javad nasr

Salmonellosis is one of the major common human and animal diseases with wide geographical distribution. The most important sources of Salmonella infection in humans are vegetables, dairy products, marine products, meat products (especially poultry meat), and eggs and their products. Standard methods for the detection of Salmonella species are sensitive but time consuming. Therefore, faster methods in this field are required. PCR is a sensitive and specific method for identification of infectious agents. HilA as a highly protected encoding transcription regulation gene can be used for confirmation of Salmonella. The aim of this study is the identification of Salmonella bacteria in ostrich feces by investigation of hilA gene in genomic DNA using PCR and also evaluation of its specificity in comparison with other common techniques.
Material and 500 ostrich feces samples that have previously been investigated for Salmonella by differential-selective cultivation and biochemical tests were used for study of hilA gene presence test. DNA was extracted from feces samples after solvation of feces in culture medium and incubation in 37 ˚C for 24 hours. Then, PCR was performed by hilA specific primers to investigate presence of hilA gene. The investigation of presence of hilA gene among 500 Sirjan’s ostrich feces samples showed that there are 38 feces samples infected by Salmonella which was in agreement with the results of standard tests for Salmonella. It is noteworthy to mention that hilA gene was present in those samples that Salmonella had been identified by standard tests. The results showed that the investigation of hilA gene by PCR using specific primers could be an alternative method for recognition of Salmonella in poultry facet with high accuracy and speed, and also low costs.

Feed intake includes a set of physiological mechanisms that affects different parts of the central nervous system. Histamine as a central neurotransmitter involved in regulating appetite. This study is conducted to evaluate the effects of determining the importance of nutrition mode, on the effect caused by histamine via intra-peritoneal injection histamine peripheral receptors in satiety and hunger on feed and water of broilers. When the histamine injected central, feed consumption will be through of H1 histamine receptor. It seems peritoneum injection of histamine, prevents the feed consumption in broilers. We also designed some tests to determinate the effects of H1 and H2 receptors on feed consumption in growing broilers. Histamine through its H1 receptors prevents the feed absorption in broilers.
In this study, environmental impacts of histaminergic system on feed intake male Ross broiler chickens were studied in 2 phases. 32 one-day-old broilers were raised to four-week-old in group and then in the 4th week as single. The temperature in the first week of nourishment was set at 32-31 °C, and the every week the temperature was lowered 3-2 degrees, so that during the tests the temperature was adjusted between 24-21 ° C. Average weight of chickens at the time of the experiment (4 weeks), was 720 gr.
Data was analyzed in form of repeated measurements and averages were compared using LSMEANS test. Data analysis was performed using SAS software. Treatments included 40 mg/kg inject able chloramphenicol, 5.2 mg/kg famotidine, 1 mg/kg histamine, and saline. The amount of water consumed was measured by drinker scaled with accuracy 1ml. Total volume injected was 5.0 ml intra peritoneal.
Results showed a significant difference between feed intake of hungry broilers and broilers who had free access to feed. Histamine induced lower feed intake in both satiety and hunger, but its effect was more significant in satiety. The tests showed that water intake in satiety and hunger modes were significantly different. The amount of water usage in hungry chickens was more as feed intake in hungry chickens was also more. We can say that water intake depends on the amount of feed intake and water intake also rises with increased feed intake. Serotonin is effective in reducing the amount of feed intake and reduces the duration and frequency of feed intake, but it is not effective on latency time before eating. Histamine through leptin may decrease feed intake. It also recognized that the saturation of cholecystokinine depends on liberalization of histamine, which is bound on H1 and H2receptor and ultimately reduces feed intake. Chloramphenicol reduced feed intake in both satiety and hunger. Famotidine induced lower feed intake in first minutes, but had no effect in hunger. Water appetite was decreased by chloramphenicol but famotidine increased water appetite by inhibiting H2 receptor, both in satiety and hunger. Seems that histamine and cholinergic systems are linked together and histamine modifies cholinergictrans mission. Theoretically cholinergic system reduces blood pressure, thus it reduces water loss from the kidneys and there by leads to secretion of kidneys and affect brain and causes sense of thirst and result in increasing water intake.
Finally, H1 and H2 receptors play role in feed and water intake. These antagonists were involved in controlling feed intake if they cause increased feed intake and may other receptors be involved reduced feed intake result from histamine. Receptor antagonistH1 (chlorpheniramine), in both satiety and hunger modes causes significant decrease in feed intake, also receptor antagonistH2 (famotidine) at limited times significantly decreased feed intake in chickens with no limitation period, that this reduction in feed intake in satiety mode was more and total, chickens in satiety mode consume less feed than hungry chicks. Chlorpheniramine causes significantly decreased water intake in both satiety and hunger. Famotidine significantly increases water intake in hunger mode and in satiety mode it significantly increases water intake in the first hours after injection. Histamine resulted in significant reduction of water intake in satiety and cause to significant increase of water intake in hunger mode. Considering the increased water intake by histamine and reducing water intake by chlorpheniramine at the same time, in hunger mode H1receptor is involved in increased water intake caused by histamine. Peritoneal injection of histamine shows that water consumption increase with feed consumption and it seems this occurrence regulated with some different mechanisms such as release of angiotens in and histamine.

Shigella spp have been reported as the common cause of mortality in children. Recent studies in Iran have shown that Shigella sonnei is an important specie for nosocomial infection. The set1A and set1B are two critical virulence factors for human disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of set1A and set1B genes in bacterial strains isolated from people with diarrhea dysentery using the multiplex-PCR (M-PCR) method.
A total 60 strains of Shigella sonnei were collected from Children Medical Center (Tehran, Iran). Then, these isolates were identified by standard biochemical and culture phenotypic methods. Detection of both of set1B and set1A virulence genes was carried out by M-PCR. Antibacterial susceptibility testing to Amoxicillin, Clavulanic acid, Tetracycline, Cefixime, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime and Cotrimoxazole was performed according to CLSI guideline using disk diffusion method.
All 60 isolates were identified as S. sonnei. The highest resistance was observed to both of Cotrimoxazole and Cefixime antibiotics, while 95% of strains were sensitive to Tetracycline. The prevalence of Set1A and set1B virulence genes were 18 (30%) and 0 (0%) strains, respectively.
Nowadays, the increase of microbial resistance to antibiotics is a global problem which is caused by indiscriminate use of drugs. The results showed that the prevalence of the gene in the sample set could be a criterion for direct detection of Shigella in the sample.

Although key roles for dietary vitamin E (VITE) and fatty acid (FA) in fertility have been confirmed, limited data are available on the effects of VITE alone, or a constant level of VITE supplemented by dietary omega-6 and omega-3 FAs in combination on male reproduction. Consequently in this paper, the effects of VITE, sunflower oil, fish oil and their combination on rat sperm were investigated.
We divided 50 mature male Wistar rats into 5 groups (n=10) in a experimental completely randomized design for eight weeks: i. Control (CTR): standard diet; ii. Vitamin E diet (VITE): 2 times greater than recommendations; iii. Sunflower oil group (n-6) [gavaged with 0.5 ml/day/rat sunflower oil咄 diet]; iv. Fish oil group (n-3): [gavaged with 0.5 ml/day/rat fish oil咄 diet] and v. n-36 group [gavaged with 0.3 ml fish oil/day/rat.2 ml sunflower oil/day/rat咄 diet]. The sperm parameters were measured by computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA). All data were analyzed with SPSS software.
Feed intake decreased in groups which were administered sunflower oil compared with the other groups (P Dietary VITE and fish oil咄 can improve sperm quality. Our findings can be a focus for improvements in sperm quantity and motility in fertile animals using only dietary VITE.

A study was conducted to determine the effects of diet formulation on Arian broiler breeder performance in their 50 to 64 wks of age. One hundred and sixty eight female and 24 male breeders were employed in 8 treatments of 3 replicates (7 females plus a male) in a completely randomized design (a factorial experience of 2 × 2 × 2). Eight experimental diets were formulated based on three factors, the first factor including, two levels of Apparent and True Metabolisable Energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn and TMEn), the second factor being:, two levels of Total Amino Acids (TAAF) and Digestible (DAAF) of Feed, The third factor was included two levels of broiler breeder hens Requirements as based on Total Amino Acids (TAAR) and Digestible ones (DAAR). The results indicated that egg weight was significant difference on the main effects of energy and the main effects of amino acids of feed and requirements no significant (p<0.05). Treatment No. 3 (AMEn + DAAF + TAAR) was at the best level significantly in egg weight, 68.97 (g), egg production, 62.45, egg mass, 43.1 (g/hen/day) and feed conversion ratio 3.59 and treatment No. 7 (TMEn + DAAF + TAAR) was the worst level significantly in egg weight 66.51 (g), egg production, 48.21, egg mass, 31.99 (g/hen/day) and feed conversion rate 5.07. Percentage of eggs can incubate and hatchability was significant in the main effects of energy, amino acids of feed and requirements and fertility was significant in the main effects of energy and amino acids of feed, number of chicks per hen was significant in the main effect of energy and amino acid requirements (p<0.05). Percentage of eggs can incubate was in treatment No. 5 (TMEn + TAAF + TAAR), 99.48 %, fertility was in treatment No. 4 (AMEn + DAAF + DAAR), 91.87 %, hatchability was in treatment No. 2 (AMEn + TAAF + DAAR), 78.37% and the number of chickens obtained from any hens during the experimental period (50 to 64 weeks), was in treatment No. 6 (TMEn + TAAF + DAAR), 37.83 chicks, at the highest significantly level compared to Duncan multiple range test (p<0.05). This experiment showed that the type of diet formulation had significant effects on broiler breeder performance.