فهرست مطالب khadije safiri

The phenomenon of generation gap between parents and children, as yesterday's generation and today's generation in recent decades, has become one of the most important issues in the field of family pathology. The aim of this study was to study the relationship between generation gap and social damages among adolescents in Tehran.

This research is descriptive-analytical and quantitative in terms of methodology and survey type, considering cross-sectional time criterion. The statistical population consisted of families with 10-19 years old children in Tehran who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling in the nine-month period in proportion to the families living in districts 2, 9, and 16 using Cochran formula. The instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire, and to determine its validity, face validity method was used to calculate the validity of Cronbach's alpha method, and SPSS and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data.

The results of the research indicated that generation gap has a significant and direct relationship with the incidence of social damages among adolescents in Tehran. Also, generation gap has a significant and direct relationship with aggression, theft, dropout, suicide, drug use and running away from home.

Social issues are the product of the disrupted process of socialism and its reproduction in families and society, the lack of management of the gap between generations on the one hand is an alarm for the collapse of the family system, which has a special place in the Islamic religion and Iranian culture, and on the other hand, this gap along with the occurrence of social damages will be one of the main obstacles on the way of the social development of the country.

Leading research has sought to study the strategies of children and spouses in dealing with issues arising from their childhood marriage. Qualitative method has been used to achieve the research objectives. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with two groups. The first group includes children of spouses who are still in childhood (under 18 years old) and the second group of children are spouses who have completed their childhood and are in the age range of 18 to 35 years. In this study, which was conducted in autumn and winter of 1398, participants were selected from four cities of Bajestan, Bardaskan, Torbat Heydariyeh and Gonabad using purposive or theoretical sampling method. Analysis of interview texts using thematic analysis method showed that research participants react to the issues in their married life in different ways and choose different strategies. These strategies were presented in the form of two main categories: 1. Passive strategies and 2. Active strategies, which showed the prevalence of passive strategies among both groups. On the other hand, most of the strategies were considered at the individual level.

In the U.S.A “Social Apathy” was noticed and very research was done about this.But in Iran “Social Apathy” was noticed recently .In daily life ,specialy in the cities,sometimes people need to help.In the recently years seem people do not notice to this need.This study was done whith “ Granded theory “method and was done 30 interwiue s with people who live in the Tehran.Then causes and conclusion of “social Apathy”were found.Scare,a lot of personal beasy,problem repeat,…are some of causes and alonly and anarchy are some of its conclusions.Training in this fieled is very very importa nt.People really don’t know what to do ,when a person need to help, they don’t know what is true in that position.Some people don’t have trust,some of them say I don’t have time and….continuing of this condition is harmfull for socity.People become faraway from eachother and become alone and alone.Problemes become more and more.Socity becomes weak.

In this paper, the Occultion was studied as a messianic idea through the interpretations of pilgrims of Jamkaran Mosque. It was demonstrate that messianism is interpreted by the view of subjects about the end of the universe (or history) and the expected redemption. Borrowing Lacanian concepts, the subjects are considered as the commentators who formulate the messianic idea in the symbolic realm. This formulation was realized through two fantasies: 1. the fantasy of realization a society free of injustice and 2. The fantasy of realization a society free of corruption. The desire of identification in order to compensate for the fundamental the loss caused by the absence of Redeemer has two consequences: in the first fantasy the Occultion was interpreted in a mythical form and the role of subject was engage in rituals such as praying for a savior. In the second fantasy the Occultion was interpreted in a scientific form and the role of subject was the fight against corruption.

This research studies "the impact of social factors on generational relationships from the viewpoint of female students aged 20 to 26 years" in state universities of Tehran in 1395. The theoretical framework is the Theory of "Ingelhart's Value Transformation, Bengston's Growth, Giddens Globalization, Mannheim's Generation Experience, Changing the McLuhan Socialization Process". The research method is survey and the statistical population is 11406 people. Information was collected from a sample of 382 people. R Square ( ) indicates that the variables introduced into the equation account for 52% of the variance of the dependent variable variations. The coefficients of the effect of the model explaining the relationship between generations indicate that the variables "lifestyle, socializing with peer groups, communication and interactions within the family" in the regression equation are significant. According to path analysis coefficients, lifestyle with total coefficient of 0.574 and internal family interaction and interaction with a total factor of 0.478 show the most effect on the variable of generational relationships.
The overall findings show that in explaining the difference between generations in the micro level, in the personality trait of young and middle-aged young girls, socialization and education of change have been created in terms of socialization and education, and young girls are a generation of change and the family plays a role in interacting with managing and reducing the generation conflict.

Given the transition of our society from traditional to modern identity, present research studies the challenges that youth face in terms of identity in everyday life context, using social interpretivism approach. We have tried to achieve a grounded theory through qualitative method and interview technique. Based on theoretical sampling and standard of theory Saturation, 28 interviews have been done with 20-30 year-old youth in Isfahan. Findings include 21 categories. The main category of this survey is” Selectivity of Identity Elements” which encompassed other categories. According to core category two research findings are “textural contrast between tradition and modernity” and “increasing individualism”. based on results, main finding of the research points to increased individualism toward modern identity and contrast of modern and traditional context. Age and Preferences are among contextual conditions that create a generation gap between youth and their parents. The grounded theory was then developed and visualized into a paradigm model.

Since Iranian society is passing from the traditional identity to the modern identity, the present study, using social interpretivism, studies the challenges that youth deal with in everyday life in terms of identity. Using the qualitative and the interview technique, we have tried to achieve a grounded theory. Based on Theoretical sampling and the standard of theorical Saturation, 28 young people ranging20 to 30 year-old have been interviewed in the city of Isfahan. The findings include 21 categories. The main category of this survey is” Selectivity of Identity Elements” which includes other categories. According to this core category the most important findings of this research are the conflict between the young generation and the old generation and the double consciousness which has been represented in a paradigmic model.

Leisure phenomenon is an organized practice and one of the indicators of quality of life and well-being in human societies, especially in modern societies” (Farhoodi, Habibi, Hataminezhad, Jafari, & Salarvandian, 2011). According to Fakouhi (2013), the most important function of recreation is helping to reproduce life in its healthy and unpathological dimensions. “Leisure along with its associated issues is one of the most important issues of the world” (Hosseini, Rahimi, Ajorloo, Majidi, & Roozbehani, 2006, p. 18). Hereon, “women’s leisure is especially significant due to sensitivities which reside in their social life and societies” (Farhoody et al., 2011, p. 87). The issue of women’s leisure satisfaction needs to be scrutinized due to different interpretations of women's affairs. The importance of this issue becomes more pronounced in relation to married employed women whose working outside the home has not influenced their duties at home and also in relation to the efficiency of the organization in which they work. There are numerous factors which influence the peoples’ choice in how to spend their leisure time and how much to be satisfied of their leisure: the first category is linked to individual factors. The second category is related to the environment and conditions in which the person lives. For example, social context that person is part of that, education and cultural factors. The third category refers to available situations and services for people such as resources (supports) and facilities (Ebrahimi & Moslemi Petroody, 2010; Kang, 2010). It seems that examining logical relationship among women issue, leisure satisfaction and the existing resources within the networks of persons is one of the major goals about which the researchers, sociologists and officials should care.
Theoretical Framework: The Direct Affect Model and the theory of social resources are used to investigate the relationship between social support and strength tie with leisure satisfaction. The direct effect model examines the relationship between two variables, social support and leisure satisfaction, regardless of the level of stress. In addition, according to the assumptions of the theory of social resources, having strong ties with members of the network as well as having access to the existing supports within these networks are effective in the leisure satisfaction.
The study was carried out using survey method and questionnaire. Statistical population is constituted of all working and married women aged 20-55 years living in Ardabil. Participants were 356 women chosen by multistage cluster sampling. The Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha of 0.69 for leisure satisfaction and 0.73 for social support shows face validity of these variables and appropriate reliability of the tests.
Based on the results of the regression analysis and multiple correlation coefficient the variables of socioeconomic status, strength ties and informal social networks support have an extraordinary impact on the explanatory variables (leisure satisfaction). These variable's rate (r = 0.447) correlated with the dependent variable. The coefficient of determination (R2) result also shows that 0.20 of changes in the leisure satisfaction of married employed women, is the function of the independent variables.
Suggestions: The findings indicate that the effect of social support is higher compared with other variables and this indicates that the exchange of social support should be considered in all aspects of life to improve the well-being and quality of people's life. It is essential for both officials and the people to consider providing support for married employed women in the area of leisure to improve and increase their beneficial effects on family members as well as increase in their efficiency in the organization. In addition, it is needed to encourage people in exchanging support in this scope.

In the modern world, changed social norms and values with socio-economic changes. One of the most important changes is Marriage and the family structure. By creating opportunities for women in the community and access to education and employment for them has been created tendency to delay marriage age. Women tend to play a new role and redefine their identity. Purpose of this research, is studies the girls lived experience of over 35 years through the grounded theory approach. The girls emphasized on their independent social and individual identity. They have to redefine their identity. However there is a pressure of traditional identity on the girl. Family and community emphasized to their marriage. Girls also tend to marry. In addition some structural factors effect on increasing the age of marriage and be single in girls. The girls have conflict in definition and construction their traditional and modern identity. They try to that balanced between traditional and modern identity.

Trust is an essential precondition for economic development، social، cultural and political society is. The Trust، confidence and facilitate human development and His talents and abilities relationship with others and the world as a creative relationship blossomed into one can make to peace، security، freedom، and independence along with others and with others experiencing. The present study sought to identify substrates suitable for building trust in the community. One of the factors has been diagnosed with gender identity. This study uses the theories of Giddens and Tajfl about identity and trust، the survey examined the relationship between gender identity and trust among 384 young men and women in Tehran. The results demonstrated that personal gender identity، gender identity، youth and community trust and direct relationship was observed. Multivariate regression analysis showed that four variables (personal gender identity، social gender identity، status and sex) in a total of 410/0 confidence of variability explained. Graphs، path analysis showed that gender identity، self-confidence is more effective than other variables.

The mail goal of the Present paper is to study the influence of informal social networks support on job satisfaction of married women using the direct effect of social support and Durkheimian anomie theories and Network analysis perspective. It has been performed using survey method and questionnaire. Statistical population is constituted of all working and married women (20-55) living in Ardabil. Participants were 356 women chosen by multistage cluster sampling. The Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha of 0.70 for job satisfaction and 0.79 for social support shows face validity of this variables and appropriate reliability of the tests. Results indicate that the women's satisfaction level of job is high and also support level received from informal networks is average. After the husband, among different informal networks, relative networks in emotional support and colleague networks in instrumental and informational support have the most support rate, while neighborhood networks have the least rate of support. The results of correlation coefficient show that social support as a mediator variable in the relationship of network size and frequency of contact with job satisfaction operates. Moreover, regression results show that age, network size, frequency of contact and informal social networks support are affective variables on job satisfaction of married women.

The present paper attempts to explain the gender identity conflicts and factors affecting them. The theoretical framework used in this research includes theories of sociologists such as Giddens, Jenkins, Castells, Durkheim, Erikson’s psychological approach, and the feminists’ theories. The research performed by survey study on 380 persons as samples prepared by using random sampling. In this study, we assessed the relation between social factors and conflict. The findings indicate that people who live in more modern conditions (further education, employment, more use of international media with greater welfare and income above 20 million Rials), experience less identity conflicts. But those who live in more traditional conditions (lower education, unemployment, less consumption of international media, and less welfare with income less than 4 million Rials) experience greater identity conflicts. Also, we observed that married women experience more identity conflicts than single ones. On the other hand, people who have more religious parents, experience more Identity conflicts and ones who have less religious parents experience less identity conflicts. Also, ethnicity does not have any influence on the identity conflicts. The interesting point is the opposite effect of local and international media on the identity: Using local media increase gender identity conflicts, and the increasing usage of international media, reduces identity conflicts, which is a devisable and discussable point.

This research aims at studying the effects globalization had on religious identity on women and men residing in Tehran in the year of 2011. Today we witness the fact that globalization intensifies social relations worldwide, develops communications, and increases cultural coexistence and interactions through the prominent means (the internet, satellite, etc.). On the other hand, with the increase of cultural interactions, the phenomenon of cultural imperialism happens, and a culture overcomes the other ones. The result would be the appearance of values like relativism, hedonism, and consumerism. The appearance of these values affects the religious identity of the society. This article using Friedman, George Gerbner, Mazryv, and Michael Banduras’ theories is trying to study the globalization effect on religious identity of women and men in Tehran. This is a survey-method research, and the data is gathered via the questionnaire for information related to the statistical society. In general, empirical findings show that as the usage of global means (the internet, satellite) by men and women increases, their religious identity is reduced.

The present study is a survey aiming to assess the social and cultural factors affecting marital conflicts among housewives and employed women. It was performed via an experimental method. Upon revising the prior hypotheses and studies in the field, this study used homogamy and network theories to determine the issue at hand. Heterogeny is seen here as a heterogeneous cultural condition of marriage and spouse selection which is opposed to homogamy which is more harmonic or homogeneous, expressed in socio-cultural terms. Required data were obtained using simple random and cluster sampling methods, among 284 married women, through data collection questionnaire. Two-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the data.Results showed that there were significant relationship between cultural factors (including the differences in the couple’s religion and the family’s traditional status) and marital conflicts. There was significant difference between housewives and employed women, from the point of the couple’s different religious beliefs and marital conflicts. Couple’s different religious beliefs caused more marital conflicts in employed women rather than housewives. There was significant difference between housewives and employed women, from the point of the family’s traditional status (in choosing spouse) and marital conflicts. Housewives with traditional families had more marital conflicts in comparison with employed women. There was no significant relationship between demographic variables (age of marriage, duration of common life and age difference among couples) and marital conflicts among housewives and employed women.

This paper discusses some aspects relating to incongruence of social and family roles in women. Thus, along with investigating various perspectives concerning social and family roles, special attention is given to their incongruence. The statistical society of the study consists of married young women (20 to 30 years of age) in Shirz city, who have been married at least for one year. The statistical sample includes 287 persons. The research instrument is the questionnaire which measures role incongruence in eightaspects: education, employment, financial management, domestic work, sexual and affective ties, family and friendship ties, leisure, and the childrear. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and significance testing methods were used. The findings show that women experience the role incongruence in all eight aspects, although the degree of such experiencing has been downplayed. Women feel the least incongruence within the family and the most incongruence in financial management. Concerning the relationship between independent variables and role incongruence, it was also revealed that as the husband gets older, marriages grows longer, and woman’s working hours increases, the overall role incongruence rises. Yet, along with an increase in couple’s education and income this incongruence diminishes.

The situation of women in post-Revolutionary Ir􀆗n has been under scrutiny by domestic as well as foreign investigators. The existing situation is described by some as “improper” due to the prevalence of a patriarchal society. Another perspective attempts at highlighting the scientific status achieved by the Iranian women in recent years. This article, based on the current perspectives, probes the Iranian women’s situation taking intoaccount gender development indices and compares the indices with those of other nations. The article utilizes the library and secondary data analysis methods. Based upon empowerment theory, the present study investigates factors constituting the general context, those contributing to changing women’s situation, as well as factors that act to alter the ranking of the gender development indices. Such factors include an increase in the age of marriage, the decrease of fertility, popularization of secondary schooling, and a rise in number of women who enter the universities, all of which help to promote the conditions for women’s egalitarianism. Nonetheless, in the areas of employment and management, women’s shares remain lower than those of men. Yet, the prevailing circumstances are indicative of an improvement, as women strive for egalitarianism and equal opportunities.