA showed smaller footpad swelling which was meaningfully different (P<0.05) compared with other groups. The highest level of IgG2a was observed with Lip DOTAP+imiquimod+SLA more than the control (P<0.001). Mice immunized with Lip DOTAP+SLA+imiquimod demonstrated the least number of live parasites in the footpad and spleen. Cytokine assay showed that the greatest IFN- γ secretion was seen in the splenocytes of mice immunized with all formulations as compared to the control group (P<0.0001). In contrast, the lowest IL-4 production was detectable in Lip+imiquimod+SLA spleen, which was not significantly different compared with other groups. The results of this study show that liposome DOTAP+SLA+imiquimod formulation generates a cellular immune response that is protective against challenge against L. major.

Skin is an important organ of the body due to offering an accessible and convenient site for drug administration. One of the disadvantages of transdermal drug delivery is the low penetration rate of drugs through the skin. Over the past decades, nanoparticles have been used as drug delivery systems to increase therapeutic effects or reduce toxicity. Encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticulate vesicles simplifies the transports of drugs into and across the skin.
Niosome nanoparticles are among these drug delivery systems, which have numerous applications in drug delivery and targeting. Niosomes are frequently used for loading drugs serving different purposes (e.g., anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial agents). In recent years, there has been much research on the use of niosomal systems for the delivery of fungal drugs. A review of the literature investigating the advantages of niosomes in antifungal drug delivery can elucidate the efficiency and superiority of this nanocarrier over other nanocarriers.

Hydrogels have been used for biomedical applications in recent decades. They are a perfect candidate for regenerative medicine as they resemble the extracellular matrix of native tissues. In addition, their highly hydrated structure makes them a suitable choice for drug and other therapeutics delivery. Injectable hydrogels have increasingly gained attention due to their capability for homogeneous mixing with cells and therapeutic agents, minimally invasive administration, and perfect defect filling. In this review, we discuss various mechanisms which facilitate injectability of hydrogels, including in situ gelling liquids, injectable gels, and injectable particles. Then, we explore the biomedical applications of injectable hydrogels, including tissue engineering, therapeutic agent delivery, and medical devices.

The gastrointestinal system harbors various microorganisms, known as gut microbiota. Increase in prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in developed countries is associated with changes in the environment, such as decrease in incidence of parasitic infections, especially helminths, and changes in the intestinal flora. Probiotics are useful microbiota for human health. The parasitic worms (helminths) have evolved over the years with their host. Several studies have investigated the capability of helminths and probiotics to alter or control host immune responses in view of the fact that these organisms have immunomodulation effects. Given the contradictory results, further broad studies are needed to confirm the role of probiotics and helminths in the treatment of IBD.

Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem, but so far there are no effective commercially available vaccines for this disease. Its control strategy is only reliant on therapy, but currently the drugs available for the treatment of leishmaniasis are also limited and a great concern is the rapid rate of resistance to common drugs. The first step in discovery and development of new drugs is to identify an appropriate drug target. Accordingly, it is important to recognize the metabolic pathways in which the leishmania parasites live and selecting a target in the parasite biological pathway, absent in the host or different from the host homolog. Discovery of new drugs requires high costs and takes a lot of time (up to 15 years). Therefore, choosing the approved drugs in the market for various diseases, including leishmaniasis is very cost-effective considering the mechanism of drug action and other aspects. Miltefosin is an effective anti-cancer agent that is also used for different types of leishmaniasis. In recent years, researchers have focused on the anti-leishmanial effects of pharmaceutical compounds or anticancer drugs to find more effective compounds with lower side effects. The present article mainly reviews the anticancer drugs that have been tested for their anti-leishmanial effects in both in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Metabolic syndrome and its various manifestations are considered to be a significant health epidemic in the developed and developing countries across the world. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a series of metabolic abnormalities, such as central adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia. Patients with metabolic syndrome are at a higher risk of major complications, including fatty liver, type II diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Nuclear receptors are the key regulators of gene transcription, as well as several metabolic pathways. Among these receptors, LXRα and β play a major role in the regulation of lipogenesis, cholesterol/glucose homoeostasis, and inflammatory pathways through the induction or repression of target genes. In addition to metabolic homeostasis and diseases, lipogenesis and hypertriglyceridemia are regarded as the most significant adverse effects of liver X receptor (LXR) activation. Given the importance of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammation in the development of metabolic disorders, the present study aimed to review the impact of LXR signaling on the risk of metabolic syndrome and its phenotypes, with an emphasis on their potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. In general, growing evidence supports the notion that LXRs may represent the potential drug targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

Toxoplasma gondii is well- known as a common parasite with high proliferative activity in the nucleated cells. This parasite has infected nearly one third of the people worldwide. Infection can result in chorioretinitis in immunocompetent hosts, encephalitis in HIV/AIDS positive patients and abortion and neonatal loss in congenital toxoplasmosis. Development of vaccines for toxoplasmosis infection is very important for decreasing infection transmission routes of the disease in various host species in the world. Live attenuated vaccines are closest to a natural infection; therefore, they are good rescuers of the immune system and often create lifelong immunity with only one or two doses. In this study, the researchers reviewed the current status in the development of live attenuated vaccines on Toxoplasma infection

Leishmaniasis is a complex parasitic disease that represents a major public health problem. Despite numerous attempts over the past decades, yet there is no effective vaccine against human leishmaniasis probably due to the lack of suitable adjuvants. In this study, a first generation liposomal-based Leishmania vaccine was developed using soluble Leishmania major antigens (SLA) and á, Ü-trehalose6, 6'-dibehenat (TDB) as an immunostimulatory adjuvant. In this liposome structure, the cationic lipid Dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) provides intrinsic adjuvant activity and cholesterol was added as a membrane stabilizer. Liposomes containing SLA were prepared.
BALB/c mice were subcutaneously (sc) immunized with Lip (DDA/TDB/CHOL)-SLA, Lip (DDA/TDB)-SLA, Lip (DDA)-SLA, Lip (DDA/CHOL)-SLA, SLA or Tris-HCl buffer. Immunization was done every two weeks for three weeks. The immunized mice were then challenged sc in the left footpad with 1×106 stationary phase L. major promastigotes (50 ìl), at 2 weeks after last booster injection.
mice immunized with any of the liposomal formulations containing SLA (Lip-SLA), substantially increased footpad swelling and parasite loads of foot and spleen with no significant difference compared to Tris-HCl buffer or SLA alone. Lip-SLA formulations induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response characterized by IFN-ã and IL-4 production as well as high levels of IgG1 anti-Leishmania antibody.
immunization with liposomes containing DDA and/or TDB in combination with SLA induces a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response and is not an appropriate strategy for preferential induction of a Th1 response and protection against leishmaniasis.

Background and Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by some molds,especially Aspergillus and Penicilium, and is responsible for mycotoxicosis in animals and humans.There is still not very detailed data about the anti-cancer potency of patulin, but some reports demonstrated that it induces cellular apoptosis and toxicity.
To determine the efficacy of patulin as a therapeutic strategy for cervical and colorectal cancers, we investigated its effects on HeLa,SW-48, and MRC-5 cell lines. Cell lines were exposed to various concentrations of patulin (i.e., 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 µM), then using methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assays, the rates of apoptosis and cell viability were determined.
The obtained results showed a significant reduction in cell viability and apoptosis induction in a dose-dependent manner. Among all the cell lines, the highest growth inhibition rate was obtained at the 4 μM concentration of patulin.
Our results suggested that patulin could significantly decrease tumor growth in human cervical and colorectal cancer models.

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Leishmaniasis annually affects the socioeconomic status of some societies. Evidence show that vaccination could prevent Leishmania and many studies are done on this, particularly nanovacines. So, this article aimed at reviewing recent developments in this field. In current narrative review article, five English databases including Ebsco, Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus and four Persian databases including Magiran, Elm Net, Barakat Knowledge Network System, and the Scientific Information Database (SID) were searched for articles published between 2005 and 2016. Current treatment of leishmaniasis is based on chemical drugs but their application is limited due to high cost, toxicity, side effects, and low efficacy. In addition, vaccines can modulate the immune response in removing Leishmania in favor of the hosts. We attempted to review different types of Leishmania vaccine and their development trends, carriers, vaccine candidates, and strategies and delivery systems in last decade. It was found that nanovaccines consisting of multiple antigens and adjuvant are well developed in conjunction with IL-12 as Leish-111f and MPL-SE, therefore, they could be more successful. Current researches on vaccination clearly indicate the need for more research and investment in developing Leishmania vaccine.

Nanotechnology is the ability to control the properties of matter at the atomic and molecular scales. Modern medicine and pharmacy have been affected by this technology. Most researches in this area focused on the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients especially cytotoxic drugs. Essential oils are compounds that have therapeutic, hygienic and cosmetic applications. These are complex mixture of volatile aromatic and aliphatic molecules. The use of essential oils, as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic and anti-insect agents has a history as old as human history. Nowadays, nanotechnology helps eliminate defects and improve the solubility and reduce the volatility of essential oils. The aim of the current study was to investigate encapsulation of essential oils by various types of nanotechnology and nanoparticles to improve their efficacy and stability.
In the present study, data collection (with different keywords of known nanoparticles including solid lipid nanoparticles, liposome, emulsion, cyclodextrin, magnetic nanoparticles) was undertaken on electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Magiran, Irandoc, IranMedex and Scientific Information Database.
Due to the physical nature of essential oils, two types of nanocarriers are more applicable. The first group is lipid carriers such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid nano-emulsions and microemulsions. The second category includes polymeric nanoparticles that have improved the antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Cyclodextrin and magnetic nanoparticles are mentioned in the end.
Nanotechnology and use of nanoparticles, increased chemical stability of essential oils. In addition, reduced toxicity and adverse effects have been achieved.

Background and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. aureus (MRSA) is specific strain of S.aureus that is a major cause of nosocomial infection. Nowadays, Vancomycin is the first-line treatment of severe MRSA infections. However, resistance to Vancomycin is reported in the form of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) too. This study aimed at determining the prevalence of MRSA and VRSA in healthcare staff and inpatients.
The study was performed in 447 healthcare workers and inpatients in Teaching Hospitals, in Sari, Iran, 2015. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the subjects using diagnostic tests. Then antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. E-TEST was used for the methicillin and Vancomycin resistant isolates. Prevalence of mecA resistant gene in the isolates was analyzed by PCR. Finally, Induced resistance to Clindamycin was investigated.
E-TEST showed that 31.31% of the isolates were resistant to methicillin and 16.1% were vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). Prevalence of mecA gene in resistant isolates was 96.8%. The highest resistance was detected against Gentamicin (45.5%) and the lowest resistance rates were found against Vancomycin (0%) and Amikacin (14.1%). We also found that 12.9% of MRSA isolates were inducible resistance to Clindamycin.
This study revealed that MRSA isolates have a high resistance to Erythromycin, Clindamycin, Gentamicin, and Ciprofloxacin. Also, a high rate of multidrug-resistant was seen in MRSA isolates. But despite intermediate resistance to Vancomycin, this antibiotic can be used as a valuable drug in treatment of MRSA.