karimi i

The purpose of this study was to find out the histological and radiographic assessment of healing of ulna fracture stabilized with feather shaft and compare with intramedullary pin. A total of 70 pigeons (Columba livia) randomly divided into two equal groups. After aseptically preparation of surgical site (left wing) and induction of anesthesia, a 3 cm longitudinal incision was made on the skin, the ulna bone was exposed gently and a segmental bone of 3 mm in length was removed in the middle of the ulnar diaphysis. The fracture in group I was repaired with an autoclaved feather shaft as an auto-graft and in group II stainless steel intramedullary pin used to treat fracture. Healing was evaluated with radiographs at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks after surgery and for histological study at least 4 birds from each group were sacrificed at weeks 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 12 and bone sample transferred to a Histology Laboratory at Shahrekord University. Radiographic findings showed favorable bone healing progress in both groups. Results of histological evaluation revealed that at time 3 and 5 weeks, difference between two groups not significant, but in week 9 the feather group had better results than the pin group. Also comparison within groups demonstrated favorable bone healing in both groups. According to the results of the present study, feather shaft can be used as available and lightweight intramedullary fixator for avian fracture treatment.

Chicken infectious anemia virus (CAV), cause severe anemia, and makes atrophy in lymphatic organs include thymus, bursa of fabricious, spleen and bone marrow. It suppresses immunity system and increase the susceptibility to other infections. Subclinical infection of CAV caused high economic losses in broiler flocks. Isolation of the virus in tissue culture, detection of genome by PCR based method and serological tests are diagnostic methods of chicken infectious anemia virus. The aims of the present study were detection and partial nucleotide sequencing of CAV genome by PCR and direct sequence method, respectively. Seventy seven liver samples from chickens belong to 8 different broilers flocks around the Sharekord city, in Chahrmahal VA Bakhtiari province, were tested. Results showed that 19 samples belong to 4 broiler flocks were positive. Amplicons of 4 PCR positive samples belong to 4 different flocks were sequenced and the results showed that partial gene sequences of chicken infectious anemia viruses had 100% homology. These sequences had more homology with nucleotide sequences of Indian, Malaysian, German and Chinese CIAV strains. With regards to phylogenic similarity, it seems that all of these isolates have a same origin.

Students regulate their study approaches based on teacher evaluation practices. Current methods of evaluating the learners’ knowledge have shortcomings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the challenges of evaluation of learning of medical sciences universities’ students and the impact of these challenges on deliberate practice study approach. Instrument & This descriptive-survey research was performed in all undergraduate، master، and medical students (basic sciences stage) students of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences in 2014 and 357 students were selected by random sampling. Data were gathered using recognizing the challenges of evaluation of students and Deliberate Practice Study Approach questionnaires. Data analyses were done by descriptive statistics، factor analysis technique and Structural Equation Modeling using LISREL and SPSS 20 software. Challenges related to the lack of attention to individual differences (0. 81) had the highest and challenges related to the use of non-objective evaluation (0. 73) had the lowest loading factor. The effect of evaluation challenges on deliberate practice study approach was -0. 74 (p<0. 01). More tangible the educational experiences for students and be done in more interactive environment and in a way their individual differences and abilities be identified and recognized، their challenges in the current practices of evaluation of students are minimized، and affected Deliberate Practice Study Approach.

Nature and type of learning content in different medical science courses, makes using multimedia facilities essential to facilitate learners’ learning. This study aimed to investigate the impact of teachers’ preparedness and Hamedan Medical Sciences University infrastructures for effective implementation of e-learning technology based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). In this descriptive-analytical study, 183 Hamedan Medical Sciences University faculty members were studied using random sampling method and Cochran formula in 2014. Data collected by two questionnaires and one check list. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficients, confirmatory factor analysis technique, structural equations modeling and path analysis using LISREL 8.5 software and SPSS 18. Teachers preparedness was in the relatively ideal in the student's knowledge and acceptance domains and it was in the medium level in cultural factors domain. In the infrastructure sector, availability and references, human resources and financial support domains were the most important problems, respectively. Teachers’ preparedness and infrastructures had significant effect on the subjective perception of usefulness and ease of using of e-learning and these two components had positive and significant effect on attitude toward using and intention to use the technology and as a result using technology, practically. E-learning technology acceptance model can be applied in the studied society due to the significant impact of teachers’ preparedness and university infrastructures and appropriate fitness indices.

Since the evaluation of educational progression is of the most important educational activities of teachers and trainers، this process must flow all over the education period. Teachers of universities and high education organizations are required to hold scientific principles in assessment of student learning. The purpose of this study was to identify and determine the level of Islamic Azad University Teachers’ adherence to scientific principles of designing academic progression tests.

The current descriptive research was performed in statistical society of the examinations of presented courses of Islamic Azad University of Ardebil province’s units by the end of the first semester of 2010-2011 academic years. 48 samples were selected by using stratified random sampling method. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of two parts of demographic variables and 32 questions in 5 areas of content، budgeting، student s’ ability to answer the questions، designing from easy to difficult and timing. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software and independent T، ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests.

No significant relation was seen between the level of adherence to scientific principles of designing academic progression tests and teachers’ position، gender and expert relation to the taught course (p>0. 05). Employment type was significantly effective on adherence to scientific principles of designing academic progression tests and faculty members had better designing. Average of scientific principles holding score was more in question timing (4. 08±0. 65) than other areas.

Islamic Azad University Teachers have high adherence to scientific principles of designing academic progression tests.

Ninety six pairs of adrenal glands from Lori – Bakhtiari sheep and goat، aged 6 month to 1 year and 1 – 1. 5 year from borujen abattoir were collected. After collecting the glands and weighting them، some parameters such as: length، wide and thickness of left and right side by caliper device were measured. In histological studies، after tissue preparation and staining with H&E، cortical zones and medullae of glands were recognized and the size of zones with micrometry method were determined. At result، data between left and right adrenal glands and two ages were analyzed and compared by t- student test. There was a significant difference between dimensions of left and right adrenal glands. The mean weight and length of left adrenal gland was greater than right in two animals. Also in aged 6 month to 1 year there was a significant difference between mean length and width of right adrenal glands in two animals. The thickness two and width of left adrenal gland in sheep were larger than goat and the difference was significant (P<0. 05). Histological studies revealed that، there was a significant difference in size of capsule، medulla and these parameters in sheep were greater than goat. By comparing the other parameters between two aged in two animals، there was a significant difference in cortex of left adrenal gland and zona fasiculata in aged 1- 1. 5 years in sheep was larger than aged 6month to 1 years in goat.

Pathogenicity and histopathology of five Listeria ivanovii isolates from sheep meat in mice were done. Swiss albino mice (18-22 g) were used as experimental animals. Three isolates were pathogenic and caused mortality within 2 to 6 days after intraperitoneal injection. The reisolation of the microorganism from different organs was done. Pathological changes in the liver، spleen، brain، kidneys and intestines were recorded

During rectal examination of a 5-year-old pregnant cow، a single multinodular vaginal mass was palpated and removed surgically after the parturition. Tissue samples of the mass were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin، paraffin-embedded، sectioned at 5 µm، and stained with hematoxylin – eosin and special stains. Grossly، the mass had two convex and flat surfaces. Multiple firm nodular masses and ulcers were observed in convex and flat surfaces، respectively. On cut section، the tumor was solid، nonencapsulated and gray-white with small yellowish foci. Histological examination of the mass revealed round to spindle cells with cellular and nuclear pleomorphism that arranged haphazardly. The tumor cells had indistinguishable cytoplasmic borders and prominent nucleoli. Necrotic debris and infiltration of inflammatory cells around bacterial colonies were seen in the tumor flat surface. There was diffuse fibrous connective tissue arranged in interwoven fascicles in different sections of the tumor too. According to macroscopic and microscopic features، the mass was diagnosed as vaginal leiomyosarcoma. To our knowledge، there is no report about occurrence of vaginal leiomyosarcoma in cow from Iran.

There is competition between hospitals and other health care service providers in many cases. It seems that this competitive environment will lead to a more effective and better service. Thus, governments are increasingly focusing on the application of competition rules to hospital services. Basically; rules of competition do not play any roles in focused and order and control-based services. In contrast, when the competition spreads among hospitals, they will try to reduce the competitive forces and those which have been operating independently will be merged to protect themselves against the competition pressure. When the hospital facilities integrate, this merging can reduce the operating costs. In the absence of market power, competition works most effectively. One of the aspects of market power is high demand versus limited supply of services. To convince the hospitals with the market power to reduce costs and increase efficiency, relying on competition is not a reasonable expectation. Market-oriented solutions will work only when other proper alternatives are available. It means that if policy makers focus on competitive solutions, policies to prevent anticompetitive merging will be of great significance.

The healthcare organization directors should utilize the quality management tools properly to improvement healthcare services. The is a crucial tool to measure achievement to organization quality goals, and to improvement performances. The Iran National Quality Award is the most comprehensive model for performance assessment. This is a descriptive case assessment, applied, research carried out in 2005.The statistical community are the managers, directors, and authorities in the hospital wards. The data collection tools are the standard questionnaires of The Iran National Quality Award. Data are collected according nine models, criteria; and their scores calculated for each criterion, and for Hospital. Acquired scores are as followed: leadership, strategy, personnel's resource and shareholders, processes, customers, benefits, personnel benefits, community benefits, and applied key benefits; 58%, 56.2%,42%,55%,53.5%,51%, 41,46%,and 60.5% respectively. The total score was found 522 of 1000. The Hospital may applicant for acquiring Iran National Quality Award after completing Award Constitution and providing required evidences. We recommend the Hospital to pay specific attention on improvement personnel, personnel's benefits, and community benefits criteria; and by more training provides a proper understanding of Iran National Quality Award concepts.

Today increasing growing of health information is results in applying of new technologies for suite manages and utilization of information technologies such as electronic health record. A growing capacity of information technologies in collection, storage and transmission of information has added a great deal of concerns since electronic records can be accessed by numerous consumers at various locations. Now considering Iran's new approach to make electronic health records, the basic question is "what is the appropriate model for their confidentiality principles? The present study is a descriptive investigation made in Iran in 2007. confidentiality principles of Electronic Health Record, gathered from comparative study that carried out about Australia, Canada and England countries. Then designed initial model. Final model information gathered by questionnaire and use of Delphi Technique. Rate under 50 percent eliminated from model and 75 percent and up added to model. The items from the pattern confirmed among 50 percent up to 75 percent and suggested items from participants, again put to votes. Offered model for our country emphasize on patient consent. no emphasis on the use and release of health information in marketing and purposes outside the care cycle without the patient's consent or any other people having an intimate relation with the patient, and the unavailability to his health information by the patient in certain cases. But in contrast to the selected countries, there is a reference in the suggested model to fines for disclosure of electronic health records, data ownership, and inclusion of information accessibility laws in all organizations, responsibility for inaccessibility to information, and finally the conditions for movement of data abroad. Comprehensive model of Electronic Health Records Confidentiality principles is Designed for Iran and Recommend approve and appliying of regulations with usage of proposed model for Protection of Electronic Health Information Confidentiality. Keywords: Confidentiality Principles, Information Confidentiality, Electronic Health Record, Confidentiality Model,

Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a very contagious disease caused by a coronavirus (IBV). In chickens, the virus affects the respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems. This study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of anti-IBV antibodies in domestic village chickens. Serum samples of 300 domestic village chickens from Esfahan (centeral Iran) were collected and examined for the presence of anti-IBV antibodies by commercial ELISA kits. The results showed that 85.3% of the domestic village chickens had high titers of anti-IBV antibody without any clinical signs. It was concluded that the rate of IBV infection in these chickens is very high that could be a potential hazard for commercial poultry.

In order to investigate the prevalence and detection of etiological agents of pyelonephritis in Shahrekord abattoir, 404 kidneys of slaughtered cattle (207 female and 197 male) were inspected. Kidney samples, which had gross changes were obtained for histological examination. Urine and renal tissue samples were also collected aseptically for microbiological examination. In histological examination pyelonephritis were observed in 3 cases (0.74%), one of which occurred in a 7-year-old cow and the others in bulls less than 2-year-old. In microbiological examination E. coli was isolated from urine and renal tissues in 2 cases and Staphylococcus aureus isolated only from renal tissue in the other case.

Cattle lameness is one of the biggest problems dairy producers are facing today. May be regular hoof trimming consider as one of the most efficient and easy way to save normal function of the hooves. In according to Toussaint Raven method of functional hoof trimming, toe length is the most determinant of the procedure. Seventy mm from the coronary band at the toe region is considered as a safe distance for performing the first cut, but following this cut, lameness due to the trauma to sensitive tissue in some animals is a common problem. The current anatomic study was performed to determine the proper distance between cutting surface on dorsal wall of the hoof and coronary band. The distance between coronary band and the terminal margin of the sensitive tissue, after mid-sagittal section, considered as β length. Three hundred hooves collected from slaughtered cattle were divided into three groups, according to the breed (A: registered Holstein, B: cross breed, C: native breed). The most important determining factor in different breeds were their weight as animals in group A weighted more than 550 kg, Group B less than 550 and more than 400 and group C weighted less than 400 kg. Mean (mm) ± SD of β length were 62.2 ± 8.46, 57.3 ± 8.12 and 49.5 ± 7.75 in groups A, B and C, respectively; which was significantly different from each other (P<0.05). β length in lateral digits were slightly longer than medial digits but the difference were not significant. With regard to upper limit of deviation in β length it seems that 80 mm length is safer in registered Holstein cattle.

The description of Brucellosis arthritis feature with other findings is the main goal of this study. Methods and Materials: This is a 2 years descriptive and prospective study, which includes 40 patients who diagnosed as brucellosis and join involvement. In this study, arthritis involvements were as follow: Sacroilitis (70%), Peripheral arthritis (15%), Sacroilitis and arthritis (12/5%) and Spondylitis (2/5%). The other finding of this study include: Range of age between 15-30 (80%), male to female ratio (5:1), rural to urban ratio (2: 1), fever more than 38 degree of Centigrade (60%), Normal CBC (90%), relative lymphocytosis (70%), ESR more than 25 mm/ 1st hour (100%), Wright titer 1:320, and 2ME titer 1:160. With beginning of standard anti brucellosis regimen and supportive care, there was a 100% cure rate and no any sequel of arthritis. There was no relapse in next few months follow up of them. This study confirms previous findings, which indicate, Brucellosis arthritis have a good prognosis and outcome, without any sequel. So it seems that Brucellosis arthritis are rather inflammations than infection of joint (Septic arthritis).