فهرست مطالب leila khayatan

Bozorg Alavi is one of the greatest contemporary novelists who has played a significant role in the development of short stories in contemporary literature. In all his stories, he has critically addressed various issues of society. One of Alavi’s short stories is the story of “general amnesty”. In this story, the author depicts the social realities and changes of that time. In this research, an attempt has been made to adapt the issues criticized in this story to Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment. Emile Durkheim thinks about punishment that punishment has the function of integrating society. In his view, when a crime occurs, the values ​​and morals of society are violated. As a result, society feels threatened and reacts. Punishment is the emotional and natural reaction of society to the defect of collective values. In this research, the author intends to study the short story "General Amnesty" by Bozorg Alavi based on Durkheim's sociological theory of punishment in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The results show that although punishments change over time their origins will not change. From this point of view, the change of punishments is, in a way, the adaptation of the punishment to the collective conscience of the time. In fact, as society changes, so does punishment.

. The study of reflection of literary elites thoughts has an effective way of evolving people public opinions by expression's art. The analysis of short stories based on the figure of speech used in them, in addition to receiving the delicacies of the role of the language element, appears as a dynamic phenomenon in the political and social conditions of its time. An article with the subject and title of social allegory analysis has not been found in stories and articles, but with the general title of fictional allegory; two scientific documents have been written in articles and dissertations. To write the article has been used sources such as books, literary sites and related articles. The research method in this article is based on descriptive-analytical method. First, there is a summary of the selected short stories, and then some of the allegories used are analyzed by content. Wherever the audience of popular literary works is people, more tangible and smooth type of literature such as allegory is usually used.

Literary works of the Awakening and post-constitutional period have many social and political aspects and can be critiqued from a sociological point of view. One of the effective methods in criticizing literary texts, especially short stories, is sociological critique. In this method, the relationship between the structure and content of the story with the situation and changes in society is examined and how the artistic reflection and representation of society in the imaginary world of literary work is criticized and analyzed. The history of this kind of research and application of this method in Iranian short story criticism has proved the effectiveness of sociological criticism in short story criticism and study. Short story as a form of fiction was formed in Iran around 1300 AH by people like Jamalzadeh and continued its development along with literary currents. The first generation of short story writers, while getting acquainted with this emerging phenomenon, were able to create remarkable works and each of them followed a specific style that in the future, laid the foundation of Iranian short stories. In this research, the author has come to the conclusion through analytical-descriptive method and based on the theoretical framework of social criticism that the short story, like any other literary phenomenon, has continued to live in line with society and socio-political currents. Influenced and influenced by the community. Therefore, examining the content of this type of literature can be a new approach in the field of social studies.

Criticizing and reviewing the woman's image in the contemporary Iranian literature and providing the female beliefs toward women led to the study of the history of contemporary fictional literature from the Constitutional Revolution to the Islamic one, to recognizie the role of fiction women in increasing the fictional writings. After careful examination, it turned out that despite the many limitations that initially left the space for women's literary creation, there were effects that, although lacking in literary value, were important for the presence of Iranian women in the field of fiction. In this essay, the author has tried to address such issues as: Is there any relationship between an important historical event such as a constitutional revolution with women's fiction, or that women storytellers after entering the arena of the writing of their own subjects, desires and How they pursued their demands, or how much they were successful in showing their expectations and how much their lives and their status reflected in their stories. At the end of the day, the researcher found that women's storytellers, in the course of the aforementioned period, wrote over their concerns with a sense of justice and liberty, revealing their abyss and questions and their unfortunate hatred and spontaneous storytelling for breathing, limb, and lifting.

Alkgory is a term with a broad semantic scope;however,in Persian poetry and rhetoric,it mainly refers to three areas of simile,proverb,and allegorical narratives.Bsides,it is believed that allegory has its roots more inphilosophy and theology than in literature,therefore,it seems tobe directly related to rationalist writings. In Persian literary history,naser khosro ghobadiani,a poet from 5th century,is one of the people who has extensively used allegorical contents in his works especially in his poems.from this perspective,his poems have a high potential for literary critique.In this study, naser khosros tendency to use allegory and allegorical narratives have been shown the influence of Esmaeilie goverments belief an thought system on use of these allegorical contents has also been investigated.Naser khosro has maidnly used allegorical similes and allegorical narratives in his poems.In his narratives and similies, the surface-level is a collection of images,characters,objects and actions that,in their deep-level,have a moral or didactic message,or a mentalidea.

One of the subjects and contents the fire line Persian poem until present to own allocation containing protion to sing every poet, is complaint. Complaints to say poems that poet to sing opposite no mildness and limitions inter and to say suffering and grief and own failure. To appeared mission this content to be only to pay opinions and transport feelings private poet, whereas search in text complaints have very private notices, social and political. To this avrange general studing complaint in two different texture cotemporary poem (1300-1350) for method actually is in space this type poems, although cause beffer perception and deeper thoese effects, but cont allow of this subject of main subjects perception poem. In this mean, notices in means, variation and classification in the end know remoteness and different variation complaints in effects first contemporary poet don’t far from of the point view writer.