فهرست مطالب kourosh zarea

Intravenous catheter placement is one of the most common invasive care measures performed by nurses. Considering the contradictory results obtained regarding the effect of local analgesic techniques, the present study was conducted to compare the effect of EMLA cream vs. 2% lidocaine gel vs. ice bag on pain intensity caused by venipuncture in children aged 6-12 years.

In this clinical trial, 160 children undergoing elective surgery were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into 4 groups of 40 using block randomization method. In this study, pain intensity was measured based on patient self-report and by nurses during venipuncture while applying EMLA cream, 2% lidocaine gel, and ice bag using the numeric analog scale (NAS) and the FLACC scale which included 5 criteria for child behavior. The range of scores in both scales is recorded from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates absence of pain. The data were collected using dispersion indices. Kruskal-Wallis test and chi-square test were used to compare the numerical scale of pain and behavior between groups using SPSS-16 statistical software.

The mean age of the participants was 7.79±1.79 years, and 80 (50%) were male. The results showed that the mean values of pain intensity based on the numerical scale in the control, EMLA cream, lidocaine gel, and ice bag group were 4±0.78, 0.9±0.75, 2.80±0.18, and 2.60±0.67, respectively. Moreover, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups according to numerical scale and behavioral scale (P<0.001), with the EMLA cream group expressing a lower level of pain based on both scales.

The results of the present study showed that the use of all three methods of EMLA cream, lidocaine gel, and ice bag reduced pain during venipuncture. The EMLA cream was associated with a higher amount of pain reduction compared to the other two methods. Therefore, EMLA cream could be recommended to be used routinely in the target area one hour before catheter placement.

 Since the beginning of mobile phone addiction, alexithymia, depression, anxiety, and stress have been mentioned as complications of Internet addiction in various studies; however, the relationship between these variables has not been well investigated.

 This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between alexithymia and mobile phone addiction, emphasizing the mediating role of anxiety, stress, and depression.

 In this descriptive-analytical study, 412 students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, were included using an available sampling method in 2019. Data collection tools were the demographic questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software (version 22) and Amos software (version 16). A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered.

 Alexithymia was a predictive factor for mobile phone addiction. Additionally, it had a direct and significant effect on depression (β = 0.540, P < 0.001), anxiety (β = 0.500, P < 0.001), and stress (β = 0.53, P < 0.001). Depression (β = 0.452, P < 0.001), anxiety (β = 0.408, P < 0.001), and stress (β = 0.460, P < 0.001) had a positive and significant effect on cell phone addiction.

 In this study, alexithymia was a predictive factor for mobile phone addiction. Moreover, the variables of depression, anxiety, and stress play the role of a relative mediating variable between alexithymia and mobile addiction.

Internet addiction is recognized as a global public health issue, with high prevalence among medical students. The identification of risk factors related to Internet addiction is crucial for reducing its prevalence and severity.

This study aimed to assess the epidemiology and related factors to Internet addiction, emphasizing the role of feeling loneliness and interpersonal problems.

A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in 2022, involving 414 students from the Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Young’s Internet addiction questionnaire, along with the assessments of interpersonal problems and loneliness, was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics (including correlation coefficients and hierarchical regression) were applied using SPSS software (version 22), with a significance level set at P < 0.05.

All students had internet addiction; nevertheless, the majority (82.4%) of them were in the range of mild addiction, and none of them had severe Internet addiction. The average score of Internet addiction was 51.59 (4.77), which shows moderate Internet addiction among students. Internet addiction had a positive and significant relationship with students’ lodging (dormitory), feelings of loneliness, and interpersonal problems; however, there was no correlation with age, gender, marital status, major, and academic year.

The prevalence of Internet addiction was significantly higher in the present study than in previous studies, serving as a critical warning for health practitioners and planners. Notably, the highest level of addiction observed was at a mild level, necessitating early intervention to prevent further escalation. Considering the correlation between Internet addiction and students’ lodging (dormitory), feelings of loneliness, and interpersonal problems, it is imperative to explore alternative activities within dormitories and provide regular psychological counseling for the early detection of these issues.

Context: 

A wide range of complications, including chronic respiratory diseases, asthma attacks, cardiovascular diseases (CDs), various cancers (blood, lung, and brain), and even death, can result from air pollution. It is essential to assess the health effects on humans caused by environmental air pollutants and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The purpose of this review study was to investigate the synergistic effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and air pollutants on the risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), CDs, and respiratory diseases (RDs).

Evidence Acquisition: 

An extensive literature review was conducted. A total of 1 005 articles were retrieved from sources, including Google Scholar, Springer, PubMed, Web of Science, and Springer databases. In the final stage of the literature review, a significant association between mortality related to COVID-19 and air pollution emissions was identified, contributing to the risk factors associated with CDs and RDs.

The result showed that air pollution can have synergistic effects on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 viruses and has an increasing effect on the incidence of RDs [such as SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)] and CDs. According to the findings, exposure to toxic air pollutants, whether chronic or acute, can have severe effects, including a decrease in airway ciliary function, damage to the mucous membrane, reduced air sac elasticity, decreased lung capacity, and an increased risk of CDs.

COVID-19 and air pollutants pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Epidemiological studies have shown that in addition to environmental conditions, individual sensitivity plays a key role in the development of conditions such as COPD, CDs, RDs, cancer, and mortality.

 An important factor for determining the efficacy of treatment for patients under hemodialysis is the health-related quality of life (HRQOL). This study aimed to examine the predictor of HRQOL among hemodialysis (HD) patients based on spiritual well-being (SWB), perceived social support (PSS), health literacy (HL), and resilience.

 The present correlational study was performed on 260 patients randomly selected from the teaching hospitals of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tools were a 36-item HRQQL questionnaire, Paloutzian & Ellison SWB scale, Zimet PSS scale, the Connor and Davidson resilience scale, and Montazeri and colleagues’ HL for Iranian adults. Python software was used to conduct data analysis. Descriptive statistics, feedforward, and backpropagation algorithm in an artificial neural network (ANN) was used to determine the effect of studied variables on HRQOL.

 The mean age of patients was 51.73±15.32 years. Most of the patients were married (76.9%), had low-income level (55%), and had at least one comorbidity (59.2%). The mean duration of hemodialysis machine use was 5.06±3.43 years. Studied variables had grater impact on Physical QOL than the mental QOL. It was revealed that two dimensions of HL included evaluation skills (accuracy 0.92), accessibility skills (accuracy 0.92), and PSS (accuracy 0.88) were stronger predictors of physical QOL than other variables and SWB in the existence dimension (accuracy 0.80), understanding skills of HL (accuracy 0.76) and evaluation skills of HL (accuracy 0.75) were stronger predictors of mental QOL that other variables.

 To improve the HRQOL of HD patients, we should increase HL, support social relationships, and improve meaning in life by giving importance to the SWB of these patients in providing care services to them.

Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases are considered to be among the consequences of shiftwork in nursing staff. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases and model their consequences in nurses. This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven hospitals in Khuzestan Province in 2020. The participants of the study were 652 nurses. The data were collected through a questionnaire developed by Choobineh et al. The questionnaire included demographic questions and shift work related health effects. The modeling was performed via logistic regression in SPSS 22. The prevalence of gastrointestinal (52.53% vs. 35.19%) and cardiovascular (35.02% vs. 22.22%) disorders were significantly higher in shift working nurses than in day-working ones (P<0.05). In addition to shiftwork, work experience, working hours per week, and hospital wards significantly affected the prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders in nurses (P<0.05). The shiftwork system, age, work experience, and working hours per week had significant positive correlations with the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in nurses (P<0.05). Furthermore, the chance of having gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases was 2.73 and 2.08 times more in shift-working nurses than in day-working ones, respectively. Beside the shift work, the findings of the study indicated the important role of other risk factors, such as age, work experience, working hours per week, and hospital wards for the prevalence of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases in nurses. Therefore, it is recommended that these factors should be taken into account while trying to manage, control, and reduce such negative consequences in nurses.

Nursing in the oncology ward is associated with various stressors that can affect the psychological status of nurses. This study aimed to determine the effect of positive thinking skills training on the happiness and resilience of nurses oncology center in shahid baqaei 2hospital of Ahvaz.                                                       

This quasi-experimental interventional study was performed in 2021. 64 nurses working in 5 oncology wards of Baqaei 2 Hospital in Ahvaz were selected by the available sampling method and entered the study. Research tools: included a demographic questionnaire, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, Connor Resilience, and Davidson CD-RIS. For the experimental group, the intervention including optimism and positive thinking skills training (Martin Seligman 1988) was performed in 8 sessions of 45 minutes and a retest was performed one week after the intervention.  

There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of age groups, gender, education level, marital status, employment status, work experience, and shift work in the test and control groups (P<0.05). The paired t-test showed that there was a significant difference in the resilience score of the test group before and after the intervention (P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the control group (P = 0.053). The independent t-test showed that the two groups did not have a significant difference in terms of resilience before the intervention (P = 0.094), while after the intervention, this difference was significant (P < 0.001). Also, the paired t-test showed that the happiness score of the test group before and after the intervention had a significant difference (P < 0.001), and there was also a significant difference in the control group (P = 0.028). The independent t-test showed that the two groups had a significant difference in terms of the variable of happiness before (P = 0.016) and after the intervention (P < 0.001).

The results of this study showed that the level of happiness and resilience of nurses is enhanced by teaching positive thinking skills. Positive Thinking Skills Training is an uncomplicated, low-cost, and practicable approach that has been proven effective in this study and can therefore be widely used as an empowerment program for nursing staff, especially in oncology wards.

Exposure to violence in workplace is considered a risk factor that threatens employees' health. Nurses are also exposed to various types of violence due to their presence and activity in medical centers, direct contact with patients, and multiple tensions. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the frequency of violence against nurses and the factors affecting it in the personnel working in hospitals of Abadan, Iran.

This study is a descriptive cross-sectional research in which all 489 nursing staff working in Abadan hospitals during the research. In this study, the research sample was the same community selected through census sampling. The data was collected by two questionnaires: The first was a demographics questionnaire and the second was a questionnaire called “workplace violence in the health sector.” After collection of the data, it was analyzed in SPSS statistical software. In the analysis, descriptive statistics and t-test and chi-square test were used in inferential statistics.

The mean age of the participants was 30.8 ± 8.3 years, and the mean work experience was 12.77 ± 8.33. Most of the participants (77%) were women. 52% of nurses had experienced verbal violence, 15.6 racial (ethnic) violence, and 12% physical violence. Companions of the patients were caused the most physical violence (80.6%) and verbal violence (57.1%). Demographic characteristics, including age, gender, work experience, and education level, had a significant relationship with verbal and physical violence. In this study, according to the opinion of the nursing personnel and in most cases, the lack of security facilities, the absence of restrictive laws and regulations, and the lack of awareness of the people about the duties of nurses were among the factors that caused workplace violence.

The results showed that the most common types of violence against nursing personnel were verbal, and the patient's companions were the main perpetrators of violence in these cases. It seems that more appropriate control of patients and their companions, training of hospital security personnel, and increasing people's awareness of the duties of nursing personnel can reduce workplace violence.

Stroke is the third most common cause of death in developed countries and the most common neurologically debilitating disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the 5-year epidemiological prevalence of stroke cases in Ahvaz, Iran.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, the files of patients admitted to the neurology ward of Golestan Hospital in Ahvaz, Iran who were diagnosed with stroke based on clinical symptoms and CT scan during the years 2015-2019 were reviewed. Relevant data were analyzed by SPSS software and statistical tests.

The mean age of patients was 66.58±14.31 years and 55.2% were male. 22.9% of patients were smoker, 4.4% consumed alcohol and 10.9% consumed opioids. Also, 95.1% of patients lacked regular physical activity. In terms of comorbidities, 68% of patients had hypertension, 42.4% had diabetes, 19% had dyslipidemia and 8.1% had autoimmune diseases. In addition, 26.3% of patients had a previous history of stroke, 34.1% had a history of heart attack and 43.5% of patients had a family history of stroke. Re-stroke was significantly associated with family history of stroke (P<0.05) but was not significantly associated with gender and age.

In patients with stroke, low physical activity, high blood pressure and diabetes were high, which shows the importance of attention and correction of these risk factors to prevent stroke.

With the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, psychological disorders, such as depression, increased in nurses, highlighting the necessity of timely and effective interventions to prevent their negative consequences.

The present study aimed to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training using the demonstration method on depression among nurses who are in close contact with Covid-19.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted in 2020-2021. The statistical population consisted of nurses working in Aja hospitals in Tehran, Iran. A total of 46 nurses were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The nurses in the intervention group were trained on the progressive muscle relaxation technique by practical demonstration method; thereafter, they were encouraged to perform it, while no intervention was performed for the control group. Data were collected by demographic characteristics questionnaires and the depression section of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale- 21 Items (DASS-21). Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 21) using Fisher's exact test, Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test.

There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of demographic characteristics (P>0.05). Depression scores in nurses in the intervention and control groups were 13.65±3.19 and 14.08±2.69 before the intervention, respectively (P=0.621), while after the intervention, they reached 9.95±2.36 and 13.95±2.73 (P<0.001). In the post-test phase, the nurses' depression significantly reduced in the intervention group (P <0.001); nonetheless, no significant change was observed in the control group (P=0.479).

The results of this study pointed to the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation training using demonstration in the reduction of depression among nurses working in Covid-19 wards. Therefore, it is suggested that nurses be trained on the use of this method and encouraged to put it into practice.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most important compounds that cause adverse health outcomes in humans, such as poor lung function, bronchitis, asthma, shortness of breath, circulatory disorders, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality.

This review aims to investigate the effects of PAHs on the occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

A narrative review of the literature was done from 1979 to 2021 in various databases: Science Direct, PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and Google Scholar. We found 76 and 14 articles by searching the databases and other sources, respectively. Twelve articles were included after screening. The literature indicates the significant adverse effect of PAHs on the occurrence of COPD.

Heavy industries (oil, steel, gas, and petroleum) are the primary sources of PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce respiratory diseases, as they are destructive to the lung, leading to COPD. Sex, age, nutritional status, health, duration of exposure to PAHs, and body response to the pollutants affect the complications.

High PAH levels can increase the risk of COPD, respiratory diseases, and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR).

Final patient triage determines which patients can be home-isolated andwhich patients require hospitalization on the basis to predict the patient’s prognosismost accurately. Final triage is an important link in the clinical management chain of thecoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and a comprehensive review of variouspatient triage methods is very important to guide decision making and triage efficiency.Decision by clinicians about hospitalization or home-discharge is one of the main challengesin places with limited hospital facilities compared to the high volume of COVID-19 patients.This review was designed to guide clinicians on how to address this challenge.

In this mini review we searched scientific databases to obtain the final triagemethods of COVID-19 patients and the important criteria in each method. In order toconducted searches a period from December 2019 to July 2020 was considered. All searcheswere done in electronic databases and search engines.

Findings revealed four current methods for final triage (decision-making regardinghome-isolation or hospitalization of COVID-19 patients). These methods included 1)demographic and background information, 2) clinical information, 3) laboratory indicatorsand 4) initial chest CT-scan. Each of the aforementioned methods encompassed significantcriteria according to which decisions on the patient’s prognosis and final triage were made.Finally, by evaluating each final triage method, we found that each method had somelimitations.

An effective and quick final triage requires simultaneous complementary useof all four methods to compensate for each other’s weaknesses and add to each other’sstrengths. It is therefore suggested to assure that clinicians are trained in all four COVID-19patient’s triage methods and their useful criteria in order to achieve evidence-basedperformance for better triage (decision between home-isolation versus hospitalization).

Nurses' participation in policy making for the quality of patient care as well as improving the position of nurses is a vital and inevitable necessity. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of barriers and facilitators of nurses' participation in health policy.

In this narrative review study, using keywords related to policy-making in nursing, nurses' participation in policy-making, studies were conducted that were published in Persian or English and in full text, in the period 2010 to 2022. ; Searched in Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID and Magiran databases. Articles that were not in line with the purpose of the research were excluded from the study. Out of 100 searched articles, 12 related articles were finally selected.

Barriers to nurses' participation in health policy are related to factors such as organizational factors, factors related to nurses themselves and facilitators of organizational participation to individual, organizational and environmental factors.

Identifying barriers and facilitators of nurses' participation in policy making can enable nurses to build a better future for their nursing position and because policies affect all aspects of nursing practice by changing the position of nursing publicly many changes in quality Care will be provided to patients. On the other hand, considering that students are familiar with policy-making in the specialized doctoral program, it is suggested that familiarity with policy-making be included in the undergraduate curriculum.

Spiritual well-being, social support, health literacy, and resilience may affect the quality of life (QOL) in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived social support, spiritual well-being, health literacy, and resilience on the QOL in patients under hemodialysis.

This descriptive cross-sectioanl study randomly included 260 patients from three educational hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Data were collected using a 36-item QOL questionnaire, Spiritual Health Questionnaire (SHQ), Perceived Social Support (PSS) Questionnaire, Resilience Questionnaire, and Montazeri et al.’s Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) Questionnaire. Stata software version 14 was used for data analysis. The results were evaluated using descriptive statistics and a structural equation model (SEM).

In this study, a total of 260 patients (male: 138 vs. female: 122; mean age: 51.73 ± 15.32 years) undergoing hemodialysis were included. Most of the patients were married (76.9%) and had at least one comorbid disease (59.2%). Findings showed that health literacy, spiritual well-being, and social support had a significant correlation with the QOL (P < 0.001). However, resilience was not significantly related to the patients’ QOL (P > 0.58).

To improve the QOL of patients undergoing hemodialysis, health care providers need to improve patients’ health literacy, social relationships, and spiritual well-being.

Pain is the most crucial reason to seek treatment, and acupressure is one of the most common ways to relieve pain; therefore, this study was conducted with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of acupressure on the reduction of pain and stability of physiological indexes in addicted men.

The present single-blind, randomized, clinical trial was performed on 90 participants who were hospitalized in an addiction treatment camp in Masjed-e-Soleyman, Iran. The participants were divided into acupressure group (n = 45) and control group (n = 45) through allocating permutation blocks method. The acupressure group received acupressure on SP6 and ST36 points for 3 consecutive sessions and each session for 10 minutes. The data collection tools used included a demographic information questionnaire, the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), and a physiological index registration form, tympanic thermometer, sphygmomanometer, pulse oximetry device, and digital watch. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data. P ≤ 0.05 was considered statically significant.

There was a statistically significant decrease in the sensory dimension of pain in the acupressure group compared to the control group in all 3 sessions (P ≤ 0.001; P ≤ 0.001; P = 0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the overall pain score (P ≥ 0.005), emotional pain dimension (P ≥ 0.005), and physiological indexes of pain (P ≥ 0.005) between the two groups after the intervention.

Acupressure is a non-invasive and cost-effective method that reduces the sensory dimension of pain, and its application does not require special tools; thus, the use of such a safe and secure method for relieving pain is recommended.

Ethical principles will be an effective factor in improving good quality of nursing care and adherence to these ethical principles may be influenced by their aggression and the job motivation of nurses. The purpose of this study was to the assessment of the relationship between observance of ethics with job motivation and aggression in nurses working in Ahvaz educational hospitals in 2019.

This is a descriptive-analytical study in which 257 nurses working in Ahvaz hospitals were selected by available sampling. Data gathering tools included demographic information questionnaire, nurses' view of professional ethics, AGQ standard aggression questionnaire, and Herzberg job motivation standard questionnaire. Correlation Pearson and Multiple regression coefficients tests with using SPSS-22 software conducted to analyze the relationship between morality with aggression and job motivation.

Out of 257 nurses, 84.4% were female and 15.6% were male. Mean and standard deviation were ethical principles (120.5 ± 10.86), aggression (89.96 ± 12.04), and job motivation (78.58 ± 14.28). The results of the Pearson test showed that there was a significant and inverse correlation between ethics and aggression (r = -0.35, p <0.001). Also, there was no significant relationship between ethics and job motivation (r = -0.108, p >0.084).

 The results showed the role and importance of aggression in predicting the ethical principles of nurses. They need to be made to teach aggression management skills as well as increase job motivation. It is suggested that policymakers pay attention to these variables in designing programs to the promotion of the ethical principles of nurses.

 Considering the high risk and vital nature of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) process, as well as the subsequent intensive, essential, and life-saving cares, it is necessary to promote the skills of nurses providing this kind of care.

 This study aimed to determine the effect of simulation on developing the quality of care in nurses working in the ECT department.

 This experimental study compared two groups before and after the intervention. Fifty nurses who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into two groups of intervention and control. Low-tech (static) task trainer was used for simulation-based medical education (SBME) in the intervention group. Data were collected using a checklist to investigate the quality of nursing care before and after the intervention.

 The mean scores obtained from initial preparation subscales, preparation of tools and equipment, measures during ECT, post-ECT measures, and checking patient’s status in pre-test and post-test in the intervention group were significantly different. This suggests that simulation intervention in small groups is effective in improving the quality of nursing care in ECT (P < 0.05).

 Our results showed that promoting ECT nursing care knowledge among the nurses in small groups by simulation method is an effective intervention.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the nursing profession has been high reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders as well as to analysis the risk factors associated with it in the nursing community.

This cross-sectional study was performed in seven hospitals in Khuzestan province in 2020. The study population and sample included nurses working in these hospitals (652 people). Data collection tools included the Nordic questionnaire and the questionnaire evaluating the outcomes related to the shift work of Choobineh et al. Analysis of data was performed using IBM SPSS 22.0, and independent t-test, chi-square and logistic regression.

The findings showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in shift work nurses (58.23%) was significantly higher than day work nurses (38.89%) (p <0.05). The results showed that the variables of nurse to bed ratio, shift work system, means of body mass index, working hours per week and work experience with odds ratio of 3.45, 2.19, 1.69, 1.38, and 1.25 have the highest impact on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the nurses (p <0.05).

The findings indicated that various variables, especially the nurse to bed ratio and working in the shift work system have been evaluated as the main risk factors associated with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in nurses. Therefore, in managing and controlling these disorders, the effective role of all risk factors should be considered to design a comprehensive risk management program for the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Paying attention to the rights of psychiatric patients, protecting and observing their rights is one of the challenging issues of the health system. One of the most important components of providing humanistic and ethical care is awareness of the ethical concepts and rights of the patient.

This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 2013 on 100 patients and 43 nurses in Ahvaz. Data collection tools were a researcher-made three-part questionnaire including demographic information, measuring patientchr('39')s awareness and patientschr('39') rights, which were used after validity and reliability. SPSS16 software and descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, variance and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.

A total of 143 people participated in the study that the level of knowledge of nurses and patients about the rights of the mentally ill were 79.1% and 36%, respectively, and the level of observance of these rights in nurses and patients were 51.2% and 30%, respectively. The level was good. There was no significant difference between the level of knowledge and the level of observance of psychiatric patientschr('39') rights in the two groups, respectively (P = Value: 0.996 and P = Value: 0.411).

The level of knowledge and the level of observance of mental patients chr('39')rights in nurses was at a good and average level, but this level was very low in patients and the level of patientschr('39') rights was at a good level. Given that it is the right of every patient to be aware of their rights, health care providers should inform patients of their rights from the beginning of their admission and provide the necessary training in this regard to the best of their understanding.

Despite the importance and the necessity of humanistic approaches to care, there are limited studies into their outcomes for nurses.

The aim of this study was to explore the outcomes of humanistic nursing for critical care nurses (CCNs).

This qualitative study was conducted through conventional content analysis. Data were collected through semi‑structured interviews with 16 CCNs purposively selected from hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Trustworthiness of the data was ensured using Lincoln and Guba’s criteria.

The outcomes of humanistic nursing were grouped into three main categories, namely personal growth and self‑actualization, protection of personal dignity, and greater satisfaction and comfort. Each of these categories had three subcategories which were development of abilities, self‑concept and self‑worth, spiritual transcendence; greater popularity, improved social status of nursing, appreciation, respect, and support for nurses; and happiness, satisfaction, and motivation, respectively.

Humanistic approaches to care help fulfill the needs of both patients and nurses. The findings of this study provide a deeper understanding about how to reinforce humanistic behaviors and can be used in nursing education and practice.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the most common chronic illnesses and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. This study aimed to design and assess the psychometric properties of questionnaire to examine the care needs of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in phase 1 of cardiac rehabilitation (CR).

This sequential exploratory study used a mixed method with two phases. In the first phase, qualitative study was performed by analyzing the concept of Schwartz-Barcott-Kim hybrid model; and in the second phase, quantitative data were obtained and analyzed for the psychometric parameters of the designed tool.

The questionnaire for care needs was based on the indicators of measurement, which was identified in the qualitative phase of the study, as a tool with 40 items. After conducting face validity qualitatively, all tool items were considered important and were retained for the next steps. After completing the steps for determining the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) of 40 items, they were preserved for decision making at a later stage. The results of exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors; the factor analysis of three items was eliminated and the final version of the questionnaire CNCR-Q (Care Needs Cardiac Rehabilitation-Questionnaire) with 37 items remained.

The findings indicated that the questionnaire with properties, such as simple scoring, reliability and validity, is an appropriate tool for assessing care needs in Iranian patients with CAD. Moreover, the CNCR-Q is an effective instrument for assessing patient needs before discharge.

Job satisfaction and related factors are very important in emergency nurses and have a significant impact on their performance. Accordingly, this study aimed at assessing job satisfaction and its related factors in pre-hospital and hospital emergency nurses  at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.

This research is a descriptive correlational study that was performed on 170 nurses working in pre-hospital emergency and hospital emergency wards in 2018 using simple random sampling. Data collection was performed by two tools including Wysocki and Kromm standard job satisfaction questionnaire and demographic questionnaire for 3 months. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22 using descriptive statistics including frequency and mean analytical statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient tests. A significant level (P <0.05) was considered to examine the relationship between variables.

Finding was revealed that 0.6% of nurses were completely dissatisfied and (84.7%) had moderate satisfaction and (14.7%) had high job satisfaction. Further linear regression analysis showed that the factors that had the most impact on job satisfaction were job nature (88.8%), supervision (71.8%), salary (69.8%), co-worker (67%), working conditions (62.2%) and promotions (60.2%). There was no significant correlation between demographic variables (gender, age, education and work experience) and total job satisfaction.

Due to the fact that in this study the job satisfaction of the majority of emergency nurses was at a moderate level, there is still a long way to go to reach a good and excellent level, so it is recommended to officials and stakeholders to create a suitable atmosphere in the workplace, solve the economic problems of the employees in order to increasing their job satisfaction.

Air pollution exposure is one of the main risk factors for respiratory system diseases, including airway diseases, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and lung cancer. Few studies have been done concerning Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) and its relationship with air pollution. Particulate Matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Heavy Metals (HM) are the most important air pollutants found to exert harmful effects on the human and environment. This review aimed to study the health effects of air pollution on respiratory systems, especially COPD. A narrative review of the literature was done from 1978 to 2020 in various databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, NCBI, and BMJ. The results indicated that air pollution exposure could increase respiratory diseases, especially COPD. According to the results, COPD is caused by poor airflow and long-term breathing problems due to disrupted lung tissue. Based on the results, hazardous air pollutants induce destructive effects on the lung and result in COPD. Thus, COPD is a critical public health issue in Iran and the world. To decrease the rate of COPD attributed to air pollutants, we should use policies to decrease pollutant emissions.

Providing care for patients in Persistent Vegetative State (PVS) by family caregivers without enough training and knowledge may be problematic both for the patients and for the caregivers. Therefore, the present study tries to explain the experiences of family caregivers of patients with PVS of seeking information needed to provide adequate care.

Twenty two participants, including 17 family caregivers and 5 professional caregivers were enrolled by purposive sampling into this qualitative content analysis study, carried out between 2013 and 2015. Unstructured interviews and field notes were used to gather the data. Data collection was stopped when data saturation was achieved. Data analysis was performed by content analysis based on Graneheim and Lundman’s approach.

As a result of the analysis of the collected data a main theme emerged labeled as “Seeking constructive education” with three categories including “Neglected requisite education,” “Greedy search for useful education” and “Dynamic independence in care.”

In this study, information seeking by family caregivers of patients with PVS was constructive. Family caregivers insistently sought needed information from various sources. Ultimately, they found these insistent efforts beneficial and fruitful, because their efforts made them independent in providing care for their patients.

There is an increasing demand for Hospice Palliative Care (HPC) due to the aging population, increased incidence of cancer, and other chronic diseases, as well as recent advances in care and treatment.

The present study was conducted to examine the nature and structure of HPC services and to describe and compare them in the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, Australia, Japan, India, Jordan, and Iran to extract general conclusions and suggestions for developing HPC systems in Iran.

In the current descriptive-comparative study, from 2018 to 2019, HPC delivery systems in the selected countries and Iran were reviewed based on the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline, and the similarities and differences among them were explained.

Developing the National HPC Program and its integration into the health system are important activities. The most common source of financing is donation. The services are mainly provided to patients with cancer. Human resource development includes curriculum reform, creating specialty, subspecialty disciplines, and holding training courses. Other activities include designing national guidelines, the free access to opioids, research development, the establishment of the national information network, and the quality control programs. Iran lacks any formal structure and program of HPC services and they are provided in a scattered and very limited manner as part of general palliative services.

HPC services are in a mediate and low level in developed countries and Iran, respectively. Before the establishment of the HPC delivery system, a complicated range of economic, social, cultural, and political factors must be considered.