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With the advancement of technology progress, every time the number, diversity and quality of information ranging from conflict spaces, military, security and crisis are added. Ontology is the perfect tool for modeling knowledge in a domain that what is going on is modeleded in terms of concepts, characteristics, concepts, principles and rules governing the relations between them. The potential of Ontology modeling in comparison with other methods is higher. To reduce the effort for domain modeling, the upper ontology created. This ontology has very high level of abstraction. The benefits of upper ontology are: demystify and understand the meaning of concepts and relationships in domain ontology, to compare it with other ontologies, possibility of mapping between ontologies, composition and translation from one ontology to the other, creating a common language across domains for example crisis management and joint operations situations. In this study, different upper ontologies investigated and the strengths and weaknesses extracted, then different criteria to assess the upper ontologies and the comparison between them are described. Based on this comparison, the important criteria in the selection of upper ontology for developing indigenous ontology for military, security and crisis management domains are made and conclusions are drawn.

Nowadays, there is an increasing need in military systems for more intelligent and higher semantic interactions, efficient transfer of military information, and developing a common language among forces for synchronized decision making and a coordinated action. In the same vein, ontology has become an innovative tool for military information modelling. In the present paper, using an innovative methodology which is a combination of knowledge engineering and automatic methods of data derivation, and with the purpose of modelling of military knowledge for developing a common semantic infrastructure for commanding and control systems, as well as a common language among forces, the ontology of battle field was modelled in three sub-ontologies of military, geographical and civil branches using Protégé software in OWL language. Finally, the developed ontology was evaluated using a comprehensive verification plan for coverage and credibility and correctness of ontology application. The developed ontology is the first domestic ontology which is applicable as semantic infrastructure for various command and control systems

In today world, importance of data, information and knowledge is unneglectable. Information superiority leads to decision making superiority and more effective actions. Within the military domain, various information systems now utilized to support commanders and troops being aware and take control of the situation. Location information is one of the important aspects of the military information systems to provide situation awareness. Regarding the extensive applications oflocation based military information systems, it is important to improve intelligence, knowledge base and integration of such systems. One of the current challenges in military information systems is that the applied systems are used as separate islands with no common protocol and language. In addition, computerized systems do not consider the meaning of transferred terms and concepts. In other words, computerized military systems are not capable of meaningful relation at a conceptual level with each otherand also with humans. Moreover, data bases with different formats and data structure are not using similar method for modelling and storage of information and thus, work as independent information silos. Furthermore, people knowledge is not coded and rarely modelled for future re-utilization. Within this regard, one of the modelling methods is ontology that seems to be more effective than other methods. Ontologies provide an explicit and official description of common conceptualization. It implies that ontologies represent whatever exist in one information domain as concepts, relations, properties, rules and actual examples. In order to represent those concepts, ontologies employ a standardized and computerized official language. Common conceptualization inontology means that the produced concepts should be accepted by knowledge community of the interest domain so that the ontology become capable of providing a common language amongst people within same domain such as military geography. Due to importance ofthe location element, there is a need to develop specific geographical ontology to be able to use for such applications. A review of existing ontologies reveals that there are problems and challenges to employ available ontologies for military applications. For instance, some of the existing ontologies are only a hierarchy of concepts that cannot be called ontology to fulfill military requirements. Moreover, some ontologies are limited for specific geographical domains and others do not have complete coverage of geographical concepts which is required in military systems. In general, there is a need for geographical knowledge engineering and a localized geographical ontology development. Such ontology should contain geographical concepts, properties and relations with a military approach to be used in location based military systems. In fact, development of geographical ontology provides official common language and standardization in the domain of military geography. In addition, it helps to model geographical knowledge and establish a conceptual infrastructure for location based systems. Consequently, various geographical ontology-based systems can be developed with vertical and horizontal integration. Such ontology-based systems eliminate the problem of isolated data and information storage in separate islands, prevent missing data sources and support re-utilization of knowledge sources. Moreover, such geographical ontology-based systems can interact with each other and with humans in a higher meaningful conceptual level. In order to develop such ontology-based system, a semi-automatic method is utilized for knowledge engineering and ontology development. Applied method is a result of analyzing different methods to remove deficiencies in early stages of theontology development. Thus, a set of best applicable methods for geographical knowledge engineering is utilized for ontology development. Main clusters of geographical existence, geographical process and geographical properties are defined in the developedgeographical ontology. Other clusters of concepts include causing factor, military concepts, time concepts, situation concepts and general status related concepts. The developed ontology includes 4161 geographical concepts, 319 concept properties, 426 relations amongst concepts and 5527 actual examples of modelled geographical concepts using the proposed ontology.
In this research, the developed geographical ontology is using web protégéopen source software. The web based version of the software enable easy access to developer environment from different locations while enables team work implementation in such a way that different people or groups of experts can access to ontology development and share thoughts and tasks. Moreover, it is possible to track changes, monitor and supervise the development process. It is also possible to program the ontology using the OWL standard language to be used in other systems. In general, the developed geographical ontology is capable to be applied in military location-based systems while it can be also deployed as support for other military and security ontologies. Finally, in order to assess quality, credibility and coverage of the developed ontology is examined and verified using a comprehensive mix of statistical, automatic and military geography expert opinions.