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This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of different varieties of barley (Turkmen, Reyhan and Gorgan), triticale (Juvanilo, Rondo and Massa) and oat (Wild and Canadian) grains. The chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods of AOAC. Gas production (GP) test was performed to estimate the in vitro fermentation parameters. In vitro digestibility was determined by the batch culture procedure. The carbohydrate fractions of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) were also measured. Crude protein (CP) content was more in triticale and barley than oat grains (P<0.01). Triticale grains had higher contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lower lignin compared to barley and oat grains (P<0.01). The amounts of GP potential and fermentation parameters were higher in triticale and barley than oat grains (P<0.01). Partitioning factor (PF, P<0.01), microbial biomass (MB, P<0.05) and efficiency of microbial biomass (EMB P<0.01) were more in different varieties of triticale and barley than oat varieties. According to CNCPS, carbohydrate portions and total carbohydrate content in triticale and barley grains were higher than in oat grains (P<0.01). The highest and lowest contents of none- fiber carbohydrates (NFC), starch, and soluble sugars were observed in triticale and oat varieties, respectively. Totally, triticale and barley grains had a better nutritional value than oat grains. Triticale grains were as good as barley grains in most aspects, while being superior in some traits.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of fermentation by Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and alkaline processing on the nutritional value and chemical composition of date palm kernels (DPK). DPK was fermented for 28 days under solid-state fermentation culture with two different microorganisms (B. subtilis and, or A. niger). Alkaline processing was performed by soaking DPK in NaOH solution for 24 hours. In this experiment, eight treatments were used: DPK (control), DPK fermented by B. subtilis, and A. niger separately or in combination, and processed with NaOH, alone or with B. subtilis or A. niger or both. Digestibility and gas production of fermented and processed DPK were performed using the batch culture and gas production techniques. The results showed that there was an increase in crude protein (CP) and a decrease in crude fiber concentrations due to the fermentation of DPK with B. subtilis and A. niger (P < 0.05). Total phenol content in fermented DPK (FDPK) with B. subtilis and A. niger was significantly lower than the control. Gas production significantly increased in FDPK compared to control and NaOH-treated samples (p <0.05). All treatments significantly increased the in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDOD) and OM (IVOMD) compared to the control (p < 0.01). Among the treatments, simultaneous fermentation of DPK with B. subtilis and A. niger had the most significant effect on increasing the microbial CP (MCP) and its efficiency (EMCP; p <0.01).

Treatment of bacterial diseases with antibiotics has problems such as antibiotic resistance and side effects. Essential oils of medicinal plants have antibacterial effect and are suitable alternatives. Lavandula stoechas and Origanum majorana are two members of lamiaceae family that have shown antibacterial effect against some bacteria. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria are major bovine mastitis-causing bacteria. Therefore, this study examined the antimicrobial activity of Lavandula stoechas (lavender) and Origanum majorana (marjoram) essential oil against these bacteria in comparison with gentamycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate antibiotics.

Chemical compositions of essential oils were determined by GC/MS. Broth dilution testing using macrodilution was performed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of essential oils and licospectinomycin as positive control and the inhibition zones of oils, gentamycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate antibiotics were assayed by disk diffusion method. The effect of sub-MIC concentrations of essential oils on tested bacterial count was obtained at 0, 6, 10 and 24 hours and growth curve were plotted as log cfu/ml.

Main components of the Lavandula stoechas and Origanum majorana oils were 17-pentatriacontene (42.15%), linalyl acetate (26.82%), eucalyptol (18.87%), linalool (5.7%) and 3-cyclohexene-1-ol,4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-,(R)-(44.84%), α-terpineol (6.83%), P-cymene (6.75%), respectively. MIC and MBC values ranged from 0.15 - 0.62% for lavender and 0.62 - 1.25% for marjoram. MIC and MBC of licospectinomycin antibiotic were 0.07 - 0.31% and 0.15 - 0.64%, respectively. The lavender and marjoram essential oils had the most effective against S. aureus and MIC and MBC values were 0.15% and 0.31%, respectively. Also, the most effective of Lincospectinomycin antibiotic was against S. aureus and MIC and MBC values were 0.07% and 0.15%, respectively. The Lavandula stoechas and Origanum majorana oils at sub-MIC concentrations significantly reduced the bacterial population at 24 h. The inhibition zone of lavender and marjoram essential oils had no significant difference against S. aureus with gentamycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate antibiotics and against E. coli with gentamycin but against S. agalactiae were significantly lower than gentamycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate.

Essential oils of Lavandula stoechas and Origanum majorana had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Escherichia coli bacteria in vitro. This effect had no significant difference against S. aureus with gentamycin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and against E. coli with gentamycin that show satisfactory effects of oils. Clinical studies on therapeutic effects of Lavandula stoechas and Origanum majorana oils on different diseases such as bovine mastitis are recommended.

Th is research examined the antimicrobial eff ect of Lavandula stoechas (lavender) and Origanum majorana (marjoram) essential oil against three pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Escherichia coli. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed that the main components of the lavender and marjoram oils were 17-Pentatriacontene, Linalyl acetate, Eucalyptol, linalool and 3-Cyclohexene-1-ol,4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-,(R)-, α-terpineol, P-cymene, respectively. Broth dilution testing was performed using autoclaved whole milk instead of broth to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of essential oils alone and in combination. In addition, time-kill assay of lavender and marjoram oils were determined in milk up to 24 h. MIC values ranged from 3.12 - 4.37% v/v and MBC between 6.25 - 8.75% v/v for the lavender. Th e MIC and MBC of the marjoram ranged from 0.62 - 1.87% v/v and 1.25 - 3.75% v/v, respectively. Th e MIC ranged from 2.5 - 5% v/v and MBC between 5 - 10% v/v for lavender + marjoram combination. In time-kill assays, the presence of lavender and marjoram oils at a sub-MIC concentration signifi cantly reduced the bacterial population in 4, 10 and 24 h. Generally, essential oil of marjoram had greater antibacterial activity than lavender against all mastitis-causing pathogens tested and has the potential to be evaluated as an alternative or adjunct to antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitis.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding  fermented date  pite (FDP) on performance, carcass traits and ileal microbial population  in  broiler chickens. In a  2 ×4  factorial arrangement, 540 day – old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to one of nine experimental diets, each with five replicates containing 12 chicks each. Dietary treatments  included a corn- soybean meal – based diet (control), and diets containing  2, 4, 6 and 8%  raw date pit (RDP)  and 2, 4, 6 and 8 % fermented date pit (FDP). Fermentation process effectively decreased crude fiber and increased crude protein (p < 0.05).   Feeding fermented date pite increased feed intake and improved body weight gain in finisher period (25- 42 day) of the experiment (p < 0.05 ). In this period  birds fed FDP with level  8%  had  significantly (p <0.05 ) body weight  higher in comparison to chicks fed diet control ( 1474 gr vs 1336 gr ). Birds fed FDP had  feed cost higher compared to chick fed RDP (p<0.05). Abdominal fat and gizzard  was significantly lower in broiler fed FDP than to RDP (p <0.05 ). Lactic acid  bacteria  population  and coliform  in ileum of broilers fed diet containing  FDP  as  compared to RDP were  significantly higher and lower respectively (p<0.05). Results of this study demonstrated that fermentation date pite in level 8% led to performance improvement in broiler chickens during finisher period.

This experiment was carried out to analyze some primary and secondary compounds in various organs of Lactuca serriola during phenological vegetative growth stage. After collecting aerial parts of L. Serriola from the farms in Vamenan village in Azadshar, various organs such as root, stem, and leaf were dried and powdered separately. Also, mixed organs were considered as another treatment for comparison. Then various organs of L. serriola and a mixture of them were analyzed qualitatively for primary metabolites like organic matter, raw ash, protein, proline, starch and soluble sugar as well as membrane stability index and some secondary metabolites like total phenols and anthocyanin. Results showed that various organs of L. serriola had a various content of primary and secondary metabolites as well membrane stability index. On the basis of the findings, the highest and lowest contents of organic matter and raw ash were obtained in leaf, respectively. The highest content of protein, starch and compatibility osmotic of soluble sugar and proline also were found in the leaf organ. The highest content of total phenols and anthocyanin were obtained in leaf showing a positive and significant correlation with membrane stability index. Regarding the high biomass generated from L. serriola, it is suggested to analyze the other chemical compounds in this plant. Complimentary studies are required to exploit the application of these compounds as bio herbicide.

An experiment was conducted to assess the influences of different growth promoters on performance, carcass characteristic and intestinal microflora of broiler. Day-old broiler chicks from Arian strain (384) were used in the completely randomized experimental design during 7-42 days of age. Eight rations were formulated as a follow 1: control (without growth promoters); 2-control + formic acid (0.25%); 3-control+ viginamycin (250 g/ton); 4-Contro + saccharomycis cerevisiae (0.1%); 5-Control+ viginamycin (250 g/ton)+ formic acid (0.25%); 6- Control+ viginamycin (250g/ton)+ formic acid (0.25%); 7- Control+ viginamycin (250 g/ton)+ saccharomycis cerevisiae ( 0.1%); 8- Control+ viginamycin (250 g/ton)+ saccharomycis cerevisiae ( 0.1%).. The treatments with 3 repetition and 16 birds per parcel were used. The formulated rations were fed to 384 day-old Arian. Each treatments consisted 3 replicate with 16 birds per parcel. Obtained results indicated that formic acid had no significant effects on all measured parameters, nevertheless supplementation of diet with antibiotic significantly