leila manzouri

There is little consensus about type of the maintenance fluid therapy and it’s effect on serum sodium in adults. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the effect of maintenance fluid therapy on serum sodium of hospitalized patients in intensive care unit. This randomized clinical trial was carried out on 64 patients aged 18-90 years hospitalized in intensive care unit (ICU) of Imam Sadjad and Shahid Beheshti hospitals, Yasuj, Iran in 2017. These patients were randomly allocated to take 2500-3000 milliliter of intravenous maintenance isotonic (0.9% saline) or hypotonic (0.45% saline) fluids daily. Blood and urine samples were taken to measure biochemical parameters before and 48 hours after intervention.  Data analyses were done by using SPSS 16 software via descriptive and analytic statistics. Twenty eight patients in 0.9% saline group (19 male and 9 female) and 32 patients in 0.45% saline (20 male and 12 female) completed the study. There was no significant difference between two groups in sodium (P=0.94), potassium (P=0.21), sugar (P=0.91), creatinine (P=0.21), Blood Urea Nitrogen (P=0.99), systolic (P=0.81) and diastolic (P=0.73) blood pressure, PH(P=0.27), bicarbonate(P=0.8), and urine specific gravity(P=0.73). Based on the results of this study, it was shown that administration of maintenance hypotonic fluids has been appropriate for the patients and will not face them with the risk of hyponautremia.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a life ‑long neurodevelopmental disorder and significantly influences the quality of life in children. The screening of ASD in children aged between 16‑30 months to early detection and early intervention for better prognosis.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted in the southwest of Iran (Yasuj) with dominant Lore ethnicity in 2017. A total of 1504 mother‑ child pairs with children aged between 16‑30 months were selected through simple random sampling from the integrated national health system as the framework. ASD screening was implemented using the Modified checklist for autism in toddlers‑ revised, with follow‑up interview (M‑CHAT‑R/F). Demographic data such as sex of children, and parental age at their time of pregnancy were collected for all children.

Risk of ASD was low, moderate and high in 1447 (96.2%), 54 (3.6%) and 3 (0.2%) in screening, respectively. The estimated rate of ASD prevalence was 80 per 10000 (12 out of 1504) or 1 in 125. Mother’s age ≥35 (P </em>value = 0.002, OR = 11.65, CI95%: 2.49‑54.35) and father’s age ≥40 (P </em>value = 0.0001, OR = 19.64, CI 95%: 4.89‑78.82) were predicting factors of ASD in toddlers aged 16‑30 months.

Given that, increasing the age of marriage in Iran and recent trend towards delayed childbearing; children born to older parents are at a higher risk for having ASD. So, increasing the public awareness is necessary.

Studies on the World Health Organization Frame‑work Convention on Tobacco Control(FCTC) are scarce in Iran and the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR).

This study was conducted in 2007‑2008 in Iran to design a practical evaluation model of the implementation of FCTC with the potential to be adopted in the EMR. Given that, the findings of this evaluation can be useful in increasing political and public support for enforcing the implementation of legislations, testing their feasibility, and maintaining sustainability. The viewpoints of tobacco growers as part of stakeholders in this regardwould have an influential role. Settings and Design:This study was a qualitative one to investigate the tobacco growers viewpoints about thestrengths/weaknesses of FCTC implementation in Iran.

In this study, we conducted semi‑structured in‑depth individual interviews with 5 tobacco growers. All interviews were carried out with their permissionwere recorded and were assured that their interviews will be kept confidential. All questions were related to different FCTC articles, then written transcripts were prepared and the basic concepts were extrapolated. Statistical Analysis:After transcribing the recorded interviews, we extracted first level codes and main concepts from them.

The findings suggested that although tobacco growers agreed with FCTC implementation, however, subjects like the necessity to support tobacco growers and obtaining insurance from the government, the necessity of the enforcement of national tobacco control law and planning to decrease access to tobacco by policy makers were the most key points that tobacco growers pointed to them.

Our results showed that tobacco growers agreed with the implementation of FCTC but they worried about their job and the expenses of their daily life. Therefore, it seems that policy makers have to design a plan to support tobacco growers for changing tobacco with a safe cultivate.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA has been detected in breast carcinoma by different laboratorial techniques, suggesting that the virus could play a role in the pathogenesis of this tumor.

It was a descriptive study. Systematic random sampling was used for selecting 55 cases of breast cancer and 51 controls of benign breast lesions from the file of Seyedshohada hospital of Isfahan since 2005-2009. A total of 106 paraffin-embedded specimens were selected and HPV DNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for different types of HPV in case of positivity for HPV DNA. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 software using descriptive statistic, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests.

Out of 55 malignant and 51 benign breast specimens, 18.2% (10) and 13.7% (7) were positive to HPV DNA, respectively ( P = 0.53); 70% (7) malignant and 43% (3) benign breast specimens were positive to high-risk HPV genotypes. In malignant specimens, the most common high- and low-risk genotypes were HPV-16 (3.6%) and HPV-11 (3.6%), respectively. In benign specimens, the most common high- and low-risk genotypes were HPV-31 (3.9%) and HPV-43 (3.9%), respectively. Among malignant and benign specimens, ductal carcinoma and fibro adenoma were the most common lesions positive to different types of HPV, respectively.

This study demonstrated the presence of HPV genome in both malignant and benign tumor tissues in women with breast lesions in Isfahan; therefore, further larger epidemiologic studies need to be analyzed to establish the exact role of this virus in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Using counseling standards by fertility health counselors is necessary in achieving the goals of every fertility health and family planning program. The current study investigated the implementation of counseling standards by counselors from the viewpoint of fertility health clients in Isfahan، Iran during 2011.

This study was conducted on 236 randomly-selected clients of the fertility health program in 20 counseling centers in Isfahan. The counseling standard questionnaire (designed based on a checklist provided by the Iranian Ministry of Health) was used to collect data. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance، chi-square test، and t-tests in SPSS16.

Most clients ranked verbal and non-verbal communication، counseling conditions، selection of contraceptive method، and describing the importance of fertility health as satisfactory. In contrast، correcting the wrong beliefs of clients about the contraceptive methods and helping them choose the right decision were less satisfactory according to the standards.

The use of counseling standards in the studied health fertility program was mostly ranked as satisfactory. Nevertheless، improvement of some qualitative domains of counseling seems necessary.