فهرست مطالب keyvan molanorouzi

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training and PETTLEP imagery on competitive state anxiety and the performance of equestrian athletes.

In this quasi-experimental study, which was conducted with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group, 30 professional adult equestrians were selected conveniently and were randomly assigned into three Mental Imagery, Mindfulness, and Control groups. In the pre-test and the post-test phases, the participants completed the Persian version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, and then their jumping performance was measured in a simulated competition by the jury. In the intervention stage, a 90-minute session was held in 6 weeks, in which the training groups dealt with the desired interventions. Data were analyzed using dependent t-tests, Univariate, and Multivariate Analyses of Covariance with Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The study's results showed that mindfulness has a significant effect on sports performance (P=0.025), physical anxiety (P=0.030), cognitive anxiety (P=0.015), and self-confidence (P=0.0001). Also, imagery has a significant effect on sports performance (P=0.039), physical anxiety (P=0.016), cognitive anxiety (P=0.033), and self-confidence (P=0.033). Other results indicated that there is no significant difference between the effect of mindfulness and imagery on the anxiety, self-confidence, and performance of equestrian athletes in show jumping discipline (P<0.05).

In general, the results of the study suggest the use of mindfulness training and PETTLEP mental imagery interventions as practical, safe, and effective training methods to reduce competitive state anxiety, and to improve the performance of equestrian athletes in show jumping discipline.

The results of previous studies have shown that children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have problems with visual-motor skills. Based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of motor-independent and motor-dependent visual perception practice on the visual-motor integration of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

This study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population was all children aged 4 to 6 years in Tehran city in 2022 who had been referred to Ali Asghar Hospital. After screening, 45 of these people were selected as the research sample. Subjects were divided into three groups: motor-dependent visual perception, motor-independent perception, and control. Subjects in the experimental groups received 15 minutes of 45-session training, while the control group received no intervention. All participants were assessed before and after training using the Bender Gestalt test. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the subjects of both test groups had a significant improvement in the total score of visual-motor integration and all its components compared to the control group. Also, the results showed that the subjects in the movement-dependent group obtained a higher improvement in the copy and movement components compared to the motor-independent group.

Based on the results of the present study, the use of motor-independent or motor-dependent visual perception practice can be suggested as an effective intervention to improve the visual-motor integration of children with ADHD.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of the SPARK training program on some neuropsychological and motor performance variables in the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2) in male children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).

This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 28 school-aged boys diagnosed with DCD (based on the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) from elementary schools (1-4th grades) in District 22 of Tehran, Iran. They underwent the MABC-2 tests as a pretest assessment. Then, they were divided randomly assigned to training (n=14, mean age: 8.6±1.39 years) and control (n=14, mean age: 8.11±1.15 years) groups. The training group performed the SPARK training program at 16 sessions of 45 minutes, three sessions per week. At the end of the training sessions, participants completed the posttest assessment. Data analysis was performed using analysis of covariance. 

The training significantly improved motor performance in domains of manual dexterity (Placing pegs, drawing a trail), ball skills (catching with both hands, throwing a bean bag onto mat), and balance (One-board balance, heel-to-toe walking forwards, hopping on mats) (P<0.05), but there was no significant change in manual dexterity test of threading lace (P>0.05). 

It seems that the SPARK training program can improve some neuropsychological and motor performance indices in male children with DCD.

Based on many evidences, physical activity levels are one of the most important factors in maintaining personal and social health. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity (PA) on body image, self-esteem, and quality of life in women after breast cancer surgery.

The participants of the present study were 252 women with breast cancer who had undergone breast cancer surgery at least once in the Mo'tamed hospital in Tehran. Assessment tools were the international Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ), self-administrated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC-QLQ-C30), Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ), and Coopersmith self-esteem (SEI) questionnaires. To analyze the data, the ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test were used respectively.

Results showed a significant difference between low and moderate, low and high, and moderate and high PA level on body image, self-esteem, and quality of life (P≤0.05). The moderate level of PA had more effect compared to the low and high levels of PA.

Our study suggested that physicians, Physical Therapists, Occupational Therapists, should be schedules more PA and sports plans for patients with breast cancer surgery and increase patients’ awareness of PA benefits.

Play is one of the methods for teaching the necessary movement, emotional and social skills, and structured play is the basis for children's normal communication and learning processes.

The purpose of this study was the effectiveness of a selected movement program of structured, unstructured, and mixed on the social and psychological development of children aged 4-6 years.

The present research method was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. The statistical population included children aged 4-6 years in district-5 of Tehran in 2020. The statistical sample included 60 children who were randomly selected and divided into three groups of 20 children. The studied groups trained for 12-weeks according to their implementation protocol, two session’s per-week and one-hour per-session. The research groups completed Vineland Social Development Questionnaire (1989) and Children Psychological Development (2010) before and after the intervention. A mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used to analyze the data. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version-26 software.

The results showed that for social and psychological development, the main effect of levels and the interactive effect of group levels were significant (P<0.05), but the main effect of group was not significant (P>0.05). The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between the mixed and structured groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference between the unstructured and structured groups and between the mixed and unstructured groups (P>0.05).

Based on the results indicating the effectiveness of the mixed exercises on psychological and social development, it is suggested that professionals and physical education teachers use these protocols to improve and promote these skills.

One of the components of physical fitness is cardio-respiratory endurance, which is closely related to body mass profile and body fat percentage, and is necessary to maintain muscular endurance, which can be evaluated and investigated with the index of maximum oxygen consumption (1, 2).The effectiveness of sports exercises depends on their intensity, volume, time and frequency and the ability of a person to tolerate the exercises (3). In this regard, researchers have used different training methods and different results have been obtained. In this regard, therapeutic interventions with a demonstration approach are considered to be one of the few new strategies that, in addition to being relatively effective in improving anxiety symptoms in adults (11) and teenagers (12) in numerous researches, due to their inherent characteristics, have been associated with less dropout and greater adherence of people to the investigated protocols (13).Considering the mentioned cases and the importance of aerobic capacity in personal and social life on the one hand, the lack of general consensus on the best exercise method on the other hand, and the lack of sufficient research on physical exercise, the researchers are trying to answer the question that Does aerobic exercise with physical performance affect the aerobic capacity of teenage girls or not?

In order to conduct the current practical and semi-experimental research, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design and in a parallel random controlled method of 8 weeks. Among the teenage girls who met the criteria for entering the study, working in public and private schools of Shahinshahr city, Isfahan province, in the academic year of 1400-1401, in the elementary, first and second secondary courses, were selected using the easy sampling method (14). In order to collect data, after completing the consent form by the parents, in the pre-test stage, all the subjects performed the Queen's staircase test to measure aerobic capacity.Also, the aerobic exercise program with a demonstration approach used in the aerobic exercise-performance group included a series of moderate-intensity aerobic exercises in the form of 30, 35, 40 and 45-minute shows derived from the movements with the 10 principles of exercise. (15) Was designed. It should be noted that during the 8-week intervention period of the present study, 30-, 35-, 40-, and 45-minute programs were used in the first 2 weeks, the second 2 weeks, the third 2 weeks, and the fourth 2 weeks of the intervention in 3 sessions per week. it placed.The training consisted of 8 weeks of aerobic training with basic non-impact and high-impact aerobic movements (combination of low and high contact) and aerobic training with basic non-impact and high-impact aerobic movements (combination of low and high contact) with a demonstration approach; The first stage: warm-up (5 minutes), the second stage: aerobic exercises with basic aerobic movements in order to prepare for the main exercises (10 minutes), The third stage: combined moderate aerobic exercises, rhythmic movements, weight bearing, including movements such as leg press on the floor, simple squats (with bent knees and straight knees) and three-sided squats, dynamic and static squats, planks, lunges, hilaps, side shuffles - rolling Spinning (10 minutes for the first two weeks, 15 minutes for the second two weeks, 20 minutes for the third two weeks, and 25 minutes for the fourth two weeks) and the last step was cooling down and returning to the initial state (5 minutes). The intensity of the aerobic exercises with a dramatic approach is balanced with the rhythm of the music and the main training program includes rhythmic and musical movement patterns that were made by several experts and taught to the subjects. And it was controlled and recorded using a polar clock (19). Finally, the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The results showed that eight weeks of interactive aerobic training with physical performance has a significant effect on the aerobic capacity (VO2max) of adolescent girls. It was also found that there is a significant difference in VO2max changes between groups and different times. In this regard, the results of the Bonferroni test showed that there is a significant difference between the control group with the aerobic exercise group and the aerobic exercise group with physical performance, but there is no significant difference between the other groups.On the other hand, the results of Bonferroni's post hoc test to find the place of difference between the test times showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test with the fourth week and the post-test on the one hand and between the fourth week and the post-test on the other hand.

Eight weeks of interactive aerobic training with physical performance has a significant effect on the aerobic capacity (VO2max) of adolescent girls. Also, there is a significant difference between the control group with the aerobic exercise group and the aerobic exercise group with physical performance, but there is no significant difference between the other groups. Also, between the pre-test and the fourth week and the post-test on the one hand and between the fourth week and the post-test on the other hand there is another significant difference. In line with the findings of the present study, Farahpour and Nazem showed a significant change in maximum oxygen consumption due to intermittent aerobic exercise in adolescent girls. In the explanation of this finding, it can be said that due to aerobic exercises, the density of the heart increases, which means that more blood and oxygen reaches the muscle tissue, on the other hand, the activity of oxidative enzymes increases, and the heart also undergoes structural changes. Found and improved (22). In general, the improvement of the maximum oxygen consumption is probably due to the increase in the oxidative capacity of the muscles, the increase in the total amount of hemoglobin, the oxygen difference between the arteries and veins, the increase in the end-diastolic volume (cardiac output), and biochemical processes (23). It seems that since in the show group there was enough physical activity to create certain structural and physiological changes in the body, that is why in the present study the maximum oxygen consumption improved as a result of the show. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between the pre-test With the fourth week and the post-test on the one hand and between the fourth week and the post-test on the other hand, it shows that from the fourth week the exercises showed their significant effect and this effect continued until the end of the eight weeks.

The aim of this research was to identify the factors affecting the happiness of urban girls in Islamshahr, with a focus on the Islamshahr population. The statistical population of this study was 8474 students, and based on Morgan's table, a sample size of 367 individuals was estimated and randomly selected. However, to ensure the return of all questionnaires, the researcher provided about 400 questionnaires to individuals. The measurement tools included three questionnaires: 1) the researcher-made questionnaire on socio-economic status, 2) the researcher-made questionnaire on leisure time activities, and 3) the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the data of this study. The chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine the relationship between the research variables. The findings of the study showed a significant relationship (p<0.05) between leisure time activities and the level of happiness among students, but there was no significant relationship (p>0.05) between socio-economic status and happiness. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship (p<0.05) between socio-economic status and leisure time activities among students.

 The aim of this study was to Investigating the relationship between resilience and psychological well-being of individual athletes with the mediating role of perceived stress. The statistical population of this study consisted of female athletes in Taekwondo and Karate at the championship level and at the level of national teams and national titles in the youth and adolescents. The sample size was 594 and the sampling method was stratified random. Data collection tools included Reef Psychological Welfare Questionnaire (2002), Cohen Perceived Stress Questionnaire (1983) and Connor-Davidson (2003) Resilience Questionnaire. Structural equations were used to analyze the data using PLS software. The results of this study showed that there was a significant positive relationship between resilience and perceived stress with psychological well-being and also positive relationship between perceived stress and resilience. According to these findings, coaches and athletes need to pay more attention to the role of resilience in various aspects of athletes' personality in promoting mental health and athletic performance.

Balance control is needed to walk and function independently. Decreased balance accompanied by fear of falling can have a negative effect on the mental and physical health of older adults. In this study, we aim to assess the effect of group-based Fallproof program on balance and psychological aspects of health in the elderly with different ages.

In this quasi-experimental study, the study population consists of all healthy community-dwelling older people in Tehran, Iran. Based to the inclusion criteria, 60 people aged 65-85 years were selected using a convenience sampling method from public recreational centers. They were divided into three age groups: 65-71, 72-78, and 79-85 years. All groups received a group-based Fallproof program for eight weeks, three times a week. The Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised was used to measure psychological problems, and the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale was used to identify balance problems in the pre-test and post-test phases. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, and analysis of covariance was used to measure the mean differences between groups The significance level was set at 0.05.

The results showed a significant improvement in balance and psychological health of all three groups after the intervention (P<0.001). The oldest group showed more significant improvement in all dependent variables when compared to other two groups. Therefore, older adults not only can benefit from exercise-based interventions, but also can achieve better physical and psychological results in short period by participating in group-based Fallproof program.

Eight weeks of group-based Fallproof program can be effective in improving balance and psychological health of the elderly and can be used along with other training protocols for improving balance problems of older adults.

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is one of the consequences of obesity or increased body fat mass. This study aimed to determining the effect of TRX training on myeloperoxidase (MPO) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as markers of vascular endothelial function in inactive obese women.  28 inactive middle-aged obese women aged 42±3 years of old (30 ≤ BMI ≤ 36) were randomly divided into of TRX (8 weeks, 3days/weekly, n= 14) and control (no training, n = 14) groups. Fasting levels of TAC and MPO activity and anthropometric indices were measured before and 48 hours after lasting exercise session of groups. Independent and paired t -test use to compare inter and intra-group change of variables (P< 0.05).  No significant difference was found in TAC (P= 0.356) and MPO (P= 0.268) between groups at baseline (P> 0.05). TRX led to a significant increase in TAC activity compared (P= 0.004) but MPO remained no change by TRX (P= 0.459). None of these variables were changed in the control group (P > 0.05).  Emphasizing the increase in TAC, it is concluded that TRX training are associated with improved vascular endothelial function in inactive obese women.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of snorkeling on teaching basic swimming skills in non-swimmer children and teenagers with fear of water. This research was an experimental type with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The participants were 30 children (8.95±0.64 years old) and 30 teenagers (15.06±0.71 years old) non-swimmers who were afraid of water, and the participants of each group were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). After participating in the pre-test of skills of entering the water, opening the eyes in the water, gliding, orientation in the water and movement in the water and breath holding, all four groups entered a 20-session course of swimming training, so that the experimental group with snorkel and the control group without snorkel were taught basic swimming skills by an instructor. Then all four groups participated in the post-test. The data were analyzed by two-factor multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and Benferoni's post hoc test. The results of the findings show that the main effects of age were not significant, but the main effects of training and the interactive effects of age and training were significant. Using a snorkel in children and teenagers did not have a significant effect on the skill of entering the water, opening the eyes in the water, but it had a significant and positive effect on the skills of gliding, orientation in the water and movement in the water. Also, the use of snorkel in children and teenagers had a significant and negative effect on breath holding skill. Considering that the results of the present study show the positive effects of using a snorkel on learning the skills of gliding and orientation in water and moving in water and its negative effect on breath holding skill in children and teenagers, it is recommended that the instructors who use snorkel to acclimatize children and teenagers to the water, provide additional training to improve the skill of holding their breath.

According to the World Health Organization, aging is a biological period with its own dynamic and out of human control, starting from the fertilization and ending with death (1). Balance control is the foundation of human ability to move and function independently (2). By increasing age, changes are made in the systems related to balance and movement. Structural and functional changes in the central nervous system have the most visible effect on motor performance (3) and the risk of falling increases in the elderly (4). Decreased mobility and balance along with the fear of falling can lead to decrease motor performance (6). The result of falling is injury, which can have physical and psychological consequences. It also causes costs for the individual, family and society (7). Therefore, according to the growing trend of the elderly population in the world, the need to pay attention to the importance of intervention strategies in the field of improving balance has been noticed by researchers. One of the individual or group-based intervention strategies is Fallproof program, which was proposed in response to the needs of  the elderly at risk of falling. This theory-oriented program with a multidimensional approach is effective in improving balance, mobility and reducing the risk of falling in the elderly (11). By proper design of exercice interventions, as well as repeatedly exposing the elderly to task demands and changing environmental conditions with the aim of reducing balance disorders, balance and mobility and falls can be affected to some extent. Fall prevention programs target the underlying injuries associated with postural instability through a comprehensive screening and evaluation protocol and its multidimensional planning approach (3). Considering Fallproof program is known as one of the effective programs in the field of rehabilitation of the elderly, and also by reviewing the previous studies, it was found that no study has been done regarding the optimal intensity of these exercises; Therefore, assuming the efficiency of Fallproof training on balance of the elderly, we investigated the effect of  high and low intensity Fallproof group-based training on balance of the elderly at different ages.

The current semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design and its statistical population consisted of 55-77 years community-doweling in Tehran. After announcing the readiness of the volunteers, 60 people (26 men and 34 women) were clinically evaluated by a physician before any physical activity to confirm their physical and cardiovascular health. According to the research criteria, participants were divided into low intensity (20 people), high intensity (20 people) and control (20 people) groups by targeted sampling. Before evaluation, Fall Proof Health and Activity Questionnaire was used in order to obtain information about the general state of health, lifestyle and physical activity patterns. It was consisted of 22 questions, which provided three questions in the field of physical activity and exercise patterns in addition to knowledge of diseases, types of diagnosed injuries, and drugs used by participants. Fullerton's advanced balance (FAB) scale was used as a pre-test and post-test to evaluate the multiple dimensions of balance in functionally independent elderly and examines musculoskeletal, sensory, and neuromuscular systems, which may be involved in disorders. The test consists of 10 items which are: stand with feet together and eyes closed, reaching forward to object, turn in full circle, step up and over, tandem walk, stand on one leg, stand on foam with eyes closed, two-footed jump, walk with head turns, reactive postural control. Two experimental groups participated in Fallproof group-based program  three times a week for eight weeks (45 minutes per session), While the control group only participated in the pre-test and post-test. The exercises included center of gravity (COG) control, posture strategies, multi-sensory, strength and endurance, flexibility and gait pattern enhancement to improve the sensory, motor and skeletal-muscular system involved in maintaining balance (3). This research mainly focused on group-based training using entertaining games. The participants were asked to cooperate with each other to accomplish all of the tasks. As soon as the intervention was completed, the participants were evaluated again in the post test, using the (FAB) scale. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normal data and Lune's test was used to evaluate the equality of variance of the variables. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements (composite analysis of variance) and Bonferroni and Tukey post hoc tests were used at a significance level of 0.05 For data analysis.

The results of the Paired sample t test showed that Fallproof group-based training with low intensity improve the balance of the elderly 55-65 years. In addition, the results revealed that high-intensity Fallproof group-based training improve the balance of the elderly 55-65 years (P<00.5). The results showed that low-intensity Fallproof group-based training improve the balance of the elderly 66-77 years. The results revealed that high intensity Fallproof group-based training improve the balance of the elderly 66-77 years (P<00.5). There is a significant difference between the balance of 55-65 year in Fallproof group-based  with low and high intensity (P<00.5). The results showed that the balance of high-intensity Fallproof training  improved by 4.20 units compared to low-intensity. Also, there is a significant difference between the balance of 66-77 years in Fallproof group-based training with low and high intensity (P<00.5). The results showed that the balance of high-intensity Fallproof group-based training  improved by 4.40 units compared to low intensity.The findings of the composite variance analysis test revealed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test, and the exercises improved the balance of the elderly from the pre-test (24/33) to the post-test (28/65).The results indicated that there is a significant difference in balance between the age of 55-65 years and 66-77 years, and the balance of the age group of 55-65 years (28.033)  is significantly better compared to the age group of 66-77 years ( 24/95). The results showed that there is a significant difference in balance between the high training intensity and low training intensity groups and the balance of the elderly in the high intensity group (28.72) is significantly better compared to the low intensity group (26.37). In addition, the results showed that there is no significant difference in balance between the high and low training intensity groups in the pre-test. However, in the post-test there is a significant difference in balance between the high and low training intensity groups and the balance of the high intensity group (32.90) was significantly better compared to the low intensity group (28.60).

  According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that eight weeks of high intensity Fallproof group-based training are more effective in improving balance in the elderly. According to the obtained evidence, older people were also able to use the benefits of participating in high intensity Fallproof group-based training. Therefore, it can be concluded that this program is probably an effective strategy to improve balance which will reduce the risk of falling to some extent in the elderly. Many specialists and those who work with the elderly can use Fallproof group-based training with high intensity along with other exercise protocols to improve balance and motor function.

Aging is a result of physiological changes, such as a higher level of stress, functional impairment, decreased hormone production, and decreased metabolic rate, which can lead to catabolism and degeneration of organs (1). These processes lead to progressive loss of nerve extensions, bone mass, skeletal muscle mass, and strength. These are phenomena that disrupt the ability to perform daily life activities, reduce the quality of life and increase the risk of falling (2). Decreased ability to maintain balance may be associated with an increased risk of falling. In the elderly, falls usually lead to injury, loss of independence, associated illness, and premature death (22). Mobility, being strong and steadfast can help the elderly to remain independent, increase self-confidence and well-being with age (23). Cognition, the ability to think clearly, learn, and remember, often changes with age. Although some people develop cognitive impairment or other types of cognitive decline, many older people experience fewer changes in memory and thinking (12,13). The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association determined that cognitive function can be divided into six key areas (13). These areas include executive function, attention, learning and memory, language, motor-perceptual function and social cognition. The areas that are especially shocking for this research are memory, executive function, complex attention and social cognition, memory is the ability to encode, store and retrieve information (14). Anxiety, depression and cognitive decline are common problems in the elderly population. which contribute to significant mental complications and illness (19). Group movement and mindfulness exercises are specifically designed to strengthen the body and improve neural flexibility and multitasking ability. Group exercise and mindfulness include lots of fun cardio, strength and balance movements that increase heart rate, and can improve flexibility and reduce the risk of some diseases in the elderly (23).

The present research was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design, with two experimental groups and one control group and a one-month follow-up test. The statistical population of the research was made up of all the elderly in District 5 of Tehran. The participants were selected by the Federation of Public Sports in Tehran. It was done by purposeful sampling. 60 people with an average age of 60-75 years, in the movement group (20 people), the mindfulness group (20 people), and control group (20 people) were included in the research. Fullerton-Rose & Loches (2006) Advanced Balance Clinical Instrument: This scale is a performance-based measure that broadly refers to various dimensions of balance. The brief cognitive status test was used to screen and evaluate the cognitive status of the elderly. This test was created by Folstein (1997) (7). The short form of the depression scale of the elderly was used to screen and examine the depression status of the elderly. This questionnaire, was created by Sheikh and Yasavij (1986), consists of 15 questions. The method of conducting the present study was that after receiving the code of ethics (Ir.iau.srb.rec.1399.147) from the National Biomedical Research Ethics Committee, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Science and Research Branch, a pre-test was taken from the participants. Then group movement intervention and mindfulness intervention were conducted for 12 weeks and after the end of the interventions, all the participants were tested in two rounds. Research data analysis: Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. In the inferential statistics section, the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and its presuppositions and Benferoni's post hoc test were used. All statistical tests were analyzed at a significance level of 500, and SPSS version 24 software was also used for data analysis.

In this research, the assumptions of analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test including normality test, homogeneity of variance matrix, homogeneity of variance of groups, homogeneity of variances and homogeneity of regression coefficients were implemented and investigated. The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test indicated the normality of the data distribution of the variables used for variance analysis. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement show the difference between the experimental and control groups in the scores of emotional state (moderate depression, anxiety), cognitive state, overall balance score. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement in depression showed that the difference between the depression post-test scores in the groups of group movement intervention, mindfulness exercises and the control group was significant for the source of group changes (F=7.88, P<0.05). Using Bonferroni's post hoc test, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the group movement intervention group and the control group (MD=0.691, P=0.001) and also between the mindfulness exercises group and the control group. The results of the analysis of variance with repeated measurement of anxiety showed that the difference between the post-test anxiety scores in the groups of group movement intervention, mindfulness exercises and control was significant for the source of group changes (F = 7.88, P<0.05). Using Bonferroni's post hoc test, it was shown that there is a significant difference between the group movement intervention and the control group (MD=0.747, P=0.001) and also between the mindfulness exercises group and the control group.

The present study, which was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness and comparison of group movement intervention and mindfulness on balance, emotional state and cognitive performance of the elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment, shows the positive effect of group movement intervention and mindfulness on improving balance, emotional state and cognitive function. The results of the research showed that group movement exercises and mindfulness exercises have a positive and significant effect in the post-exam. No significant difference was observed between the balance scores of the two groups of group exercise and mindfulness in the post-test. These very interesting findings show that not only exercise training can improve metabolic parameters, but if it is a group exercise, it improves motor, emotional and cognitive performance. Increasing motor, emotional and cognitive functions is important to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment. Therefore, the results of the present study show that group movement intervention and mindfulness in healthy elderly people can be implemented well. Adaptation and training causes continuous changes in the physiological parameters of motor, emotional and cognitive functions, and if it is group motor training, it changes to a greater extent. The present findings may contribute to recommendations for people of retirement age to cope with long-term declines in physical function, metabolism, and health. This research recommends that it is never too late to participate in exercise training to improve motor performance and that group exercise intervention is superior to mindfulness training. In addition, continued group exercise and mindfulness seem to help improve the maintenance of several parameters related to overall body function and health.

The changes in physical and cognitive functions in old age often lead to impaired motor function and cognitive decline. The changes occur even in the absence of obvious diseases. The potential consequences are increased risk of falling, loss of independence in daily activities, and lower quality of life. Aging is associated with decreased cognitive functions such as processing speed, memory, and executive functions. Group movement intervention in a sports program improves mobility and balance, mental health, cardiovascular health, and strength. It encourages social and emotional participation and saves healthcare costs. Mindfulness is another effective approach to enhance cognition. It includes mindfulness, breathing, and yoga exercises. The present study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of group movement and mindfulness intervention programs on the balance status and executive functioning of older people with mild cognitive impairment.

The present research was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and a one–month follow–up design, with two experimental and one control group(s). The study's statistical population comprised all elderly people aged 60–75 years living in Tehran City, Iran. The investigation started from March 2021 to March 2022. By reviewing similar research studies and using G*Power software, the number of samples required to reach the study objectives was estimated at 60. The samples were eligible elderly male volunteers with mild cognitive disorders. The sampling method was accessible and targeted. The samples were assigned to the group movement intervention (20 people), the mindfulness intervention group (20 people), and the control group (20 people). The inclusion criteria included the consent of the participants to participate in the research; male gender; diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment; 60–75 years old; without acute mental disorders, critical physical illness, or movement problems that prevent their activities. The exclusion criteria included not participating regularly in training sessions, suffering from disease or any injury that prevents doing exercises, participating in other activities that affect the training interventions, and unwillingness to continue the research for any reason. The following tools were used for data collection: Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Folstein et al., 1977), Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale (Rose et al., 2006), and Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D–KEFS) (Delis et al., 2001). Group movement and mindfulness interventions were implemented only for the experimental groups, each for 12 sixty–minute sessions. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Repeated measures ANOVA and its assumptions and Bonferroni's post hoc test) were used to analyze the data. All statistical tests were analyzed at a significance level of 0.05. SPSS version 24 software was used for data analysis.

Results showed that the effects of time (p<0.001), group (p<0.001), and the time and group interaction (p<0.001) on the variables of balance status and executive functions were significant. In the posttest and follow–up phases, the average scores of the variables of balance status and executive functions in the group movement intervention (p<0.001) and the mindfulness intervention (p<0.001) were significantly higher than those in the control group. However, a significant difference was observed between the experimental groups in the posttest and follow–up phases (p<0.001). In the two experimental groups, there was a significant difference in the average scores of variables of balance status and executive functions between the pretest and posttest (p<0.001) and between the pretest and follow–up (p<0.001) stages. Also, a significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the mentioned variables between the posttest and follow–up stages (p<0.001), which shows the stability of the interventions in the follow–up stage.

According to the findings, group movement and mindfulness interventions benefit executive functions and balance status. However, group movement intervention is more effective than mindfulness training. Therefore, therapists can use the group movement intervention to improve the balance and executive functions of older people with mild cognitive impairment.

Significant communication impairments and restricted and repetitive behavioral patterns characterize individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Beyond these core deficits, motor difficulty has also been regarded as a significant feature of ASD. Physical interventions are influential in improving social skills and ASD symptoms. A less prescriptive approach, such as analogy learning, has been suggested by motor–learning scientists. Analogies help learn a new concept by relating it to a similar one. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of skill learning through analogy learning and explicit learning on the javelin–throwing performance of individuals with autism spectrum disorder and compared the two methods' effectiveness.

This study was semi–experimental with a pre–test and post–test design and two experimental and one control group. The related ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the relevant University and the Iran Autism Center. Written consent was obtained from the participant’s parents. In total, 36 individuals (15 to 30 years old) with ASD from the Iranian Autism Association were selected by the convenience sampling method from Iran Autism Centre. Individuals with ASD, after meeting the entering criteria of the study, were assigned to one of the three groups of analogy learning (n=12), explicit learning (n=12), and control group (n=12). Inclusion criteria were aged 15–30 years; ASD diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition; IQ over 50 based on the participant’s record; ability to follow instructions with the assistance of the researcher; no formal javelin training experience, the ASD diagnosis for each participant by an experienced physician. Exclusion criteria were comorbidity, cognitive disorder, learning disorder, severe sensory problem, vision problems and movement limitation. The study conducted in an indoor gymnasium. The experimental group participants attended four training sessions corresponding to their group, and the control group only participated in the measurement phases. Each session consisted of 3 blocks of 15 trials separated by 2 min of rest. Data analysis was done using ANOVA with repeated measures, one–way ANOVA and Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests in SPSS version 21. The significance level of the tests was 0.05.

The results showed that the effect of time during the training sessions from the pre–test stage to the transfer stage was significant (p<0.001); Also, the effect of the group was significant, which showed the difference in the performance of the groups regardless of the measurement stage (p<0.001). The interactive effect of the group and measurement stages was also significant, which indicated the different trends of changes in the groups in different stages (p<0.001). The comparison of the groups in the transfer phase revealed that the analogy learning group performed better compared to the explicit learning group and the control group (p<0.001), and the explicit learning group performed better compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Considering the characteristics of people with autism spectrum disorder, to learn new motor skills, analogy learning can bring more benefits for these people.

 

  Recent studies suggest that obesity plays an effective role in the occurrence of inflammation; on the other hand, inflammation can affect on function of vascular endothelium. High levels of homocysteine ​​can lead to inflammation and vascular endothelium damage. Nitric oxide is also considered as one of the influencing factors on endothelial function. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of 8 weeks of TRX training on the levels of homocysteine ​​(Hcy) and nitric oxide (NO) in inactive obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 28 obese women with a mean age of 44.34 ±0.82 years were randomly divided into TRX (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups. The experimental group program consisted of TRX training for eight weeks and three days a week for 50-60 minutes. Serum levels of homocysteine, nitric oxide were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Independent and dependent t-tests were used to examine the differences between groups and within-group changes.

After eight weeks of TRX training, comparison results within and between groups are displayed that the mean homocysteine index in the exercise group decreased significantly compared to the control group (p = 0.01). Also, exercise led to an increase in nitric oxide levels in obese women, although this increase was not statistically significant.

Based on the findings of the research, it seems that doing TRX training can be effective as an exercise method in reducing inflammation and improving endothelial function in obese women.

The purpose of this research was determination of relationship between mothers and children's motor development. Participants were 150 Childs with 4-6 aged and their mothers that lived in Eastern Azerbaijan province, Sarab city, and choice by cluster from kindergarten- pre-school centers. The equipment was Demographic, the short form of International Physical Activity, Bar-on Emotional Intelligence questionnaires, and the short form of second edition of Bruininks-Oseretsky Motor Proficiency test. The results of Smart PLS3 showed that: In the %95 of confidence level, the mothers' emotional intelligence predicted 41% (p =0/000) and the mothers' physical activity predicted %17/3 (p=0/030) of children's motor development variations. Also, the mothers' emotional intelligence predicted % 15/9 of mothers' physical activity (p=0/028). The mothers' emotional intelligence has two-fold roles in facilitating of children's motor development and mothers' physical activity. Also mothers' emotional intelligence is facilitator of mothers' physical activity. It is seems that the improvement of emotional intelligence and doing of physical activity can help to improvement of children's motor development.

The purpose of current study was examining the effect of quiet eye training on performance and kinematics of throwing skill in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) at 6 years of age.

In this semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and a 14-day follow-up period, 30 girls of 6 years old with DCD were assigned into two groups of quiet eye training and control. In pre-test phase, participants performed 10 trials of bean bag throwing. Acquisition phase was done in 18 sessions and in each session, 10 trials were done. After finishing the last training session, in post-test phase, and in 2 weeks detraining in retention phase, participants performed 10 trials of bean bag throwing. In each phase, vision information with eye tracker system, kinematic data with high-speed camera, and accuracy were recorded by researcher. Data were analyzed with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Quiet eye training had a significant effect on accuracy of throwing, quiet eye period, and throwing kinematics (P < 0.05).

The results of the current study emphasize the importance of quiet eye training in improving throwing skill and kinematics of children with DCD, and instructors are advised to use this type of exercise to improve these skills.

This study aimed at examining the effect of manipulating the length of static eye training on learning an inhibitory skill in children with developmental coordination disorder.

A quasi-experimental method with a pre-test and a post-test design was utilized during a 14-day follow-up period. The statistical population of the study were the 6-year-old girls with developmental coordination disorder in the kindergarten of Isfahan University. Using tests for assessing children's motor skills - the second version, 45 children with developmental coordination disorders were selected. Based on the pre-test scores (performance), participants were divided into three groups of 15: basic resident eye training, short-term resident eye training, and long-term resident eye training. In the pre-test, participants received 10 attempts at bean bags. The acquisition phase was performed in 18 sessions, with 10 attempts per session. At the end of the last training session, in the post-test and in two weeks of non-training in the memorial phase, the participants received 10 attempts at bean bags. At each stage, visual information was recorded by an eye tracking device and the accuracy of the throw was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The results indicated that basic resident eye exercises, short-term resident eye exercises, and long-term resident eye exercises had a significant effect on receiving skills and duration of resident eye period (P < 0.05). Also, long-term resident eye exercises had a higher effect size compared to short-term and basic resident eye exercises.

In general, the results of the study emphasized the importance of a longer resident eye period on learning inhibitory skills, which confirms.

Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disorder of movement and posture with extensive variety and classifications. Spastic hemiplegia is the most prevalent CP type. The motor limitations appear in combination with sensory and cognitive alterations that result in great difficulties for children with CP to manipulate objects, communicate, and interact with their environment, subsequently limiting their mobility. Eye–hand coordination is the skill in which visual information from the eyes and motor data from the hands are efficiently applied to work together as an essential component of self–help activities, play, perception, and school work. Therefore, problems with eye-hand coordination make it difficult for children to experience search tasks in their daily lives, such as playing and school activities. Eye–hand coordination is critical in functional performance and should be carefully considered by coaches and occupational therapists. Thus, the current research aimed to investigate the effects of exercise interventions on eye-hand coordination in children with spastic hemiplegic CP.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest-posttest, a control group, and a single–blinded design. We classified three experimental groups of physical activity, virtual reality, physiotherapy, and a control group. Twenty children with spastic hemiplegic CP from Golha Special School in Shiraz City, Iran, in 2019 were selected by convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: girls and boys with spastic hemiplegic CP (6–12–year–olds); specified as level 1–3 on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) (according to relevant occupational therapist & their medical records); no visual or auditory impairment; no previous experience working with Xbox; no use of anticonvulsant drugs; no orthopedic surgery; no lower limb Botox injections for 6 months prior to intervention, or the presence of other disorders, such as autism, asthma, etc. (according to their parents & their medical records). Subjects’ inability to follow the intervention program and instructions, and having more than three absences in the training sessions were the exclusion criteria of the study. Children were randomly divided into 4 groups of physical activity (a set of aerobic exercises, balance skills, coordination exercises, walking distance, ball skills, copying shapes, & painting were performed under the supervision of an occupational therapist & the relevant expert), physiotherapy (joint movement exercises, muscle extensions, muscle strength exercises, torso stability exercises, tracking, & grasping objects held by a physiotherapist, by stretching the arms in different directions in a sitting position), virtual reality (offering Xbox 360 Kinect games, including jumping, weight transfer, stepping from one side to the other, using the arms and legs to prevent bloating, or using arms and legs coordinated movements to cover the cavities created by the blows of the fish in the body of the aquarium), and the control group (exempt from intervention) (n=5/group). In addition, all study participants continued their treatment and physiotherapy programs for two weekly sessions during the research process. The experimental groups received interventions for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 30 minutes per session. The Visual Motor Integration Test (Beery, 1989) was used to assess eye–hand coordination. Repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to explore the impact of interventions in the different stages of the test. Besides, the Bonferroni post–hoc test was used to determine the sustainability of the effect of interventions, and the level of significance was set at 0.05.

The obtained results indicated a significant difference between the effects of interventions on eye-hand coordination in different groups, including physical activity, physiotherapy, and virtual reality, (p<0.001). To measure the effectiveness of the interventions, according to the pretest-posttest stages, the relevant results indicated a significant effect of the interventions in all three groups of virtual reality (p<0.001), physical activity (p<0.001), and physiotherapy (p=0.008). To measure the duration of interventions according to the posttest and follow–up stages, due to the negative coefficient of difference, the duration of intervention in physical activity (p=0.010) and physiotherapy (p=0.044) was low, and the duration of virtual reality intervention, compared to the other two groups was noteworthy (p=0.108).

According to the present study results, it can be concluded that, compared to other interventions, designing exercise programs via virtual reality environment can play a role in improving the eye–hand coordination of children with CP.

Childhood is a critical period for motor development. The developmental potentials of preschool aged children are basic for many adult skills. The researchers showed that the motor development of preschool aged children is not pleasant. Several hereditary and environmental factors can affect childrenchr('39')s motor development, but the environmental factors are important than hereditary elements, because they are flexible and changeable. The socioeconomic status of families and mothers are important between other environment factors because children have long and close dependence to their families. The variable world technology leads to poverty movements that can danger for physical health of individuals, families, and society or exist the cognitive or socioemotional problems. These variables can be limiter or provider. It means that the families or parents may have a supportive and modelling role or preventer. This research investigated childrenchr('39')s motor development status and studied the families and parent effects on preschool aged childrenchr('39')s motor development.

The methodology of this research was descriptive–correlation (structural equation modeling). The participants were 150 (4–year–old: n=50, 5–year–old: n=50, 6–year–old: n=50) children with 4–6 aged (65.56±8.55 month old) and their mothers (34.38±5.81 years old) that lived in Sarab city in Eastern Azerbaijan province (Northwest of Iran), and chosen by cluster sampling. The equipment were demographic questionnaire (age, high, width of children and the age of mothers), Godratnama socioeconomic questionnaire (with subscales of income, education, economic category, and home), short form of international physical activity (IPAQ–sf) questionnaire (three levels of inactive, sufficient mobility, and much mobility measured by the cost of expenditure energy or Meets) and short form of the second edition of motor proficiency of Bruininks–Oseretsky (BOT2–Sf) test (with subscales of bilateral coordination, balance, speed running and agility, strength, manual dexterity, upper limb coordination, fine motor integration, fine motor precision). The Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient of Godratnama questionnaire was 0.72, the test–retests reliability coefficient of BOT2–Sf and IPAQ–Sf were 0.809, and 0.86. The entrance criterion was no apparent disorders of vision, hearing, physical, motor, and behavior of mothers and children. The motherschr('39') filled written consent and all three questionnaires, then the children participated in motor proficiency test. All data analyzed by SPSS ver.16 and Smart PLS3 software.

The motor development of children was lower than average (28.85±11.156). The higher than seventy values of Bruninks test showed the most higher than average of motor development status, but it was lower than thirty value express and the most lower than average of motor development status. The socioeconomic status of families had a positive and significant effect on motor development of children (β=0.425, p<0.0001), but had not positive and significant effect on motherchr('39')s physical activity (β=0.076, p=0.348). In addition, the motherchr('39')s physical activity had significant effect on motor development of children (β=0.204, p=0.011). It means that direct effect of socioeconomic status on motor development of children was significant, but non–direct effect of it was not (by mediation of mothers physical activity) significant.

The status of childrenchr('39')s motor development was not optimal. The familieschr('39') socioeconomic status was as a stimulus for childrenchr('39')s motor development, but as a preventive for motherschr('39') physical activity, and the motherchr('39')s physical activities had a facilitator role on motor development of children. Then it seems that the financial or time support of families or modelling of mothers can facilitate the motor development of children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the failure-aggression theory of violence among spectators from Esteghlal and Persepolis teams ofTehran from a criminological point of view. In this semi-experimental study 386 independent supporters of Tehran's Independence and Propulsion method were selected randomly. The research data were a questionnaire. he researcher has been compiled in two parts of individual information and practice with 30 questions.In two levels descriptive and non-analytic statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient) are used. the PASS version19 was used at the significant level of P = 0.05.The findings of this study emphasized the overcoming of violence in the verbal dimension and subjects such as failure to attend the stadium the popular team's defeat inadequate judging of the referee and the inappropriate play of the popular team the violence of football fans is effective. Overcoming the variable of the defeat of the popular team and the judge's inadequate judgment.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational citizenship behavior of the Physical Education Teachers According to the mediating role of job satisfaction. The survey was conducted by Applied Research. The population included all physical education teachers in Golestan province (688 numbers) in the 1395-96 academic years which using stratified random sampling of 253 of them (169 females and 196 males) were selected as samples. Spreitzer’s Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (1995), job satisfaction Minnesota questionnaire (1977) and Podsakoff Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire (1990) were used. Descriptive scales and Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical tests, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The results of correlation test indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior.The results of correlation test indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior.