فهرست مطالب m. davari

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are amongst the most important plant-parasitic nematodes. These nematodes, which bind the roots of sensitive plants, are obligate parasites of plants. Numerous pathogens, including nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses, cause damage to ornamental plants. Damage caused by these pathogens includes crown and root rots, cankers, and leaf blotches, among others. Given the importance of ornamental plant production and the detrimental effects inflicted by root-knot nematodes and root rot fungi on these plants, the current investigation aimed to assess the response of nine ornamental plants to the nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Additionally, the study sought to determine whether Neocosmospora solani, in conjunction with the nematode, could induce a synergistic effect on Ferocactus.

The response of nine ornamental plants to the root-knot nematode was examined in the present study. Upon isolation from the crowns and roots of different cacti varieties grown in greenhouses containing ornamental plants in Ardabil province, the rot fungus was determined to be Neocosmospora solani. The M. javanica population was cultivated in the Plant Pathology Laboratory of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University. A suspension of M. javanica eggs and larvae was utilized to inoculate ornamental plants with nematodes. To assess the plants' response to the nematode, several plant growth factors and the quantity of knots on the roots were examined. The present study also assessed the synergistic impacts of two nematode and fungal pathogens on specific growth factors of Ferocactus. Both simultaneous and non-simultaneous inoculation techniques were utilized.

Among the plants with knots on the roots, except for tiger Aloe, in the rest of the investigated plants, there were significant differences among the treatments. Based on the comparisons between plants inoculated with nematodes, the highest number of knots was observed on the roots of Begonia plants and the lowest in Echeveria, Ferocactus and Tiger aloe. Notably, Tradescantia spathace was excluded from the analyses as a result of significant nematode damage and subsequent plant mortality. Based on the absence of any damage observed on the shoots and roots of the control plants of this species, it can be categorized as one of the Meloidogyne-sensitive plants. The growth factors examined in plants were similarly impacted in the majority of the plants that sustained significant damage, with begonia plants exhibiting the most pronounced effect. We observed the presence of diminutive, pallid flowers as well as a reduction in the mass of the roots and aerial components in the spotted begonia. Notwithstanding a minor aberration in the morphology of certain roots and aerial organs, no knots of significance were detected in Myrtillocactus. There were no discernible differences in plant growth factors between the control and inoculated plants; therefore, this particular plant can be deemed the most resistant to Meloidogyne among all the plants that were examined. Given that this plant is frequently utilized as a basal component in grafted cacti, this result may prove to be extremely beneficial. In relation to the synergistic assays conducted on the Ferocactus plant, the outcomes of both approaches demonstrated statistically significant differences among the treatments as determined by variance analysis for all the characteristics under investigation, namely shoot length, shoot weight, root length, and root weight. The treatments were inoculated with nematodes, and the control group exhibited the greatest shoot length. These treatments exhibited the shortest shoot lengths when inoculated with nematodes and fungi. The treatments containing nematode and fungus resulted in the shortest root length and weight, while the control plants devoid of nematode and fungus exhibited the greatest root length and weight.

Overall, the findings of the current study demonstrated that root-knot nematodes have a significant capacity to inflict damage upon the ornamental plants under investigation. However, it was also confirmed that M. javanica and N. solani have synergistic effects on Ferocactus plant damage. The results validate the importance of promptly detecting and managing these organisms within greenhouse environments where ornamental plants are cultivated. Therefore, before the beginning of the infection and with the early detection of these diseases, it is possible to prevent the spread and damage caused by the root-knot nematode and root rot fungus in ornamental plants by using integrated management.

Background & objectives:

 Improving and modifying lifestyle is necessary for health maintenance and promotion. Health-promoting lifestyle is one of the health criteria. Various factors are involved in the implementation of this lifestyle. This study aimed to evaluate the status of health-promoting lifestyles in nursing students of Ardabil School of Nursing and Midwifery.

This cross-sectional study was performed with the participation of 215 nursing students. The sampling method was census. Demographic information and the Walker health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and One-way analysis of variance using spss22 software.

The mean score for a health-promoting lifestyle was 107.88±7.37. There was a significant relationship between spiritual growth, health responsibility, stress management, nutrition, and physical activity with gender. The lowest mean and standard deviation among the dimensions of health-promoting lifestyle were related to the dimension of stress management 15.18±2.71, and the highest score was related to the dimension of health responsibility 20.97±3.89.

Health-promoting lifestyle status in nursing students of Ardabil School of Nursing and Midwifery was unfavorable. Therefore, there is a need for more careful planning to improve the health-promoting lifestyle of nursing students.

The cause of geographic tongue is unknown and a few studies have been carried out on the associations of this lesion with food allergy. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of geographic tongue and its associations with food allergy and familial history in the patients referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department of Semnan Dental School, Semnan, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, 936 patients were selected from those with various etiologies, who were referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Department of Semnan Dental School, Semnan, Iran, 2018–2019. Information was entered into checklists through existing records, visual examinations and patient inquiries. Inclusion criteria were the absence of psoriasis and absence of other mucosal diseases and exclusion criteria were patients with incomplete records, patients with no records and presence of psoriasis and other mucosal diseases.

In general, 936 patients referred to Semnan Dental Clinic were enrolled in this study; of whom, 8.8% (82 people) were diagnosed with geographic tongue. Risk of geographic tongue in allergic patients was 2.54 times higher than in non-allergic. Women were 2.5 times more affected than men. Age was inversely associated; hence, risk was higher at the early age.

Based on the present study, younger women with food allergies are more likely to have geographic tongue lesions. Therefore, it is recommended to use appropriate non-allergenic diets as well as sensitivity testing to find allergens.

Tracheostomy is one of the most common surgeries in patients with upper airway defects. Tracheostomy is a surgical procedure to open a side passage through the neck into the trachea to stabilize the airway. The complications of this operation are very important, common and at the same time preventable. The purpose of this article is to report a case of a fractured fragment of tracheostomy tube entering the left bronchus.

 The patient was a 34-year-old man diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and quadriplegia, who has had a tracheostomy tube for 7 years, who referred with complaint of shortness of breath following a tracheostomy tube fracture. The patient had 60% saturation and significant respiratory distress. After confirming the fracture of the tracheostomy tube with a CT scan of the lung, the fractured fragment was removed with rigid bronchoscopy and the tracheostomy tube was re-inserted for the patient. The patient was discharged from the hospital two days after tracheostomy.

In case of shortness of breath and decreased saturation, tracheostomy tube fracture should be considered. Proper cleaning and planned replacement of the tracheostomy tube may prevent this complication.

The Fungus causing Ascochyta blight is one of the most important biological factors limiting chickpea cultivation and production in most parts of the world, including Iran.

The present study was conducted to evaluating genetic sources of resistance of 20 chickpea genotypes in three seedling, Flowering, and podding stages in greenhouse conditions at University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Disease damage was recorded using a 9-degree scale after observing complete death in the sensitive control genotype. Analysis of variance of the studied traits of chickpea genotypes was conducted via factorial experiment in a completely randomized design at two levels for factor A (disease-free and disease-contaminated conditions) and 18 levels (genotypes) for factor B (Given that the 13 and 15 genotypes were lost due to high susceptibility to disease in the first stage of growth, Samples were taken from 18 genotypes). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test used to evaluate the normality of data distribution.

The results showed that the resistant and susceptible genotypes were more accurately distinguished from each other in the podding stage. At this stage, 9 genotypes with a degree of damage 1, 2, and 3 (less than five) showed high resistance to the causative agent of Ascochyta blight. Physiological and biochemical traits involved in disease resistance were measured. The results showed that all traits except chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and polyphenol oxidase had significant differences at 1% probability level in terms of disease stress. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and polyphenol oxidase traits were significantly different at 5% probability level. Genotypes were significantly different in terms of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll traits. In interaction of disease × genotype, only catalase was significantly different among all studied traits. The amounts of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase have been affected by the disease and their rates increased. The highest coefficient of variation for Content soluble protein was 74.1 and the lowest for soluble sugar was 16.5. Significant interaction of genotype in stress showed that the trend of genotypes for traits under normal and stress conditions was not the same and superior genotypes under normal conditions were not necessarily recommended for disease stress conditions.

A positive relationship between polyphenol oxidase level and pathogen resistance was observed in the plants. The amount of damage that stress inflicts on crops leads to further efforts to understand the effects of disease on different plant mechanisms and requires understanding of appropriate adaptive responses to this environmental factor.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the shopping styles of innovators as the first group consuming new products. To identify the consumers who are innately considered as primary buyers of market products is the key to the success and profitability of new products. So, understanding the ways of decision-making in these innovative consumers is necessary to make correct decisions, strategies and tactics for effective marketing and selling new products. Innovative consumers are divided into two types of sensory and cognitive. This paper actually tries to investigate shopping styles of these consumers. It is applicable in terms of target, but, in term of method and nature, a caustic and field research. The data are collected by using questionnaire. The questionnaire will be filled by 428 people mostly of the students of different universities in Arak. The results represent that cognitive innovators pay attention to the quality in their shopping, but sensory innovators buy according to the kinds of brand, fashion, and habits. Also, cognitive innovators affect the decision making of sensory innovators.