فهرست مطالب khoshnaz payandeh

Nutrient management may be achieved by the involvement of organic sources, bio fertilizers, and micro-nutrients. Studies have shown that long-term use of fertilizers reduces crop yields. This decrease is due to the acidification of the soil, the reduction of biological activity of the soil and the inappropriate physical properties of the soil. Chemical fertilizers have several negative impacts on environment and sustainable agriculture. Therefore, bio fertilizers are recommended in these conditions and growth prompting bacteria uses as a replacement of chemical fertilizers. To alleviate the problem, integrated plant nutrient management is an option as it utilizes available organic and inorganic nutrients to build ecologically sound and economically viable farming system. Many research has suggested that integrated nutrient management strategies involving chemical fertilizers and bio-fertilizers enhance the sustainability of crop production. Integrated plant nutrient management is the combined use of mineral fertilizers with organic resources such as cattle manures, crop residues, urban/rural wastes, composts, green manures and bio-fertilizers. The application of bio fertilizers has become of great necessity to get a yield of sufficient high quality and to avoid environmental pollution. Effect of nitrogen and phosphate bio-fertilizers led to increase in plant height, ear weight, and number of grains per cob, grain yield and biomass yield. Increasing yield was attributed to the plant growth promoting substances by root colonizing bacteria more than the biological nitrogen fixation, stated that yield increased due to promoting root growth which in turn enhancing nutrients and water uptake from the soil. Combined application of organic fertilizer and urea fertilizer or combination urea fertilizer and polyamines significantly increased yield, vegetative growth and chlorophyll index.

Heavy metals are dangerous pollutants in the environment that accumulate in food. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the health risks and contamination of some heavy metals in lettuce and cabbage in the cities of Hamidieh, Dezful and Ramhormoz in Khuzestan province.

The sampling was completely random, with three repetitions, and 15 samples of each of the lettuce and cabbage vegetables grown in each region were prepared. Heavy metals were measured using the Perkin Elmer 4100 atomic absorption device. Heavy metal risk assessment was conducted using soil pollution indicators and health risk assessment method.

The highest amount of metal in cabbage is related to zinc (5.84±0.15 mg/kg), while the lowest amounts of chromium metal in lettuce (0.11±0.005 mg/kg) was achieved. Based on the daily absorption of heavy metals in lettuce and cabbage products, the results showed that the highest hazard index (HQ) values, ​​related to lead metal in cabbage for children and adults, were 3.9376 and 3.4253, respectively, compared to other heavy metals. The highest value of the carcinogenicity index in children was 0.0133 for cabbage consumption. The carcinogenic index of chromium metal in lettuce and cabbage products had the lowest values (0.0003 and 0.0004). Regarding the metal enrichment factor, lead, chromium, copper and cobalt were higher in the agricultural soils of Ramhormoz compared to other regions, while nickel and zinc were higher in the soils of Hamidiyeh than in Dezful and Ramhormoz. The soil index of accumulation of chromium, zinc and copper in the soil of Dezful agricultural fields was higher, whereas lead and cobalt were higher in Hamidiyeh soils than in Dezful and Ramhormoz. Additionally, nickel was higher in Ramhormoz agricultural fields.

According to the soil pollution indicators, cobalt metal played an important role in the soil pollution in Dezful, Hamidiyeh and Ramhormoz, while the metals lead, nickel, chromium, copper and zinc showed minimal pollution levels in the soil of the studied areas. The health risk assessment of soil heavy metals showed that the risk index for lead, nickel, chromium, copper, zinc and cobalt was lower than 1. Additionally, the carcinogenicity index of heavy metals for both adults and children was less than 10-4. The health risk assessment of heavy metals and their risk index showed that the consumption of lettuce and cabbage in these areas can lead to various health problems in people.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of nanoclay composite stabilized on chitosan surface in removing zinc, copper, iron and aluminum metals from fish meal Company effluent in 2017. Chitosan was prepared from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin. The amount of absorption of zinc, copper, iron and aluminum metals by chitosan-clay nanocomposite was investigated in five concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 and 1 weight percentage and at contact times of 60, 120 and 180 minutes. . In two concentrations of 0.2% and 0.5% of adsorbent and in contact times of 60 and 120 minutes, zinc and aluminum metals had the highest absorption rate compared to copper and iron metals, and in contact time of 180 minutes, iron metal had the highest absorption percentage (P<0.05). In concentrations of 0.8% and 1% of adsorbent in all three times, zinc metal has the highest removal percentage and aluminum has the lowest removal percentage (P<0.05) and two metals iron and copper rank second without any significant difference were placed (P<0.05). The results of the present study showed that the amount of metal absorption by chitosan-clay nanocomposite is related to the concentration of the adsorbent and the contact time and chitosan-clay nanocomposite can be used to remove and reduce the level of heavy metal contamination in the wastewater of fishmeal and other food factories.

This research was conducted with the aim of assessing the health risk and ecological risk of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and nickel in agricultural lands of Khuzestan province in 2018.

Sampling of 3 farms in each city and 5 points with 3 replications was performed. A plot with dimensions of 10 × 10 m was considered in the field and four soil samples were taken from four corners of the plot and one sample from its center was taken from a depth of 0-030 cm and finally a composite sample was obtained.

The average amount of cadmium, nickel and lead in the soil of Baghmalek, Shavar and Shushtar counties was 5.04, 83.44 and 312.64 ppm, respectively. The mean values of cadmium and nickel in the soil of the studied farms were higher than the global average, but the lead in the soil of the study areas was lower than the global average. The ecological risk of heavy metals in the soil showed that the farms of Baghmalek and Shavor cities had a very high ecological risk and the city of Shushtar had a severe ecological risk.

According to the calculation of pollution indicators, the soil of Baghmalek, Shavor and Shushtar farms are contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and nickel and have a human origin. In this study, the risk index of heavy metals was less than 1, only in the case of lead metal in children the absorption by ingestion was higher than 1. The Metal Cancer Risk Index also showed that nickel metal has a carcinogenic potential for children.

Soil macro- and micro-nutrients can importantly affect wheat and rice tolerance in salt stressed conditions. The objective was to investigate salt distribution and pollution of nitrate and boron, resulted by chemical fertilization, in the non-alkaline and arid area of Khuzestan province, affecting wheat (Chamran genotype) and rice (Anbarbou genotype) yield. The research was conducted in the regions of Arab Asad (region 1) and Veis (region 2) and soil samples were collected from five different stations, in four different seasons and from the depths of 0-30, 30-60, 60-9-, and 90-120, and their salinity, and concentrations of nitrate and boron were determined. According to the results, for region 1, soil salinity at different depths was in the range of 1.96-5.16 dS/m, and for region 2 it was in the range of 1.90-4.92 dS/m. The highest nitrate concentrations for different depths were equal to 13.5, 18, 8.5, and 9 ppm (region 1) and 12.5, 16, 10, and 7 ppm (region 2). The corresponding values for boron were equal to 37, 49, 27 and 23.5 (region 1), and 37.5, 48, 28, and 24 (region 2). Increased levels of salinity decreased the yield of the two crops as wheat yield decreased by 17.8% (region 1) and 15.9% (region 2), and rice yield by 12.9% (region 1), and 14.4% (region 2). Investigating the distribution of salt, nitrate and boron in wheat and rice fields can be beneficial for the farmers to favorably use the present resources for optimum yield production.

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of microelements on the quantitative and qualitative traits of spring corn hybrids, this factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications on a farm located in Weiss County in the 2016-17 crop year. Experimental treatments include foliar application of microelements in five levels of pure water foliar application (control), foliar application of iron, foliar application of Cu, foliar application of manganese and foliar application of iron, Cu and manganese as the first factor and two hybrids SC704 and single cross Mobin were performed as the second factor. The results show that the foliar interaction of micro and hybrid elements on grain number per row, grain yield, biological yield, protein yield, ear length and leaf area index were significant at the level of 1% probability and on 1000-grain weight, harvest index and protein percentage at the level of 5% probability. The highest grain yield (9700 kg/ha), biological yield (22030 kg/ha) and protein yield (979 kg/ha) were obtained from foliar application of Cu, Iron and Manganese in hybrid compared to the treatment without foliar application (Control (SC704) showed an increase of 35%, 26% and 46%, respectively. According to the results, it seems that foliar application of micro elements could increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of Mobin hybrid and KSC704 had lower fertilizer capability.

The potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are one of the most dangerous pollutants in the environment. In this study, the elements namely cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, copper and zinc were investigated in the soil. In this study, 144 composite samples were randomly prepared from surface soils in a depth of 10 cm in the cities of Shushtar and Dezful. Soil sampling was performed in 12 stations in Shushtar and Dezful. The PTEs were determined by ICP Varian 710-ES device. The pattern of accumulation of PTEs was as Cu > Pb > Cd > Zn > Ni > Cr in Dezful. In Shushtar, the accumulation of metals in the soil was as Cu > Pb > Cd > Ni > Zn > Cr. The concentration of Ni and Cr in the surface soils of Shushtar was higher than Dezful. The Ecological risk of Cd in the surface soils of Dezful and Shushtar was higher than other PTEs. The most important risk factor for carcinogenicity was related to Cr (3.15 × 10-7) in children. Hazard quotient (HQ) value of studied PTEs for adults and children were obtained by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contactabsorption of less than 1. According to the results, the PTEs of Cd, Pb and Cu caused high pollution in the soils of Shushtar and Dezful, which is due to agricultural, industrial and urban activities in these areas. In general, the metals Cr, Zn and Ni slightly contaminated the soil. Also, the ecological risk of PTEs showed that the highest effects on soil was related to Cd and Pb metals.

Wheat as one of the agricultural products cultivated in many parts of the world is an essential component of our diet in the world. This study aimed to evaluate heavy metals in wheat farms in the north of Ahvaz. This research was conducted in two areas of Weiss and Arab Assad located in the north of Ahvaz City. Twelve samples of wheat plants in each area were randomly selected from all the farms during harvesting. Chemical digestion was performed by a wet method, and heavy metals were measured by ICP model Varian 710-ES. The highest volume of heavy metals in Weiss and Arab Assad regions were 58.17 and 58.42 mg/Kg, respectively. Among the heavy metals, the lowest concentration was related to chromium which was equal to 1.07 and 1.14 mg/Kg in Weiss and Arab Assad farms, respectively. The highest hazard quotient (HQ) of heavy metals in children was related to manganese metal (13.51). The lowest value of heavy metal’s HQ in the people was obtained in cobalt (0.21). According to the results, because of the manganese metal, it seems that wheat consumption is dangerous for health in different age groups. In general, the results of health risk assessment of heavy metal in wheat showed that the consumption of this product can have an acute adverse impact on human health.

Chemical storage of water cannot provide complete information about the extent of bioavailability of metals in the environment, while the study of this storage in the chain of water, sediment and macrobenthos can make the rate of rotation and storage risk more visible in ecosystems. Hur Al-Azim wetland is located in the west of Khuzestan Province. Large parts of it have dried up due to the development of Azadegan oil field and the spread of heavy metal pollution in its environment, which can provide serious risks to this ecosystem and the people around it. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals cadmium, nickel, lead and vanadium in water, sediments and macrobenthos of Hur Al-Azim wetland, as a region with high oil activity.

This study was conducted in winter 2017 to investigate the concentrations of heavy metals cadmium, nickel, lead and vanadium in 8 stations in Hur Al-Azim wetland. The statistical population for measuring heavy metals with three replications included 24 water samples, 24 sediment samples and 24 macrobenthos samples. Among them, the species in macrobenthos samples were identified after washing in a 0.5-micron sieve. After digestion of the samples, the concentration of the elements was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) model Vista Pro Axial. Comparison of heavy metal data from water and sediment samples was performed using SPSS23 software. Shapiro-Wilk test was also used to investigate the normal distribution of results. One-way analysis of variance was used for general comparisons and Tukey test was used for multiple comparisons and differences were significant at 95% level.

The concentration of heavy metals in sediments was higher than that of water and macrobenthos, While the concentration of these metals in macrobenthos was higher compared to water (P <0.05). Heavy metals had the lowest concentration in station 1 (Chazabeh) as a station without oil activity and the highest level in station 4 (between pad 3 to pad 12) as a station with high oil activity (P <0.05). Pad 3 to Pad 12, along with Pad 9 to Pad 12, had the highest enrichment index for all metals. The lowest index of nickel, vanadium and cadmium enrichment index was measured in Chazabeh station and the lowest level of lead enrichment index was measured in Shatt Ali station. Regarding the index of heavy metal pollution factor, the distance station of Pad 3 to Pad 12 with values ​​of 4, 1.16, 0.86 and 3.41 for cadmium, nickel, lead and vanadium had the highest value of this index. Also, Chazabeh station with values ​​of 3.25, 0.18 and 0.54 for cadmium, nickel and vanadium metals and Shatt Ali station with values ​​of 0.58 for lead metal showed the lowest value of this index. The distance between Pad 3 and Pad 12 with a value of 1.92 also had the highest PLI index. In the studied stations in Hur Al-Azim wetland, 10 macrobenthos families (Valvatidae, Vnionidae, Thiaridae, Hydrobiidae, Physidae, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Sinmuliidae, Gomphidae and Tipulidae) and 11 genera were identified. Among them, Chadabeh station with 43.8 showed the highest bio-index of BMWP and with 4.86 the highest bio-index of ASPT.

Finally, it was found that due to the continuation of oil extraction activities and discharge of toxic pollutants into Hur Al-Azim wetland, there is great potential for rapid and cumulative increase in the concentration of metals, especially vanadium and cadmium and their crossing the critical limit. Indicators for measuring the severity of sediment pollution showed the station between Pad 3 and Pad 12 as the most polluted station in Hur al-Azim wetland compared to Chazabeh station. The correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in sediment and macrobenthos, in addition to emphasizing the uptake and transport of metals along the food chain, showed that macrobenthos can be used as the best biological indicators.

Heavy metals have toxic effects, pathogenic, carcinogenicity and genetic mutations on human health. The aim of this study was to determine the health risk assessment of heavy metals in 24 food products of some commercial canned samples from Shushtar city (Khuzestan province). From each product, 6 samples were randomly prepared in 2019. The highest amount of Pb was obtained in vegetable stew canned 0.47 ± 0.005 mg/kg (p < 0.05). Also, the highest amount of As was observed in canned sweet corn 0.20 ± 0.006 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The average amount of Hg was present only in canned fish roe. The range of Cd ​​was 0.01-0.01 mg/kg. The highest and lowest levels of Fe in potato stew canned and canned fish roe were 4.61 ± 0.12 and 0.09 ± 0.05 mg/kg, respectively (p < 0.05). The highest amount of Sn in canned mushroom was 7.14 ± 0.05 mg/kg and the lowest amount of this metal was in potato stew canned and canned fish roe 0.10±0.002 mg/kg (p < 0.05). The highest levels of Zn and Cu were 0.44 ± 0.03 and 1.77 ± 0.08 mg/kg in canned potato stew and canned broth peas (p < 0.05). The amount of metals studied in food products was lower than the allowable threshold of national and international standards. The carcinogenic risk of mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic in food samples was lower than 10-4. According to the results, it seems that the consumption of food products does not pose a problem for consumers.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) as one of the important beans, has 20-25% protein and is a protein supplier that is needed by humans and plays an important role in this regard. Increasing yield per unit area is one of the most important factors for increasing production. Humic acid is a natural organic polymer compound that results from the decay of soil organic matter, peat, lignin, etc., which can be used to increase the product and its quality. One of the important benefits of using humic acid is the ability to chelate various nutrients such as potassium and magnesium and other elements to overcome the lack of nutrients. Humic acid also creates more space for water to penetrate through physical modification and improved soil granulation. Nanotechnology as a leading science in solving problems and issues of agriculture has well proven its place in agricultural sciences and related industries. Potassium is the most suitable cation with a capacity to activate plant enzymes because in addition to its high concentration in the cell and its amount in nature, this cation has an extraordinary mobility inside the plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of combining humic acid and potassium nano-chelate fertilizer on the characteristics of cowpea in Ahvaz.
 
In order to evaluate the effect of compilation of the humic acid and nano-potassium fertilizer on physiological, morphological and yield characteristics of cowpea (Vigna sp.) in Ahvaz, a factorial study was conducted in Ahvaz city in the year 2020 based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental factors included humic acid at three levels: zero (control), 2 and 4 liters per hectare and levels of potassium nano-chelate fertilizer as soil application at 3 levels including: zero (control), 2 and 4 kg ha-1 in Ahvaz region. Field preparation included plowing, disks and leveling. After preparation of the field, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were mixed with the disk machine at a depth of 15 cm. Nitrogen from the source of urea (46%) was 50 kg nitrogen per hectare and phosphorus fertilizer from the source of triple superphosphate at a rate of 80 kg/ha P (48%) was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.2 and comparing of the means was based on LSD method at 5% probability level.
 
The experimental results showed that the effect of different levels of potassium and humic acid nanoclate on grain yield, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, biological yield and protein percentage were effective and affected these traits. The highest grain yield of 4 kg/ha potassium nanoclate and 4 liters/ha of humic acid at the rate of 226.29 g/m2 (which was not statistically significant with the treatment of 4 kg/ha potassium nanoclate and 2 liters/ha of humic acid) It was found that compared to the non-application of humic acid and potassium nanochlate, it showed a 25% increase. In general, application of 2 liters per hectare of humic acid and 4 kg per hectare of potassium nanoclate can be recommended to increase the yield and percentage of protein in cowpea plant. Due to the persistence of photosynthetic tissues, humic acid increased plant yield and also increased plant yield through positive physiological effects such as the effect on plant cell metabolism and increasing leaf chlorophyll concentration. Potassium nano-chelate leads to improved plant growth conditions and cell division and the production of hydrocarbons and proteins and its rapid transfer to the grain, which increases grain weight and thus increases grain yield.
 
According to the results of this study, it was found that the application of two factors, humic acid and potassium, in plants do not have an inhibitory effect on each other, grain yield and protein percentage. Therefore, these two factors together increase the functional components. Therefore, due to the lack of potassium in the arable soils of Khuzestan, it seems that the use of nano-chelate potassium and humic acid at the rate of 4 kg per hectare and 2 liters per hectare, respectively, is a suitable solution to increase the yield and protein content of cowpea with suggested paying attention to the reduction of environmental pollution caused by the application of fertilizers in the soil.

Nitrogen (N) is a key constituent of all living cells and is essential for the growth and development of plants. The phenological stages of growth and development are delayed due to nitrogen deficiency. The results of the research have shown that nitrogen deficiency causes a delay in the emergence of leaves. Increasing nitrogen consumption in terms of positive effect on the leaf area index and its durability creates a strong and sufficient physiological source to supply the necessary materials for the growth of vegetative parts such as stems. Nitrogen fertilizer is one of the important agricultural factors that has significant effects on growth indices, so that with the proper use of this fertilizer, a balanced combination of growth indices can be achieved in plant canopy and increase the grain yield. Due to the fact that most of the growth indices are directly or indirectly dependent on the leaf area index, changing this index by changing the amount of nitrogen consumption is one of the most practical ways to increase yield. Several studies have confirmed the positive effect of nitrogen on increasing the grain yield, the number of seeds per ear and the weight of the seeds in different corn hybrids. N fertilizer is the second largest requirement after water in crop production, and N is the most common yield-limiting nutrient deficiency. This element is absorbed by plants from the soil. Therefore, providing enough usable nitrogen in the soil for optimal plant growth is of particular importance. The low N use of the crop indicates that uptake is inefficient or higher than the plant's requirement. The optimal amount of nitrogen consumption depends on various factors such as water supply in the soil, density and the variety used. For example, increasing the water supply in the soil increases the yield of crops in response to nitrogen consumption, especially if the amount of fertilizer consumption is high. In this research, the relationship between the available water of the corn plant and the amount of nitrogen consumption has been investigated in order to achieve solutions to increase the efficiency of input consumption and reduce costs in different humidity conditions with optimal nitrogen consumption.

Presence of sufficient amounts of nutrients in plant organs results in better grain filling and increased grain weight.
This study was conducted to evaluation effect of different levels of irrigation and iron and zinc chelates on correlation between quantitative and qualitative traits of corn crop under warm and dry climate condition.
This research was carried out via Split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2018-19 year. The treatments included water stress (60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class a evaporation pan) as a main plot and iron and zinc chelates (non-spraying, foliar spray of 2 per thousand and 5 per thousand) belonged to subplot.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different level of irrigation regimes and spraying zinc and iron on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level (instead Seed protein content, was significant at 5% probability level). Also interaction effect of treatment on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level (instead 1000-seed weight, Seed protein content, Seed zinc content and Seed iron content was not significant). Simple correlation coefficients between traits these coefficients were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. Result showed the most positive and significant correlation between biologic yield (r=0.98**), 1000-seed weight (r=0.83**), number of seed per row (r=0.70**) and seed yield was observed. Also the traits of number of seed per ear (r= 0.59*), seed protein percent (r=-0.52*) had significant correlation with the seed yield at 5 percent probability level.
Generally traits such as of biologic yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seed per row had the most positive-direct effects on Corn seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental risk and human health risk of heavy metals in some agricultural products cultivated in Dezful and Shushtar in 2020.

In this research, 18 samples of 1 kg of crops grown on farms in the summer of 2020 were collected randomly from 6 stations in two areas of (Safiabad & Shamsabad farms) and two regions of Shushtar (Gelalak & Shoaibiyeh farms). ICP model Varian 710-ES measured heavy metals.

The average amount of zinc in tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, and onions grown in farms were 38.396, 23.440, 16.136, and 90.706 mg/kg, and in cultivated lands of Shushtar, 11.690, 6.730, 5.713, and 7.406 mg/kg were obtained. Analysis of variance showed that the heavy metals lead, cadmium, and chromium in crops of Dezful and Shushtar were significantly different (P<0.05), but in the case of zinc, copper, and nickel in tomato, cucumber, No significant difference was observed between potato and onion (P>0.05). In tomato and cucumber crops grown in Dezful and Shushtar and potatoes in Shushtar, the hazard values of cadmium, chromium, zinc, and copper were higher than 1. In the tomato crop and the potatoes grown in Shushtar, the lead metal risk index values were higher than 1. Nickel metal hazard index values were obtained in cultivated agricultural products of potatoes, cucumbers, and tomatoes in Shushtar and adults and children less than one.

The carcinogenic rates of cadmium, chromium, and lead in the crops of Shushtar and were higher than the allowed limit of 4-10. The carcinogenicity rate of nickel metal in Shushtar and Dezful crops was 4-10 lower than the permitted limit.

Population growth, the presence of numerous factories and a large number of vehicles are considered as the main sources for environmental pollution and heavy metals in Arak Industrial City. A total of 30 samples of heavy metals including, Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) in surface soils were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm and measured using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) (PG990 Model). The results showed that the mean concentration of all heavy metals except As had a higher average of the background (baseline) values in the world. Heavy metals As and Zn were non-contaminated based on Igeo indices. As the results of this index for heavy metals Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr and Cd indicated the presence of contamination and their accumulation in surface soils. All samples had high level of contamination in terms of NIPI index. The TEF index of heavy metals Ni, Cr, Pb and Cu was higher than other metals. That illustrates geochemical behavior and similar origin of anthropogenic sources for these metals. RI's potential ecological risk for high risk and extremely high risk metals indicated a high level and of non-cancerous evaluation of health showed that heavy metals Cr and Pb had non-cancer effect on children. HI risk index values were in all heavy metals for children than adults. Also, the results of evaluation of carcinogenic health risks showed that the risk of chromium carcinogenicity for children creates a serious health threat to children and adults.

Due to the spread of dusty air and the transfer of these particles to the cities of Khuzestan province, it is very important to study the status of these particles in terms of heavy metal pollution and their pollution status.

In this study, the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Mg and Fe in the air of 4 cities of Khuzestan province (Ahvaz, Dezful, Mahshahr and Abadan) in dusty and dust-free conditions over a period of 9 months (autumn, winter and spring) were measured in 2018-2019. Due to the spread of dusty air and the transfer of these particles to the cities of Khuzestan province, it is very important to study the status of these particles in terms of heavy metal pollution and their pollution status.

48 samples in contaminated conditions and 48 samples in non-contaminated conditions were collected at the specific points and exact times using a High Volume sampling pump with a flow rate of 110 L/min for 6 hours. Metal concentrations were measured using ICP. Except for Ni, Mn and Mg, the mean concentration of other studied metals were higher at dusty conditions as compared with their values in non-dusty conditions (p < 0.05). In dusty and non-dusty air conditions the order of heavy metals based on their concentrations were obtained as following: Zn> Mg> Mn> Ni> Cr> Pb> Fe> Cu and Mg> Mn> Ni> Pb> Fe> Cr, respectively. This result shows that the origin of zinc and copper metals and the increase in chromium concentration in polluted air are due to the entering of dust and pollution transfer from the outside area into cities. The cities of Ahvaz, Dezful, Mahshahr and Abadan were highly enriched in terms of heavy metals pollution either in dusty or non-dusty conditions.

The findings of this study showed that despite low concentration of heavy metals in airborne dust particles in clear and dusty air, high health risks of metals such as zinc in cities of Khuzestan province, especially Mahshahr are probable. Further investigation showed that particles are generally derived from intra-city or provincial activities, which call for more attention due to the drought conditions that attributes to more dust formation.

According to the importance of rice consumption as an important part of nutrition in Khuzestan province, this study was conducted to assess the health risk of cadmium, lead and nickel heavy metals in local tower cultivars in Khuzestan province. In September 1977, three farms of Shooshtar, Shavar and Baghmalek were visited and 25 farms were sampled in three locations with 3 replications. Elements were measured using a US-based Varian 710-ES ICPOES device. Cadmium, lead and nickel levels were higher in some rice samples grown in Khuzestan province than the national standard (0.06, 0.15 and 10 mg / kg, respectively). Risk share values of cadmium, lead and nickel in rice of Baghmalek, Shavar, Shooshtar and rice were higher than 1. The carcinogenic risk of heavy metals of cadmium, lead and nickel was higher in samples of rice grown in Khuzestan province above 4-10. Carcinogenic risk values in this study showed that consumption of rice cultivated in Khuzestan province has high potential of human pathogen city.

Yield in Sorghum, similar to the other crops, is a complex trait and constitute by many of morphological and physiological traits. Mentioned trait is affected by genotype and environmental factors because it is a quantitative trait. This study was conducted to predict the most effective traits on sorghum seed yield according correlation between characteristics in response to apply different irrigation regime and nutrition crop. Current research was done according split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications along 2017 year. The main factor included water deficit stress at three level (A1: 70, A2: 100 and A3: 130 mm Class A evaporation pan) and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost at five level (B1: 100% Nitrogen; 100% pure nitrogen equivalent to 200 kg per hectare, B2: 75% Nitrogen+25% Vermicompost, B3: 50% Nitrogen+50% Vermicompost, B4: 25% Nitrogen+75% Vermicompost, B5: 100% Vermicompost) belonged to sub plot. According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of irrigation regime and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on all measured traits was significant but interaction effect of treatments (instead seed yield and biologic yield) was not significant. Simple correlation coefficients between traits were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. The most positive and significant correlation was observed between seed yield and biologic yield (0.859**), harvest index (-0.703**) and number of seed per raceme (0.646**) at 1% probability level. The traits of number of raceme per race (0.641*), race length (0.541*), number of seed per race (0.533*) and chlorophyll index (0.521*) had correlation with the seed yield was significant at 5% probability level. According to the results of this research, characteristics such as of biologic yield, harvest index and number of seed per raceme had the most positive-direct effects on Sorghum seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

Due to the water shortage crisis, the reuse of municipal wastewater is essential. Planting plants in the wastewater treatment process is appropriate and can help to reduce and eliminate pollution in urban and rural wastewater. This study aimed to determine the phytoremediation of lead and nickel from Ahwaz wastewater treatment plant. In this study, a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications was used, and the laboratory activities were performed in the soil laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption method and PG Instruments Ltd. The average amount of lead and nickel in the effluent of Ahvaz was 96.35 and 102.57 μg/kg. The amount of lead metal in the studied treatments was 17.85-96.86 ppb, and nickel content was 18.91- 102.87 ppb. In this study, the percentage of the Lewis plant's removal of lead and nickel was 62.66% and 70.18%, respectively. Also, the removal efficiency of the studied parameters by the seven herbaceous plants was 29.26% and 44.22%, respectively. The amount of nickel adsorbed by plants was higher than that of lead metal. The removal efficiency of lead and nickel metals from municipal effluent obtained by Typha Latifolica was higher than Polygonum aviculare. In total, Typha Latifolica and Polygonum aviculare plants had the ability to purify lead and nickel metals from urban effluents so that the amounts of these metals were reduced in the second and fourth treatments within 90 days.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium heavy metals in edible vegetables Petroselinum crispum and Anethum graveolens and soil in downstream Karun River lands in 2018. The number of studied grafts in the lower reaches of the river and sampling during the period of 2 months from April to May, which 48 plant and soil samples from these fields were collected, and digestion of plant tissues using the Jackson method and Soil digestion was also performed using the EPA3050 method. The lead concentration was 628.77± 32.50 and 748.40 ± 57.45 mg/kg, respectively, in the soil under cultivation of Petroselinum crispum and Anethum graveolens. In plants, lead with 667.68±85.67 and 678.80±53.70 mg/kg in both Petroselinum crispum and Anethum graveolens plants had the highest concentrations. Cadmium, nickel and arsenic in the soil and plant were next rank. The concentration of two cadmium and lead metals in the soil under shrubs Anethum graveolens was higher than the Petroselinum crispum cultivar. The comparison of the heavy metal concentration with the global standard showed that only the soil nickel was within the WHO standard and that the other metals exceeded the standard. In the case of plants Petroselinum crispum and Anethum graveolens the levels of nickel, lead, arsenic and cadmium were not within the permitted range. Comparison between the concentration of heavy metals between soil and plant shows that the concentration of metals between soil and plant Petroselinum crispum and Anethum graveolens was not significantly different. According to the results of this study, the use of Petroselinum crispum and Anethum graveolens leads to accumulation of high amounts of metals in the human body

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an annual monocotyledonous plant of the poaceaae family. The corn is C4 and is native to the tropical region. The breadth of its degree of adaptation and adaptation makes it possible to cultivate it in temperate and cold regions. The corn is the third highest cereal after wheat and rice production, but its production is equal to the production volume of each of the world's two grains. The agricultural sector and its systems, with more than 90 percent of the country's water consumption, are the largest water consumer, wasting 80 percent of its traditional irrigation systems. Therefore, by reducing water resources, the reform of consumption patterns is the only way to overcome the depleted crisis. About 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, but unfortunately, the water crisis in many countries of the world, including the countries of the dry belt of the earth, such as Iran, is a concern. Iranian soils have difficulty absorbing elements such as iron and zinc due to high pH. Therefore, chelate fertilizers, while retaining the elements for a long time, reduce the possibility of water leaching of these elements into the soil. Chelated fertilizers stabilize the material in the soil and do not eliminate it quickly. So that fluctuations in pH range from high acid to alkaline cannot have a negative effect on them. Zinc is one of the essential nutrients needed for optimal plant growth. It plays an important role in many biochemical reactions within the plant. Therefore, study of agronomic traits and nutrient content of maize in Hamidiyeh region to identify sensitive growth stages of water deficit and to investigate the role of zinc and iron chelate were necessary.

This research was carried out in 2018-19 in a farm located in Hamidieh with a longitude of 48 degrees and 10 minutes east and 31 degrees and 33 degrees north latitude and 13 meters above sea level. This study was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included three levels of irrigation regimes: 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan in the main plots and spraying iron and zinc in three levels (non-spraying, foliar spray of 2 per thousand and 5 per thousand) in the sub plots.

Analysis of variance showed that the effect of different irrigation regimes and foliar application of iron and zinc had significant effect on number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, grain yield, zinc percent, iron percent, protein percentage and biological yield. Iron and zinc foliar application at 5 per thousand treatments significantly increased yield, grain yield components, plant height, ear length, leaf area index, Fe and Zn concentration of corn, which was not significantly different from 2 per thousand treatments. Interaction between different irrigation regimes and foliar application of iron and zinc had significant effect on grain number per ear, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (6400.49 kg.ha-1) was obtained by irrigating 95 mm evaporation from the pan and spraying of iron and zinc at 5 per thousand. According to the results of this study, foliar application of iron and zinc at 5 per thousand in 95 mm evaporation of pan caused to increase quantitative and qualitative characteristics of spring maize in Hamidiyeh region which was economically effective.

Overall, the results of this study indicate that soils in most of the southern parts of the country are low-pH calcareous and low in organic matter and lack of micronutrients such as zinc and iron. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum quantitative yield and nutrient content, cultivation of maize with foliar application of 5 to 1000 micronutrients is recommended in appropriate moisture conditions because soils of Khuzestan province are deficient in micro elements so foliar application the micronutrients in the irrigation conditions were able to compensate for the deficiency of these elements. Although, as expected, the highest grain yield was obtained in the irrigation treatment with micronutrients foliar application, but under conditions of water resources limitation, mild moisture stress, ie 95 mm evaporation from the pan with the foliar application of iron and zinc at a concentration of 5 in a thousand can be recommended.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in proteases and alkaline phosphatase activities, organic carbon content, total nitrogen and phosphorus in winter and summer time in the coastal soils of Shadegan wetland in 2019-2020. Two sampling sites including site A with dominant vegetation and site B wetlands without vegetation were selected. Soil samples were colected using ASTM standard number D2488. The results of analysis of variance showed that seasonal changes, vegetation and soil depth had a significant effect on total nitrogen, phosphorus and protease and alkaline phosphatase activity (p < 0.001). Seasonal changes did not have a significant effect on the amount of soil organic matter, while vegetation and soil depth significantly affected the amount of soil organic carbon in the coastal soil of Shadegan wetland (p < 0.001). Nutrient elements and activity of extracellular enzymes (protease and alkaline phosphatase) in vegetated soils were higher than bare soils. According to the results, the activity of protease (2.69 µmol/gh) and alkaline phosphatase (3.5 mg/PNP/gh) enzymes in topsoil (0-15 cm) with vegetation was higher in summer time compare to the  bare soils. These results  can be related to total nitrogen, phosphorus and soil organic carbon (p < 0.05) which had higher values in the summer time.  Finally, principal component analysis and Spearman correlation  confirmed a strong and positive relationship between total nitrogen, total phosphorus and soil organic carbon (p < 0.001) with the biological activity of protease and alkaline phosphatase enzymes.

In order to investigate the effect of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza values on yield and remobilization rate of maize under water shortage tension, the present experiment was conducted in the form of split split plots in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during the crop years 2016- 2017 and 2017-2018 at the research farm of Ahvaz Islamic Azad University. The main factor included water shortage tension including control (irrigation in all stages), lack of irrigation in 10-leaf stage (vegetative growth), lack of irrigation in pollination stage (flowering) and lack of irrigation in seed stage (milk paste) and superabsorbent polymer sub-plot included control or non-application of superabsorbent, application of 100 kilogram per hectare and application of 200 kilogram per hectare and mycorrhiza sub-sub-plot included control or (non-application) and application of mycorrhiza. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent tension interaction on grain yield, one thousand-grain weight, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, remobilization rate and remobilization share was significant. The highest grain yield (6674/29 kilogram per hectare) was related to irrigation treatment in all growth stages and application of 200 kilogram per hectare superabsorbent. Although with cessation of irrigation in 10-leaf stages, pollination and seeding reduced grain yield by 11, 14 and 12.5 percent, respectively, but this reduction was not significant in these treatments because the consumption of 200 kilogram per hectare in superabsorbent was able to compensate for the water deficit tension in these treatments. The interaction of water shortage and mycorrhiza tension on grain yield, number of grains per ear and number of grains per row was also significant. In general, due to the long-term stability of superabsorbent in soil, it can be said that the application of 200 kilogram per hectare of superabsorbent and mycorrhiza in irrigation conditions at all stages of growth can increase grain yield, corn yield components and overall production improvement.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains that is cultivated in more than 180 million hectares, and its production is over 1000 million tons. The occurrence of water stress causes metabolic disorders in plant cells, such as the increase in the production of active forms of oxygen such as radical superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and radical hydroxyl as one of the major factors in metabolic abnormalities in the cell. Plants against oxidative stress induced, efficient defense system that can destroy or neutralize free radicals. This defense system includes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Correct management practices and the application of advanced techniques to maintain moisture storage and increase water holding capacity are effective measures to increase the efficiency of irrigation and thus improve the utilization of water resources. One of the new methods for increasing irrigation efficiency is the use of superabsorbents. Superabsorbent polymers can absorb large amounts of water or aqueous solutions and swell. These water storage tanks, when placed in the soil, absorb irrigation water and rainfall and prevent it from quenching. After the environment is dry, the water inside the polymer is gradually evacuated, and thus the soil for a period of Long and no need to re-irrigate, it's moisturizing, it also increases the impact of plant and nutrients, and, on average, reduces phosphorus losses by 84 percent, reducing nitrogen to 83 percent. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron, zinc, and superabsorbent application of water deficit stress on quantitative yield and corn antioxidant enzymes activity in Shushtar climate.

This research was carried out in two years between 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 in a farm located in Shushtar with a longitude 48 degrees and 49 minutes east and a latitude 32 degrees and 14 minutes north and a height of 110 meters from the sea level. The experiment was carried out as split split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation regime with three levels (irrigation after 30, 40 and 50% field capacity depletion, respectively). Sub-factor was composed of twolevels of polyurethane foam (super-adsorbent, 0 and 200 kg ha-1) and sub-subplots including spraying of nutrients with four levels [control (water), iron spraying, zinc spraying and spraying Iron + zinc].

Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of water deficit and superabsorbent stress on grain yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grain per ear, catalase enzyme and supraoxydisodium were significant. In dehydration conditions, grain yield, number of seeds per ear and ascorbate peroxidase decreased, but the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes increased. On the other hand interaction of dehydration and superabsorbent stress was significant on grain yield. The highest grain yield (8530.6 kg ha-1) was attributed to irrigation after 40% capacity utilization and application of 200 kg/ha superabsorbent. Spray application of iron and zinc resulted in increased grain yield, number of seeds per ear, catalase and superoxide dismutase.

Overall, the results showed that foliar application of micronutrients and superabsorbent important role in the growth and development of corn plants as well as the fact that the highest values of grain yield and activities of antioxidant enzymes of fertilizer zinc and iron from micro-nutrients are, It can be concluded that using such fertilizers can provide the best conditions for obtaining maximum yield and biochemical traits in corn. On the other hand, iron and zinc micronutrient spraying caused a decrease of 45% damage caused by water deficit stress on grain yield. The superabsorbent effect is also more pronounced in lower moisture content. The application of superabsorbent hydrogels in the soil increased plant yield and saved water consumption, therefore the use of this substance in less water can be effective in increasing the yield and reducing the adverse effects of stress in conditions of water shortage. Therefore, according to the results obtained in irrigation conditions after discharge of 40% of the crop capacity, the application of polyester absorbent and micronutrient application of iron and zinc improved seed yield and biochemical traits of corn.

In organic agriculture, the main goal is increasing and maintains soil quality with a high biological activity. Also for economic production keep equilibrium between fertilizer and biofertilizer is necessary in sustainable agriculture.
Determine effect of different level of water deficit stress and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Sorghum crop.
Current study was done via split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The main factor consisted water deficit stress at three level (A1: 70, A2: 100 and A3: 130 mm Class A evaporation pan) and combined effect of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost at five level (B1: 100% Nitrogen; 100% pure nitrogen equivalent to 200 kg per hectare, B2: 75% Nitrogen+25% Vermicompost, B3: 50% Nitrogen+50% Vermicompost, B4: 25% Nitrogen+75% Vermicompost, B5: 100% Vermicompost) belonged to sub plot.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of water deficit stress and combination nitrogen with vermicompost on all studied characteristics was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant (instead seed and biologic yield). Assessment mean comparison result indicated in different level of water deficit stress the maximum amount of leaf area index (4.15), number of seed per raceme (25.13), Chlorophyll index (53.04 Spad), Chlorophyll a (2.23 mg.g-1), Chlorophyll b (1.38 mg.g-1), Seed yield (4030.55 kg.ha-1), Biologic yield (1161.52 gr.m-2) and Harvest index (34.52%) was noted for 70 mm evaporation pan class A and minimum of that belonged to 130 mm evaporation pan class A treatment, but Protein percentage had reverse trend. Compare different level of combination nitrogen with vermicompost showed highest and lowest amount of mentioned traits belonged to 75% nitrogen+25% vermicompost and 100% vermicompost treatment.
Generally result of current research proved the treatment of 75% nitrogen+25% vermicompost treatment under 70 mm evaporation pan class A produced highest amount of crop production and it can advised to farmers.