فهرست مطالب m. eftekhari

the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of some heavy metals in the drinking water consumed by dairy farms in Qazvin province. For this study, water samples of 35 industrial dairy herds under the auspices of the Livestock Breeders Union of Qazvin province in different cities including Abyek, Qazvin, Takestan, Buin Zahra and Alborz were collected by direct reference and the concentration of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury were determined. Then, the obtained data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The concentrations of lead and cadmium in the sampled water were 0.67± 0.98 and 0.42±0.11 μg/kg respectively and there was no significant difference in the concentration of these elements among different cities. The mean concentrations of chromium in the water samples from Buin Zahra city was more than other areas of the province (P ≤ 0.05). The mean concentrations of nickel and mercury in the water consumed in dairy farms were 0.65± 0.79 and 0.38± 0.33 μg/kg respectively. There was no significant differences in nickel and mercury concentrations among different cities.In general, since the concentrations of heavy metals are less than the minimum hazardous levels, water consumed in industrial farms in Qazvin province in terms of impact on animal health and product quality can be consumed without any worries.

In a clustering task, choosing a proper clustering algorithm and obtaining qualified clusters are crucial issues. Sometimes, a clustering algorithm is chosen based on the data distribution, but data distributions are not known beforehand in real world problems. In this case, we hesitate which clustering algorithm to choose. In this paper, this hesitation is modeled by a hesitant fuzzy multi criteria decision making problem {small (HFMCDM)} in which some clustering algorithms play the role of experts. Here, we consider fuzzy {footnotesize C}-means {small (FCM)} and agglomerative clustering algorithms as representative of two popular categories of clustering algorithms partitioning and hierarchical clustering methods, respectively.Then, we propose a new clustering procedure based on hesitant fuzzy decision making approaches {small (HFC)} to decide which of the {small FCM} family or hierarchical clustering algorithms is suitable for our data. This procedure ascertains a good clustering algorithm using neutrosophic {small FCM} ({small NFCM}) through a two phases process. The {small HFC} procedure not only makes a true decision about applying partitioning clustering algorithms, but also improves the performance of {small FCM} and evolutionary kernel intuitionistic fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm ({small EKIFCM}) with construction hesitant fuzzy partition {small (HFP)} conveniently. Experimental results show that the clustering procedure is applicable and practical. According to {small HFC} procedure, it should be mentioned that it is possible to replace the other clustering algorithms that belong to any partitioning and hierarchical clustering methods. Also, we can consider other categories of clustering algorithms.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of some heavy metals in the milk produced by dairy farms in Qazvin province. For this study, milk samples of 35 industrial dairy herds under the auspices of the Livestock Breeders Union of Qazvin province in different cities including Abyek, Qazvin, Takestan, Buin Zahra and Alborz were collected by direct reference in two consecutive days. Immediately after sampling, the samples were sent to a specialized laboratory for measuring levels of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury. Then, the obtained data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the concentrations of lead, cadmium and chromium in the produced milk were 1.43± 3.77, 0.70± 2.24 and 1.07±1.27 μg / kg respectively.  There was no significant difference in the concentration of these elements among different cities. The concentrations of nickel and mercury in the produced milk were 0.63± 0.30 and 0.39± 0.37 μg / kg respectively. In terms of nickel and mercury concentrations, the difference between different cities of the province was significant and in Abyek was higher than others (P=0.02 and p=0.02 respectively). In conclusion, concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury) in milk produced in dairy farms was less than the standard levels, thus milk produced in Qazvin province can be considered as a healthy product from heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel and mercury) for human consumption.

In this paper, the thermomagnetic response of rotating disk with functionally graded material (FGM) based on non-Fourier heat conduction model under electrical and magnetic fields is studied. In this study, non-Fourier heat conduction model were considered based on dual phase lag model. Mechanical properties of disk are assumed to follow an identical power law in the radial direction, also the governing equations of rotating disk are derived and then solved through the semi-analytical solution. The results of this analysis are obtained for different boundary conditions, fixed-free, free–free and solid disk. In the present work, the effect of various parameters such as coefficient of heterogeneous material, the intensity of the magnetic field and effects of thermal field on the behavior of rotating disk with functionally graded material is investigated. Finally, the validity of the results by comparing them with the results in previous research is investigated, in which there is very good agreement between the results of the present work and previous studies. The results show that temperature changes is increased with increases in the coefficient of heterogeneous. Also, it is obvious that imposing a magnetic field significantly decreases displacement and stresses and increases stiffness of system.

Arum rupicola Boiss. (Araceae Family) is used by the native people of southern areas of Iran as a soup called "kardeh soup". Several flavonoids and phenol compounds have been identified from Arum species.

The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant effect and total phenol contents as well as cytotoxic activity of the leaves of A. rupicola.

Antioxidant activity of total methanol extract and fractions including n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and water residue were evaluated using FRAP and DPPH methods. Total phenol content was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Cytotoxic activity of the extract and fractions were investigated against human breast cancer MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and T47D cell lines by MTT assay. Further phytochemical isolation was done on the water residue using column chromatography.

According to the results, water residue showed the lowest IC50 value (186.7 µg/ml) and the total methanol extract showed the most antioxidant power (163.62 mmol FeSO4/100 g extract) and phenol content (135 µmol Gallic acid/g extract). The hexane fraction also showed the highest cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with IC50 equal to 118.9 μg/ml. Phytochemical analysis of the water residue resulted in isolation and identification of three isoflavonoids named orobol, genistein and genistein 8-c-glucoside.

Based on the identification of isoflavonoid compounds in this plant, its ability to be used as a phytoestrogenic supplement can be considered in future studies.

Air pollution is a significant concern for both managers and disaster decision-makers in megacities. Considering the importance of having access to correct and up to date spatial data, it goes without saying that designing and implementing an environmental alerting and monitoring system is quite necessary. A standard infrastructure is needed to utilize sensor observations so as to be ready in case of critical conditions. The use of sensor web is regarded a fundamental solution to control and manage air quality in megacities. The proposed system uses the SWE framework of OGC, the reference authority in spatial data, to integrate both sensors and their observations, while utilizing them in the spatial data infrastructure. The developed system provides the capability to collect, transfer, share, and process the sensor observations, calculate the air quality condition, and report real-time critical conditions. For this purpose, a four-tier architectural structure, including sensor, web service, logical, and presentation layer, has been designed. Using defined routines and subsystems, the system applies web sensor data to a set of web services to produce alerting information. The developed system, which is assessed through sensor observation, measures the concentration of carbon monoxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide in 20 stations in Tehran. In this way, the real-time air quality index is calculated, and critical conditions are sent through email to those users, who have been registered in the system. In addition, interpolation maps of the observations along with time diagrams of sensors’ observations can be obtained through a series of processes, carried out by the process service.

In order to study the effect of Cu supplement on performance of Mahabadi kids, fourteen castrated Mahabadi male kids with average weight of 21±2 Kg were used in this experiment as a completely random design with 2 treatments and 7 replications (7 kids in each treatments). Treatments included control (without Cu supplement) and Cu treatment (100 mg Cu supplement/d). The kids were fed two times daily (h 6:00 and 18) during 90 days by a diet contained 70% concentrate and 30% forage. Cu supplement was fed as top dress in Cu treatment. Daily feed intake and Body weight were recorded daily and every 2 weeks respectively. Determination of Blood parameters were done by bleeding in day 90 of trial and nutrient digestibility were done by feacal sampling during days 85-90. At the end of trial the kids were slaughtered and carcass parameters and carcass tissue components were determined. The results showed the use of copper supplement at high levels in diets of Mahabadi kids hadn’t significant effect on average daily gain (P> 0.05). Apparent nutrient digestibility and blood metabolite concentration including triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were not affected by Cu supplement (P> 0.05). Based on the current experiment results, the use of Cu supplement in the ration of castrated Mahabadi male kids (100 mg Cu supplement/d) had no negative effect on performance and carcass characteristics of Mahabadi male kids and they were capable to endure this level in the ration.

Dorema aucheri (Apiaceae) grows in west and southwest of Iran. Young leaves of this plant are used orally as pickle or for cooking some local foods, as well as for the treatment of parasitic digestive infections and constipation.

The aim of present study was evaluation of cytotoxic potential and total phenols determination of D. aucheri young aerial parts extract and fractions and its pickle extract.

The dried powders of D. aucheri young aerial parts and pickles were macerated with 80% methanol and fractionated with petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CL), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (ME). Cytotoxic activity of the total extract, fractions and pickle extract on HT-29, MDA-MB-231, A549, Hela cancer and normal fibroblast cell lines were assessed by MTT assay. Total phenol contents of all samples were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method.

The potent cytotoxic activities were shown by PE and CL fractions on normal fibroblast cell line with IC50 equal to 17.66±2.3 and 48.80±1.24 µg/ml, respectively. Other fractions and extracts didn’t have considerable cytotoxic effects on other cell lines. In addition, two mentioen fractions had the lowest total phenols. ME and EA fractions with highest amounts of phenols showed the lowest cytotoxicity.

It is concluded D. aucheri compounds have potential to exhibit toxic effects on healthy cells. On the other hand, there is negative correlation between cytotoxicity and phenol contents of D. aucheri fractions.

Variety of extraction methods coupled with definite solvents could increase the removal rate ofmajor constituents from plants. This research has been conducted to evaluate the effect of extraction methods on the main group of compounds, cytotoxicity, anti acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant activity of Trachyspermum ammi fruits.

To compare the quality of extracts earned from maceration and reflux techniques, the amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant property of T. ammi’s fruits extracts were determined; moreover, the cytotoxic activity against Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines (NALM-6) was conducted using MTT assay. Anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity of both extracts were also examined by Ellman’s method.

The extraction yield of the plant was significantly higher for maceration compared to reflux extraction. Also, both antioxidant activity and total flavonoid contents (IC50=132.95 µg/mL and 140.15 mg catechin/g dry extract, respectively) showed higher amounts considerably in the maceration extraction. In reverse, the content of phenolic compounds (147.28 mg gallic acid/g dry extract and 16.6 mg thymol/g dry extract) was elevated in the refluxed extract. The result exerted moderate inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase activity (IC50= 394.161 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity (IC50 =166.92±1.76 μg/mL for NALM-6 cell line) of the extract using maceration.

The maceration method could provide additional amounts of major constituents and greater biological properties compared to the reflux technique.

Ferula assa-foetida (asafoetida) is a native Iranian species which grows in different regions and climates in Iran. The plant is well known in Iranian Traditional Medicine as well as folk medicine for treatment of diseases. Several studies have been carried out on the essential oil of this species collected from different areas of Iran. This study is the first report about the essential oil of the plant collected from Neishabour mountains that is a potent area for growing this valuable plant species.

Essential oil of the aerial part of Ferula assa-foetidawhich wascollected from Neishabour, Iran, was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the essential oil was investigated against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia) bacteria using microdilution method.

Twenty three components representing 97.06% of the total oil were identified. (E)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (53.77%), (Z)-1-propenyl sec-butyl disulfide (35.6%) and α-pinene (3.4%) were identified as major components. The MICof the essential oil ranged from 12-24 mg/mL against all tested bacteria.

The results indicated that among various compounds identified in the essential oil of F. assa-foetida L. from Neishabour mountains, disulphide compounds were the major constituents of the oil. In comparison to other reports of this plant around the country, disulphide compounds could be the reason of its moderate antibacterial effect.

Colocynthin is the major active secondary metabolite of colocynth, Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, which has been used in traditional and ethno medicine of many countries.  It could be considered as an active marker for quality control of colocynth and its herbal products. Analysis and standardization of colocynth and its herbal preparations are a critical issue for their safe applications in phytotherapy and traditional medicine. In the present work, a simple and efficient sample preparation was developed and optimized through combination of matrix solid phase dispersion and ultrasonic assisted extraction. In addition, analytical reversed-phase HPLC method was optimized for analyzing the concentration of colocynthin in colocynth pulp.

Powdered colocynth pulp was grinded with diatomaceous earth to obtain a homogenous mixture. The blend was mixed with methanol and extracted by sonication, followed by centrifugation and filtration. The analytical chromatographic separation was carried out using Luna C18 in isocratic elution with methanol: isopropanol: water: triflouroacetic acid (30:10:60:0.1 v/v). The method was validated as well. 

The validation parameters were determines as follows, linear range (r2 = 0.999, 75-500 μg/mL), precision (intra-day < 2.7%, inter-day = 4.4%) and accuracy measured via determination of recovery (90-107%). The limit of detection and quantization were calculated 8.5 and 25.7 μg/mL, respectively.

Regarding the relatively high content of colocynthin in colocynth pulp, the validated HPLC method could be applied for quality control of colocynth pulp used in Traditional Persian Medicine.

The assessment of water quality in reservoirs is essential because reservoirs are often one of the main sources of water for human consumption and irrigation. In this paper، a two-dimensional، laterally averaged CE-QUAL-W2 model was used to simulate the water surface elevation، water temperature، and water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Ilam dam reservoir. After simulating the water level، the temperature and dissolved oxygen were respectively simulated with an average absolute error 0. 76°C and 1. 41mg/L during the calibration period and 1. 18°C and 1. 18 mg/l during the verification period. The model results showed relatively good agreement between the measured and simulated data. After model calibration and validation، in order to investigate the hydrological changes on reservoir water quality، two inflow scenarios were simulated based on the dry and normal years. The results of the dry year indicated a six-month stratification period from April to September. Due to increase of water retention time in the dry years، Chlorophyll A concentrations increased in summer so that the reservoir conditions changed from mesotrophic to eutrophic. A similar pattern was observed between the temperature and dissolved oxygen profiles. In the normal year، stratification period included seven months from April to October. Due to decrease of water retention time in reservoir in the normal year، Chlorophyll A concentrations decreased in summer so that the reservoir conditions changed from mesotrophic to oligotrophic condition.

Static bone scan was performed in 46 patients for evaluation of ocular Hydroxyapatite Vascularization. Study Findings indicated that bone scan, with TC-99m MDP is an appropriate method for evaluation of Hydroxyapatite Vascularization and for estimating the time For peg insertion into the Hydroxyapatite implant. Our study showed proper Hydroxyapatite Vascularization when the ratio of activity in implanted to the normal orbit is greater than 1.12 with uninform tracer distribution.