leila aliloo

Dental caries is one of the most common child illnesses, and each year the number of teeth loss due to caries development. Given the destructive nature of the caries, fast treatment is necessary to prevent future tooth decay in order to improve the overall oral health. According to what was said above, the use of stainless steel crown (SSC) in pediatric dentistry is very important and many dental associations do insist on using it. Unfortunately, some dentists are less likely to use it. The aim of this study was the evaluation of general dentists’ knowledge about the indications of SSC and their willingness to learn and apply these techniques at office.
This cross-sectional study was performed on all Urmia dentists that work in an office .A questioner was performed in two sections (personal information and questions about SSC) and dentists answered it. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Pearson correlation coefficient. The dentists were 80 male and 48 females and the mean age was 42.66 years old, and the mean time passed from their graduation was 15.05 years
So 128 dentists (80 males and 48 females) participated in this study. Fourteen questions were proposed in the area of knowledge. 44 dentists had moderate awareness. The remaining 84 dentists all had good knowledge. There was no significant correlation between graduation and the age of dentists with knowledge. While the relationship between the knowledge and the training college was significant. But relations between the sexes was not statistically significant but the awareness was higher in men than in women.
The results indicated that knowledge of dentists in Urmia about SSC was sufficient, but the use of SSC was low. Therefore we recommend some organized educational programs in this field.

This study was done in hem dialysis patients who referred to Imam Khomeini hospital of Urmia for insertion of arterial -venous fistula with Gore-tex, in whom there was not possibility of natural fistula. Objectives were assessment and comparison of complications and patency of arterial-venous fistulas was done with 6 and 8 mm Gore-tex graft in the upper limb and comparison of them with the 8 mm Gore-tex graft in lower extremities in a year after the operation. A follow-up study was done on 65 hemodialysis patients referred to the Imam Khomeini hospital of Urmia for insertion of arterial-venous fistulas with Gore-tex. Considering that the patient's situation and the best move for them would determine the appropriate size and position of graft, there was not possibility of making randomized groups for study. So in 32 (49/2%) cases 6 mm Gore-tex and 33 (50/8%) cases 8 mm Gore-tex was used. Anterior-venous fistulas with Gore-tex in the upper limb of 48 (73/8%) cases and in the lower limb of 17 (26/2%) were inserted. After collecting all information, data analysis was done using SPSS software. In order to analyze data and graphs survival distribution with Kaplan-Miere method was used; and to assess the significant differences in the distribution of graft patency between the size of grafts and position of insertion depending on data distribution and status in a group Cox regression and Log rank tests were used. According to the results of this study no significant differences in the one year patency and complications between graft size and or location of insertion were seen. The graft can be inserted based on clinical situation and the vascular status of patients. Although this point should be noted that our study sample size and duration of follow-up is low and these recommendations should be used with caution.

One of the perplexing problems with regard to addiction is its relapse since 50% of rehabilitated Iranian addicts tend to re-consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the factors related to the relapse of opiate addiction. In this descriptive study 228 addicts referring to rehabilitation contents were selected based on goal sampling. The survey tool was the questionnaire. Data collection was carried out by trained experts through structured interview within six months. The data was analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that all study cases had experienced at least one attempt to quit drug use Psychological disease (50.9%) was the most leading factor in relapse of opiate substance use.The addicts reported their viewpoints regarding the other factors as follows: Among individual factors; avoiding from isolation (%36), and among familial factors, improper interaction between parents and children had been reported by the addicts. With regard to the social factors the existence of addicts’ friends (35.5%), and related to the economical factors, lack of job was the major element with (34.6%). Considering cultural factors, lack of safe and healthy entertainments were leading factors mentioned by the addicts. Based on survey findings many factors were involved to the relapsing to addiction which indicate the necessity of researches focusing to the relapse of addicts and the ways for avoiding themes to the addiction as a major depending factor to addiction.

Self expression is a structured intervention method that is used for promotion of social relationship effectiveness. This aspect of interpersonal relationship can be created or promoted. Training self expression shows the art of deep relation with others in order to deal with life and business world better and be more self dominated. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of training self expression on self esteem and firmness of secondary level students. This semi experimental study was carried out on 50 students of two classes; they were divided into two groups. First, the data of the demographic characteristics, self esteem and firmness of the study were gathered by a researcher through a questionnaire. Next both groups were trained how to express themselves. The second phase of the study was done one week after the last session of self- esteem education and then a retest was carried out. The study findings revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean score of the self-esteem and firmness of the samples before and after the education. The statistical paired T test showed the promotion of self-esteem and firmness of both groups post educationally (p=0.000). Self-esteem education results in increasing self- esteem and firmness of students.