فهرست مطالب ladan rahimzadeh torabi

 At present, antibiotic-resistant staphylococci, especially methicillin-resistant strains, are prevalent agents of infections in medical centers and hospitals. The objective of the present investigation was to discern and trace the methicillin resistance gene harbored in two bacterial strains, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, obtained from clinical specimens gathered from patients exhibiting immune system deficiency at Omid hospital located in Isfahan.

 The present investigation was conducted utilizing a descriptive cross-sectional approach. Initially, a total of 70 clinical isolates comprising 35 isolates of S. aureus and 35 isolates of S. epidermidis were obtained from patients who were diagnosed with immunodeficiency and admitted to Omid Hospital located in Isfahan, Iran, from January 2017 to April 2018. After the characterization of the isolates via morphological and biochemical assessments, subsequent evaluation of their antibiotic sensitivity was performed through the utilization of disk diffusion and Epsilometer test (E-test). Then, the identification of the isolates was conducted using the colony PCR method incorporating primers (MCF, MCR, GAIF, and GAIR) and elucidated through molecular analysis.

 In this study, all isolates of S. aureus were resistant to cefoxitin and the MIC of this antibiotic was confirmed using E-test. However, of 35 S. epidermidis isolates, 30 isolates (85.7%) were resistant to oxacillin and 5 isolates (14.3%) were sensitive to oxacillin. According to the molecular findings, out of 35 isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 4 isolates (11.4%) had the mecA gene, and out of 35 isolates of S. epidermidis, 10 isolates (28.5%) had the mecA gene.

 The present study revealed that precise detection of methicillin resistance in the aforementioned bacterial strains necessitates the employment of both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The frequency of the mecA gene in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was found to be declining. The incidence of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) is on the rise.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) ranks among the most pervasive endocrine disorders experienced by premenopausal women. Helicobacter pylorus is a prevalent infection in human populations. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in PCOS patients. It was a case-control investigation comprising 100 female participants who sought medical care at the Tehran Army Hospital in Iran. Initially, fifty individuals diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome, based on the Rotterdam criteria and verified by two experienced physicians, were selected for inclusion in the study. Afterward, an equal number of women without said syndrome were included in a one-to-one comparison. Subsequent to acquiring blood samples of uniform volume from all donors, serum separation was performed, and the resulting samples were subsequently stored in a freezer at a temperature of -20 °C. The study involved quantifying IgG-antibody titer employing an ELISA reader in adherence to the protocol established by the kit manufacturer, namely Trinity Biotech. The study participants were found to have a mean age of 20-45 years with a standard deviation of 3.71. The age and body mass index (BMI) variables were found to be statistically insignificant between the two groups under investigation, indicating that the groups were comparable in terms of these factors. The Ig G serology results indicated a positive outcome among 64% (n=32) of the case group and 32% (n=16) of the control group. Statistical analysis using the chi-square test revealed a significantly different proportion between the two groups, as evidenced by a P-value of less than 0.05. The present study's findings indicate a significant disparity in the incidence of H. pylori infection between individuals diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome and their counterparts without the condition. Specifically, a higher prevalence of the infection was observed among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Ultimately, the proposition concerning the function of H. pylori was evaluated. It is posited that H. pylori may represent a potential risk factor for the acquisition of the mentioned condition. Therefore, carefully designed analytical and controlled investigations should be performed to substantiate this supposition.

Industrial activities present a significant threat to the environment and natural ecosystems like water and soil due to the release of toxic metals. This article primarily concentrates on the identification and isolation of bacteria, with the goal of effectively eliminating pollutants from industrial wastewater. In order to achieve this goal, the study was conducted to assess the ability of bacterial strains to tolerate copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), as well as their antibiotic resistance and ability to tolerate elevated metal concentrations. The resistance of the isolates to various metals and antibiotics were assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and disc diffusion (DD) method, respectively. The technique of colony PCR was employed to determine the identity of the bacteria that were separated. Resistance to multiple antibiotics was assessed, including Penicillin, Sulfamethoxazole, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin, Cefoxitin, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Vancomycin, Gentamycin, Cephalothin, Rifampicin, and Novobiocin. In the current investigation, a total of 5 bacteria with a positive gram stain and 7 bacteria with a negative gram stain were identified. The study found that the effluent from the wastewater treatment plant in Razi industrial town showed resilience to copper ions, especially at a concentration of 7mM. The effluent wastewater from the refinery unit exhibited the greatest level of tolerance towards zinc, with a concentration as high as 6mM. The rise in copper and zinc levels in industrial wastewater treatment plants causes microorganisms to develop resistance to these heavy metals. The study of Gram-positive resistant bacteria conducted in this research focused on the examination of their susceptibility to zinc and copper. Notably, Staphylococcus hominis displayed resistance to a majority of the antibiotics evaluated. However, Kocuria rosea demonstrated sensitivity to all antibiotics. Agrobacterium fabrum exhibited susceptibility to all antibiotics as opposed to other Gram-negative bacteria resistant to zinc and copper. The findings of this study indicated that some strains displayed a degree of resistance to both antibiotics and heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals in bacteria isolated from a wastewater treatment plant exhibited the capability to restrict antibiotic resistance.

The unfettered usage of antibiotics has engendered a mounting resistance of bacteria to these agents, thereby necessitating the discovery and development of novel compounds and medications to a greater extent than previously. The focal point of this research was to explore the chemical constituents of acetone and methanol-extracted samples of Cupressus sempervirens and Juniperus excelsa, as well as their potential inhibitory actions against a prevalent food-borne pathogen.

Experimental: 

This experimental investigation was conducted on standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1430), Bacillus cereus (PTCC 1431), Listeria monocytogenes (PTCC 1298), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399), and Shigella dysentery (PTCC 1188). Following the preparation of methanol and acetone extracts derived from Juniperus excelsa and Cupressus sempervirens using Clevenger apparatus, the antimicrobial efficacy was assessed by both qualitative agar well diffusion method and quantitative macrodilution method. The active constituents present in the methanol and acetone extracts of the plants were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical method. Means were compared with Duncan's test at the 5% probability level.

The findings of this investigation pertaining to the antimicrobial potency of the extracts, ascertained via the qualitative agar well diffusion method, indicated its efficacy against Gram-positive strains including S. aureus and B. cereus. The methanol extracts of the J. Excelsa were found to produce smaller inhibition zones on the tested bacteria compared to other plant extracts. The highest sensitivity to the acetone extract of C. sempervirens and J. excelsa observed in S. aureus and B. cereus. The extracts obtained from the two plant did not demonstrate any discernible impact on the Gram-negative bacteria that are commonly associated with foodborne pathogens. The findings obtained through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) indicated the presence of efficacious components such as Benzene 1,2,4,5-tetramethyl, and Cyclopropane cyclopenta in J. excels extract. The acetone extract of J. excelsa showed more potent antimicrobial constituents than its methanolic counterpart. It is anticipated that in forthcoming times, the acetone extract derived from this botanical specimen may be employed to prevent bacterial-induced foodborne illnesses.

Recommended applications/industries: 

Duo to the existence of a range of bioactive compounds in the acetone extracts obtained from C. sempervirens and J. excels, these extracts have the potential to be used against the development of foodborne infections and diseases caused by bacterial agents.

 Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been considered one of the most common serious parasitic diseases. Some cities in Iran are known as the center of this important parasitic disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines CL as an infectious parasitic disease in the tropics, which can be challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of CL (the identification of parasite, vector, and reservoir) in Ardestan.

 This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed in 2015-2016. Overall, 121 patients with CL who referred to Ardestan Dermatology and Leishmaniasis Center were sampled, and the Leishmania species were determined in the samples using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, following the amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region in the parasite genome. Finally, the vector and reservoir species were detected by zoology experts according to identification keys.

 The incidence of the disease had the highest (57.8%) and lowest (4.1%) levels in summer and spring, respectively. The disease was prevalent in both women and men but was more common in men (51.2%). The majority of patients (27.3%) were in the age group of 21-30 years, and most of the wounds (71.1%) were nodules. More than one wound on the body was observed in 54.5% of patients, and the disease was prevalent in 13.2% of patients and their family members. Occupationally, students showed the highest disease frequency (32%). The response to treatment with meglumine antimoniate (glucantime) was more effective than the other treatments. The species of the Leishmania vector in the Ardestan region was identified as Phlebotomus papatasi, and the species of the reservoirs in this region were Rhombomys opimus and Meriones libycus.

 Further research is needed to determine the carriers and reservoirs of the disease in other regions in order to reach a constructive decision for appropriate strategies to control the disease.

Plant diseases have a significant impact on plants and their crop yields, causing extensive epidemics and recurrent damages that result in profound negative effects. Bacteria such as Erwinia, Pectobacterium, and Klebsiella have a very wide host range and can play a pathogenic role for a large number of ornamental and agricultural plants or even establish a symbiotic relationship with the plant. This group of bacteria that cause all kinds of plant diseases are able to affect seed tubers and the soil microbial community. The objective of this investigation was to identify and classify the distinct symbiotic pathogens associated with Trifolium resupinatum plants obtained from the Shahreza region located in the southern part of Isfahan, Iran. In this investigation, T. resupinatum specimens harboring nodular root structures were initially identified and subsequently retrieved from various locations in the southern region of Isfahan (Shahreza), before being transported to the laboratory. The Yeast Mannitol Agar (YMA) medium underwent a cultivation procedure, subsequent to which the bacterial samples were subjected to molecular identification utilizing morphological and biochemical tests. Additionally, the colony-PCR technique was employed to achieve definitive identification. This study examined the molecular features of three distinct species namely Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pectobacterium carotorum, and Klebsiella oxytoca. It was revealed that the former two species exhibited a symbiotic pathogenic relationship with the T. resupinatum plant, while the latter species posed a threat to human health as a pathogen.

Antibacterial agents derived from plants are known as suitable alternatives for synthetic pesticides because of their health and the lack of any side effects on plants. This study aims to assess in vitro</em> effect of water, ethanol and methanol extracts of tobacco (Nicotiana</em> plumbaginifolia</em> Viv.) leaves on plant pathogenic bacteria and their effect on the control of bacterial infection in tomato plant in the farm conditions. Also, effective compounds of the selected extract were characterized. Water, ethanol and methanol extracts were prepared from the leaves of N.</em> plumbaginifolia</em> by soaking method. Antibacterial effects of three extracts were determined by agar well diffusion method in 100, 400 and 800 mg/ml concentrations on plant pathogenic bacteria including Xantomonas campestris</em> PTCC1473, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> PTCC1181, Pseudomonas syringae</em> PTCC1290, Enterobacter aerogenes</em> PTCC1221, Clavibacter michiganensis</em> PTCC1399, Ralstonia solanacearum</em> PTCC1600 and Gluconacetobacter</em> PTCC1734. Then the effect of the extract was analyzed on the protection of infection and some characteristics of the tomato fruit in farm conditions. For this purpose, the tomato bushes were inoculated with the bacterium that were highly sensitive to the extracts and in order to evaluate the effect of the extract on the tomato fruit characteristics, factors including pH, ascorbic acid content, lycopene content, texture stiffness and antioxidant activity of tomatoes were assessed post treatment. Effective compounds of the extract with the maximum antibacterial effect were measured using GC/MS method. Water, ethanol and methanol extracts of N.</em> plumbaginifolia</em> in the minimum concentration (MIC) of 400 mg/ml were effective on the most of studied bacteria and had the most effect on P.</em> aeruginosa</em> PTCC1181 with the growth inhibition zone of 22.51 mm (water extract), 19.39 mm (ethanol extract) and 20.94 mm (methanol extract). The concentration of 800 mg/ml of the extracts was detected as minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the methanol extract of N. plumbaginifolia</em> had the most effect on the studied bacteria without changes in plant growth indicators. GC/MS analysis of the extract approved the existence of several organic acids and antimicrobial compounds including benzoic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, nicotine, nonanoic acid, neophytadiene and plant esters. The methanol extract of N.</em> plumbaginifolia</em> leaves had the greatest impact on P.</em> aeruginosa</em> PTCC1181 as one of the pathogens of tomato, and this extract also controlled the growth of bacteria on the tomato plant in farm condition and this plant extract is recommended as an antimicrobial agent to control the bacterial disease of tomato.

Microbial communities occupy a significant position in the functioning and productivity of agricultural ecosystems. The taxonomic genus Pseudomonas encompasses a group of bacterial species that can establish mutually beneficial partnerships with different plants. The objective of this study was to ascertain and isolate Pseudomonas strains that were obtained from the rhizosphere soil of M. officinalis. Furthermore, an examination was conducted on the morphological characteristics of M. officinalis that had been treated with standard and rhizospheric Pseudomonas. The experimental treatments consisted of 3 different groups: a rhizosphere Pseudomonas inoculation with a concentration of 106 and 109 CFU /ml, standard Pseudomonas inoculation with a concentration of 106 and 109 CFU /ml, and a control group that did not contain any bacteria. To effectively separate bacteria, specialized culture medium, such as the King B medium, were employed. The biochemical and molecular result revealed that the isolated strain was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The standard Pseudomonas treatment with a concentration of 109 CFU/ml exhibited the greatest root length of 24.1 cm, while the treatment lacking the presence of Pseudomonas displayed the lowest root length of 12.9. Treatments with rhizospheric P. aeruginosa showed the greatest values for stem length, as well as root and stem weight. Meanwhile, the control treatment resulted in the lowest measurements for these mentioned characteristics.

Antibacterial agents derived from plants are known as suitable alternatives for synthetic pesticides because of their health and the lack of any side effects on plants. This study aims to assess in vitro effect of water, ethanol and methanol extracts of tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.) leaves on plant pathogenic bacteria and their effect on the control of bacterial infection in tomato plant in the farm conditions. Also, effective compounds of the selected extract were characterized. Water, ethanol and methanol extracts were prepared from the leaves of N. plumbaginifolia by soaking method. Antibacterial effects of three extracts were determined by agar well diffusion method in 100, 400 and 800 mg/ml concentrations on plant pathogenic bacteria including Xantomonas campestris PTCC1473, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC1181, Pseudomonas syringae PTCC1290, Enterobacter aerogenes PTCC1221, Clavibacter michiganensis PTCC1399, Ralstonia solanacearum PTCC1600 and Gluconacetobacter PTCC1734. Then the effect of the extract was analyzed on the protection of infection and some characteristics of the tomato fruit in farm conditions. For this purpose, the tomato bushes were inoculated with the bacterium that were highly sensitive to the extracts and in order to evaluate the effect of the extract on the tomato fruit characteristics, factors including pH, ascorbic acid content, lycopene content, texture stiffness and antioxidant activity of tomatoes were assessed post treatment. Effective compounds of the extract with the maximum antibacterial effect were measured using GC/MS method. Water, ethanol and methanol extracts of N. plumbaginifolia in the minimum concentration (MIC) of 400 mg/ml were effective on the most of studied bacteria and had the most effect on P. aeruginosa PTCC1181 with the growth inhibition zone of 22.51 mm (water extract), 19.39 mm (ethanol extract) and 20.94 mm (methanol extract). The concentration of 800 mg/ml of the extracts was detected as minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the methanol extract of N. plumbaginifolia had the most effect on the studied bacteria without changes in plant growth indicators. GC/MS analysis of the extract approved the existence of several organic acids and antimicrobial compounds including benzoic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, nicotine, nonanoic acid, neophytadiene and plant esters. The methanol extract of N. plumbaginifolia leaves had the greatest impact on P. aeruginosa PTCC1181 as one of the pathogens of tomato, and this extract also controlled the growth of bacteria on the tomato plant in farm condition and this plant extract is recommended as an antimicrobial agent to control the bacterial disease of tomato.

The influent of toxic heavy metals into aquatic environments has greatly increased and is considered a serious hazard for living organisms. In recent years, several technologies have been developed with the aim of reducing or removing heavy metals from the contaminated environment. Among these, technology developed based on microorganisms is more advantageous than other methods. In the present study, metal resistant bacteria (MRB) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) were first isolated from the sewage treatment plant of Ahvaz, Iran. Sampling was carried out from sewage. Then, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and concentration of heavy metals were detected in the samples by ICP-AES. Metal resistant bacteria were isolated by the agar diffusion method on lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in a PHG II medium. The isolates were molecularly identified by genome sequencing. Next, the antibiotic resistant pattern of the potent metal resistant isolates (MIC > 1 mg/mL) was determined. Results showed that Pb and Cd concentrations in the sewage samples were above global standards (0.3 and 0.04 mg/mL, respectively). Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhi were found to be the most potent Pb resistant isolates (MIC = 5.5 mg/mL, MBC = 6 mg/mL on both isolates). The MIC and MBC on Bacillus cereus were 3.0 and 3.5 mg/mL, and the MIC and MBC on Salmonella enterica serovar typhi were 4.0 and 4.5 mg/mL, respectively. The isolated Bacillus cereus also showed high resistance to cefixime and penicillin.

The emergence of Escherichia coli resistance to common antibiotics in burn wound patients has become a controversial problem in Iran trauma and burn hospitals. The emergence of more and more drug resistance by infectious pathogens paves the way for further study of the nature of phages, and phage therapy can significantly address this crisis. In the first phase, this study aimed to isolate and identify the biochemical and molecular nature of antibiotic-resistant E. coli, which causes burn wound infections. The second phase of this study isolated the specific phages of the bacteria in these wounds and then evaluated the morphological characteristics of the phage and the host area.

In this study, 50 bacterial strains were isolated from specialized accident and burn hospitals in Isfahan, Yazd, Tehran, and Rasht. Accurate identification and study of antibiotic resistance profile was performed by disk diffusion method on agar. The 16S rRNA coding gene was amplified using the PCR technique. The PCR product was then sent to "Gene Azma" laboratory for sequencing. In order to isolate the possible phages, a sample was taken from the raw wastewater (entrance of the northern treatment plant) in Isfahan, Iran. Phage morphology was assessed and reported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); moreover, phage plate count and host range were assessed for this bacteriophage.

Bacterial 16S rRNA sequence was located in NCBI with MW844043 Accession Number. The specific phage PϕBw-Ec01 was significantly able to infect resistant E. coli bacteria. TEM demonstrated that the isolated phage was dsRNA and belonged to the family Cystoviridae with prototype ɸ6. PϕBw-Ec01 lytic phage was highly effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli strain ADB_66-1 in this study.

The results of this report showed that E. coli isolated from burn wounds of hospitalized patients had high resistance to common antibiotics. The studied phage in this study can be a good choice and a suitable option for controlling and inhibiting these resistant pathogens in the burn wounds of hospitalized patients. It is hoped that with more extensive research on the identity and study of the effectiveness of phages, the rate of bacterial lysis will be investigated. This issue will reduce the microbial load caused by resistant and infectious pathogens and can be used as an effective adjuvant against burn wound infections.

Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) leads to the development of antibiotic resistance and mortality in burn patients. One of the alternative strategies for controlling ESBL bacterial infections is clinical trials of bacteriophage therapy. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize specific bacteriophages against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients with burn ulcers.

Clinical samples were isolated from the hospitalized patient in burn medical centers, Iran. Biochemical screenings and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were determined. The phages were isolated from municipal sewerage treatment plants, Isfahan, Iran. TEM and FESEM, adsorption velocity, growth curve, host range, and the viability of the phage particles as well as proteomics and enzyme digestion patterns were examined.

The results showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae Iaufa_lad2 (GenBank accession number: MW836954) was confirmed as an ESBL-producing strain using combined disk method. This bacterium showed significant sensitivity to three phages including PɸBw-Kp1, PɸBw-Kp2, and PɸBw-Kp3. Morphological characterization demonstrated that the phage PɸBw-Kp3 to the Siphoviridae family (lambda-like phages) and both phages PɸBw-Kp1 and ɸBw-Kp2 to the Podoviridae family (T1-like phages). The isolated bacteriophages had a large burst size, thermal and pH viability and efficient adsorption rate to the host cells.

In present study, the efficacy of bacteriophages against ESBL pathogenic bacterium promises a remarkable achievement for phage therapy. It seems that, these isolated bacteriophages, in the form of phage cocktails, had a strong antibacterial impacts and a broad-spectrum strategy against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from burn ulcers.

With emergence of drug resistance, novel approaches such as phage therapy for treatment of bacterial infections have received significant attention. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify effective bacteriophages on extremely drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria isolated from burn wounds. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from hospitalized patient wounds in specialized burn hospitals in Iran, and their identification was performed based on biochemical testing and sequencing of the gene encoding 16S rRNA. Bacteriophages were isolated from municipal sewage, Isfahan, Iran. The phage morphology was observed by TEM. After detection of the host range, adsorption rate, and one-step growth curve, the phage proteomics pattern and restriction enzyme digestion pattern were analyzed. All isolates of bacteria were highly resistant to antibiotics. Among isolates, Acinetobacter baumannii strain IAU_FAL101 (GenBank accession number: MW845680), which was an XDR bacterium, showed significant sensitivity to phage Pɸ-Bw-Ab. TEM determined the phage belongs to Siphoviridae. They had double-stranded DNA. This phage showed the highest antibacterial effect at 15 °C and pH 7. Analysis of the restriction enzyme digestion pattern showed Pɸ-Bw-Ab phage was sensitive to most of the used enzymes and based on SDS-PAGE, protein profiles were revealed 43 to 90 kDa. Considering the potential ability of the isolated phage, it had an antibacterial impact on other used bacterial spp and also strong antibacterial effects on XDR A. baumannii. Also, it had long latency and low burst size. This phage can be a suitable candidate for phage therapy.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a kind of disease in kidneys that often caused by Escherichia coli bacteria, especially in women.
We studied the antibacterial effects of ZnO nanoparticles On patients with urinary tract infection that isolated from Alzahra hospital in Isfahan, Iran. It is hoped that by the research community's attention to this great problem of multi drug resistance E. coli treatment by ZnO NPs.
In this experimental study, urine samples of multi drug resistance E. coli bacteria, Also colloidal ZnO nanoparticles prepared in size 20 nm, spherical shape and a concentration of 200 ppm were used .The methods of research were wells and disk agar diffusion in nutriant agar & LB medium and was evaluated antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles ,then incubated for 72 hours and the diameter of inhibitory zone of growth was measured, The data were analyzed by spss 16 version software.
The highest resistance of E. coli to antibiotics belongs to cefazolin and cefexime. The results showed that ZnO NPs in size 20 nm and spherical shape after 72 hours at 37°C can be used to treat Urinary infections caused by E. coli, it is recommended that further research considered the effects of different infections of Urinary tract infection in In vitro condition.
Using ZnO nanoparticles with 20 nm diameters have acceptable antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli isolated from Urinary tract infection. The current study suggests that ZnO NPs could be a good candidate for an effective antibacterial agent against E. coli.

Oral Candidiasis is fungal infection that affects the oral cavity. Oral infections caused by yeast of the genus Candida and particularly Candida albicans (oral candidiasis) have been recognized throughout recorded history.
The aim of this study was to compare the antifungal effects of gold nanoparticles and dioxide titanium nanoparticles on patients with Oral Candidiasis patients. This review is to give the reader a contemporary overview of oral candidiasis, the organisms involved, and the management strategies that are currently employed or could be utilized in the future.
This experimental study has been done in Isfahan city totally with 56 numbers of patients suffering from Candidiasis in groups of different ages from hospitals and laboratories The resulted from swap in Sabouraud Dexteros agar and finally with complementary experiments 56 isolated Candida albicans (oral Candidiasis) detected and grew in culture milieu then gold nanoparticles (10 nanometers) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (10 - 15 nanometers) in different consistencies add to this milieu and the least density of halting and the least density of killing fungi for different suspension thinness containing Candida albicans. The data were analyzed by spss 15 version software.
The results showed that gold nanoparticles have a good anticandidial effects and can be used to treat infections of Candida, it is recommended that further research considered the effects of different infections candidiasis in In vitro condition.
Using gold nanoparticles with 10 nanometer diameters have high antifungal effect on oral candidiasis and its function has been proved. In current study halting effect of gold nanoparticles on micro-organisms experimented in different densities was observed.

This study aimed to investigate the discovery of antibiotic resistance in isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and antibiotic susceptibility patterns and also, identify the gene encoding beta-lactamase in the isolated strains, isolated from nosocomial infections in patients admitted to the hospitals of Isfahan province.
In this cross-sectional study, 51 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from patients in various hospitals and clinical laboratories in North, South and Central Isfahan. Then, antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined, using standard methods and disk diffusion method. The carbapenemase genes of blaVIM and blaIMP were detected by PCR test.
Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most resistant to ciprofloxacin (96/08 %), carbenicillin (92/16%), imipenem (80 %), ampicillin (72/55%) and nitrofurantoin (78/43%), respectively. On the other hand, among the highest rates of infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa were wounds, by the rate of %33/33 . Of 51 cases with drug resistance, 32 strains (63%) had beta-lactamase-producing blaIMP gene , while none of the gene were blaVIM.
The results of this study showed that resistance to antibiotics among strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients, were prevalent. Therefore, fast and precise evaluation of antibiotic resistance is necessary, because the strains producing beta-lactamase, among hospital strains are on the rise.