فهرست مطالب m. ghorbani

Geometric transformations have played a crucial role throughout history in various aspects of human life. Symmetry is one of the important concepts in school mathematics. Students' academic performance is intricately connected to the knowledge and skills of their educators. Recognizing the importance of prospective teachers )PTs( as future educators, in the initial stage, the aim of this research is to assess and analyze the levels of geometric thinking among prospective elementary teachers )PETs( utilizing Van Hiele's theory. Subsequently, the research seeks to delve into the thinking process and gaze patterns of prospective mathematics education teachers (PMETs) using the cognitive science method of eye tracking.

This study focuses on investigating and evaluating the thinking of geometric transformations and problem-solving skills among prospective teachers (PTs(. The research method employed a combined survey method, encompassing two distinct tests conducted on two groups of PTs. The accessible statistical sample includes 50 participating PETs and 21 participating PEMTs from Iran. The PETs of Farhangian University of Isfahan were divided into two groups: 42 students who had not learned the concept of geometric transformations in their undergraduate program (NPGT), and 8 students who had learned this concept in their undergraduate program )PGT). To assess the level of geometric thinking among participants, a self-made geometric test based on Van Hiele’s theory was utilized. The test reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which yielded a value of 0.68. Additionally, the validity of the test has been confirmed by some professors. In evaluating geometric thinking, a cognitive science method was performed. This method involved designing a psychophysical experiment and recording eye movements of the PMETs. The psychophysical experiment part was conducted in the computer laboratory of Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, and was performed by Eyelink device and MATLAB software on student teachers of mathematics education of this university.

The results of the research show that students recognize the shape with symmetry as a symmetrical shape, but they perform poorly in determining the type of symmetry of symmetrical shapes, especially when a shape has rotational symmetry or oblique axial symmetry or a combination of several types of symmetry. In the first stage, the evaluation of PETs responses showed that 34% of them were in the first level and 18% in the second level of Van Hiele. The cognitive findings revealed that PMETs demonstrated superior performance in recognizing symmetries characterized by a single type of symmetry, in contrast to shapes involving combinations of various symmetries. Examining the recorded eye-tracking images of the students revealed a difference in gaze patterns between the groups that gave correct and incorrect answers. In addition, this difference is also evident among images with different symmetries (reflection, central, rotational).

The current research confirms the weakness of students in identifying the type of symmetry in symmetrical shapes. It also emphasizes the need to pay more attention to the training of PTs during their academic years. To address this, it is suggested to revise the curriculum concerning geometric transformations in the university courses for PTs training, additionally, the utilization of software such as Augmented Reality (AR) and GeoGebra can .contribute to enhancing cognitive and visual abilities of PTs in comprehending the concept of symmetry

The current research aims to assess the feasibility of groundwater resources in two soft and hard formations of the Shamil-Takht basin using logic and operators Fuzzy and Boolean in the GIS environment. For this purpose, eight and seven thematic layers in the soft and the hard formations were investigated and analyzed separately. The layers were prepared in a raster format in the GIS environment and then each of the layers was classified according to the values of usefulness obtained with Fuzzy membership degree and 0 and 1 Boolean values. In the next step, AND and Gamma operators for Fuzzy layers and Algebraic Multiplication operators for Boolean logic were used in combining layers. The groundwater potential map of the studied area was obtained from the desired pixels resulting from performing the operations at the output. Based on this, in Fuzzy logic, 77.1% of the area of soft formation and 11% of the area of hard formation, and in Boolean logic, 24.1% of the area of soft formation and 1.74% of the area of hard formation had the possibility of water sources. Areas with high potential of groundwater resources were in areas with low slope and cultivated and areas with weak potential of water resources were in areas with alluvial and sedimentary formations. Also, the field investigations confirm that the emerging springs and existing wells in the Shamil-Takht basin are located in the areas with the lowest slope and high density of the waterway.

Colonoscopy is the main method of colon examination. Acceptable bowel preparation plays an effective role in examining the bowel. Diagnosis and treatment of colon polyps or non-bulging lesions such as vascular malformations and serrated polyps depend on the degree of intestinal cleanliness at the time of assessment. On the other hand, insufficient preparation makes the evaluation more difficult, the evaluation is incomplete, increases the time of colonoscopy and the need to repeat the procedure, and this increases the cost. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine and prepare the large intestine for colonoscopy with pidrolox produced in Iran with and without Senagraf syrup in two centers affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences.

In the present prospective, double-blind descriptive study conducted in 2016 on 273 patients in need of non-emergency colonoscopy referred to Shahid Motahari and Shahid Faqihi clinics of Shiraz, Iran, 227 patients were randomly selected into two drug (111) and control groups. (116) were categorized and studied. The effect of adding Senagraf to pidrolox manufactured in Iran with pidrolox along with placebo on the level of intestinal readiness (based on Ottawa scoring) in eligible patients (20-78 years old) who were willing to enter the study was investigated and compared. Collected data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square statistical tests.

The average score of intestinal cleanliness in whole and as well by different parts, in the drug group, was lower than the control group, which confirms better preparation (p=0.001). Compared to older people, younger people had cleaner intestines (p=0.001). The level of bowel preparation in female patients was also better than male patients (p=0.001). The travel time from the rectum to the cecum and the return time from the cecum to the rectum were significantly less than the control group (p=0.001). No significant side effects were observed in both groups.

Adding senna to Iranian polyethylene glycol (PEG) before colonoscopy increased bowel preparation and reduces colonoscopy time, without causing additional side effects.

Little information is available concerning ionic composition of the suitable nutrient solution for fodder maize production in soilless culture. Therefore, the aim of this study was to select a basic nutrient solution for production of fodder maize in soilless culture. A pot experiment was carried out as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with two factors of nutrient solutions and cultivar types and four replications in the research greenhouse of Shahrekord University. The nutrient solutions were: 1) full-strength Hoagland and Arnon, 2) half-strength Hoagland and Arnon, 3) Barry and Miller, 4) Alexander et al., and 5) Ruakura. Two maize cultivars of single cross hybrid 704 and single cross 410 were used. The results indicated that in both maize cultivars, the highest concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in leaf, stem and root were observed in the plants nourished with Ruakura nutrient solution. The application of Alexander et al. nutrient solution led to significant increase in potassium concentrations in leaf, stem, and root compared to other nutrient solutions. Optimum supply of nutrient requirements of maize with Ruakura nutrient solution resulted in significant increase in plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and leaf greenness index. In both maize cultivars, the highest shoot fresh and dry weights as well as water use efficiency were obtained in the plants nourished with Ruakura nutrient solution. Based on the results, application of Ruakura nutrient solution is suggested for the cultivation of both maize cultivars (i.e., single cross hybrid 704 and single cross 410) in soilless culture in order to produce fodder under the conditions similar to this study.

The educational environment has an important effect on students' learning and their learning activities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the students' views on clinical education environment in Aja university of medical sciences.

In this cross- sectional descriptive analytic study, the climate governing the educational environment was measured using the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) standard questionnaire. The research population was all the students of the clinical training course of Aja University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Sampling was done by proportional stratified method and randomly in each stratum. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistical tests using SPSS.

The results showed that the average of the total educational climate is 3.19 ± 0.50, which indicates a relatively favorable situation. The highest average score of students' perception was 3.42 ± 0.65 related to the area of students' perception of their academic ability and the lowest average score was related to students' perception of learning with an average of 2.97 ± 0.60. There was no significant relationship between the gender variable and students' perception of the educational atmosphere (P< 0.05). In addition, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the GPA variable of students and their perceptions of the overall environment of clinical education (P=0.002). There was significant relationship between the variable of school and students' perception of clinical education environment (P= 0.010).

The atmosphere of clinical education from the perspective of the students in this study was relatively favorable. Improvement is needed to have a better quality educational environment, and future qualitative studies are recommended to confirm and deeply understand this finding.

This study was aimed at comparing Viola spp. populations collected from north and northwest of Iran to investigate the adaptability and feasibility of their domestication under climatic conditions of Gorgan. The whole plant samples together with their rhizomes were collected from nine habitats in Golestan, Mazandaran, Gilan, East Azerbaijan, and Kermanshah provinces during the growing season. After botanical approval and receiving herbarium code, the rhizomes were cultivated under the same soil and climate with three replications. Their yield components and physiological, morphological, and phytochemical traits were measured after one crop year at flowering stage. The results showed that these populations were from V. alba Besser, V. odorata L., V. sieheana W.Becker, and V. ignobilis Rups. species. All populations produced flowers and seeds after one crop year. The populations differed significantly (P<0.01). V. ignobilis from Kermanshah had the highest amount of root and aerial parts fresh weight, aerial parts dry weight, and leaf area. The highest amount of root and aerial parts length belonged to V. sieheana from Alangdare. V. alba from Ziarat had the highest amount of total phenols (45.74 mg gallic acid per gram of dry extract) and total flavonoids (20.24 mg quercetin per gram of dry extract). The highest amount of chlorophylls a and b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins was observed in V. odorata from Bandargaz. The highest antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods was found in V. alba from Afratakhte and the highest one by FRAP was observed in V. odorata from Qarnabad. The highest amount of total antioxidant was measured in V. alba and V. oderata populations from Ziarat region. Overall, the results proved the considerable traits diversity in Viola spp. populations. This diversity could be due to the high genetic potential among different populations, differences in environmental conditions, or the interaction of population and environment.

In this paper, the carrier selection problem is addressed with the purpose of avoiding shortage regarding vehicle necessity and creating a vehicle rental framework agreement. Achieving in-time delivery of relief supplies to the disaster inflicted areas is of utmost significance in terms of humanitarian relief. We propose a new two-stage stochastic model for determining the pre-disaster and post-disaster decisions in order to delivering relief items to the injured survivors. The pre-disaster phase focuses on determining amount of vehicle in the framework of contracts with suppliers, and deciding an appropriate coverage distance with regards to time and cost. The post-disaster phase aims to respond to the requests made by disaster inflicted areas swiftly and cost-effectively. The proposed MILP model considers a scenario-based approach to handle the uncertainty of demand. The L-shaped algorithm is used to solve this model. A real case study is presented with the aim of demonstrating the efficiency of the model. Moreover, numerical analyses are practiced to illustrate the importance and impact of the cost and the number of vehicle rental contracts in the studied problem. Finally, managerial insights have been presented to assist the relief organization management in making appropriate and efficient decisions.

Getting infected with Covid-19 in pregnant women has more serious risks than their non-pregnant counterparts. On the other hand, the information of midwives in this matter is not enough and it seems that training in this field is necessary. Therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the educational needs of midwives in the conditions of the newly emerging disease of Covid-19.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from May to June 2020 on 283 midwives in North Khorasan province who had access to the Internet and communication software. Subjects were selected by available sampling method. Information was collected using the form of individual-social characteristics and a needs assessment questionnaire designed based on health protocols to fight against Covid-19, which was prepared electronically. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software.

Midwives needed training in all areas including pregnancy (3.66±0.70), childbirth (3.60±0.90), postpartum care (3.62±0.90), breastfeeding (3.64±0.90), mental health (3.69±0.80), sexual intercourse (3.61±0.90) and personal protection (3.31±1.06). Pamphlets (48.4%) were the most common source of midwives' information and receiving information about Covid-19 through online education systems (44.88%) was the best preferred source among midwives.

The greatest educational need of midwives in North Khorasan province during the Covid-19 pandemic is the need for educational topics in the field of mental health and the least educational need is related to the field of personal protection.

A meta-analysis on two microarray-based data was performed to identify the statistically enriched gene sets in Arabidopsis thaliana treated with nanoparticle (NPs) using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Log fold change (FC) of the gene expression under NPs treatment, compared to the control, was manually calculated in excel after data merging, to find gens with the highest expression under the treatment. GSEA analysis revealed that under NPs treatment, different pathways related to organ morphogenesis, cell adhesion molecule binding, epithelial development, immune response regulating signaling pathway, regulatory region nucleic acid binding, supramolecular complex, taxis (directed movement in response to stimulus), tube development, and vacuole were differentially expressed. Top 10 up-regulated genes under NPs treatment based on the Enrichment Score (ES) were AT1G69510, AT5G29000, AT3G17880, AT5G14590, AT5G57655, AT2G30530, AT1G55530, AT1G01770, AT2G17220, and AT2G25460. Many of these genes are involved in the response to stress and in the plant defense signaling.

Objective-wise, this research falls into the applied category, while a qualitative method has been used, and the model has been designed based on the Delphi method. The statistical population consisted of all educational and administration sciences professors, senior executives of higher education institutes, and deputy directors of the seven school districts in the city of Mashhad during the school year of 2017-2018. Having designed the initial conceptual model based on theoretical background and qualitative analysis, we sent the dimensions and components of the model to 20 well-informed individuals, and the validity of each question was assessed and surveyed in three different stages of the Delphi method. Moreover, after some recommended modifications were made in the questionnaire for this study based on the findings, the final draft of the questionnaire was prepared. Therefore, face validity has been the basis for the assessment of the validity of the research tool, for points of view of well-informed individuals have been used. Factor analysis has also been used. Using the data obtained from the pre-test for a sample consisting of 25 individuals, the Cronbach's alpha was calculated to be greater than 0.8, which indicates the high reliability of the research tool used. Based on the findings of this research, the competence model consists of four dimensions -- individual, communicative, organizational and professional -- and 32 components. Furthermore, the succession method consisted of four stages -- determining policies, assessing candidates, training candidates and evaluating their effectiveness -- and 9 components.

The Ay Qalasi Pb-Zn (Ag) epithermal deposit is located in the south east of Takab, northwest of Iran and is formd at the Urmia-Dokhtar magmatic belt and the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone intersection. Based on microscopic and EPMA analysis, the composition of this series is tennantite-tetrahedrite. These minerals are mainly replaced in host minerals. The EPMA analysis data show that their chemical composition is a function of the mineralogical composition of the sulfide ores in which they have been replaced. Tertiary dacitic domes replacement adjacent to the deposit has led to the formation of hydrothermal solutions with high fugacity of sulfur and arsenic, and to a lesser extent antimony. Due to the fault's reactivation, the initial sulfide minerals to be brecciated and provides the conditions for the penetration of these fluids. The penetration and circulation of these fluids in the brecciated parts of the deposit, due to the high fugacity of sulfur and arsenic, impose new thermodynamic conditions on the system, which in turn leads to the instability of sulfide minerals. In the new condition, the clasts of sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite ores react with these fluids to form sulfosalt minerals of tennantite-tetrahedrite series.

An efficient design of a water supply and wastewater collection system is significantly important to tackle the natural uncertainty of this system and the sustainable development goals in developing countries like Iran. To address the natural uncertainty in the water supply and the challenge of global warming, this design must be robust and this motivates a robust optimization. To consider the sustainability criteria, this design should cover all economic, environmental and social impacts. Hence, this study develops innovative solutions based on recent and traditional metaheuristic algorithms for a robust and sustainable water supply and wastewater collection system. Red deer algorithm (RDA) and Keshtel algorithm (KA) as the recent algorithms, are employed. These recent algorithms are compared with the state-of-the-art methods like genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). An application of our model and algorithms, is tested on a case study in North Khorasan province. After performing some analyses on the performance of our algorithms and sensitivities on the model, a discussion is provided to conclude managerial insights and findings for practitioners in the applied system.

Only a limited amount of water on the earth is suitable for domestic, industrial, or agricultural applications. Accordingly, seawater must be treated and turned into freshwater to meet the need of the growing population. The desalination process is conducted in industrial plants. One of the most significant causes of failures in desalination plants is the phenomenon of corrosion which occurs in different forms, particularly in the form of localized corrosion. Two main reasons for such corrosion failures are the high sodium chloride concentration in seawater and the incorrect design of different components. Unanticipated corrosion may contribute to unexpected stops, resulting in lower productivity and more importantly, loss of life. Thus, corrosion control technology will reduce emergency stops and increase efficiency. It is achievable to prevent future failures in this industry by analyzing previous failures, their origins, and prevention methods. Therefore, these subjects have been discussed in this paper, and some case studies have been reviewed.

Due to the importantance of sugar in daily consumption of Iranian households, governments annually store sugar as a strategic reserve. Therefore, managing and timing adjustment for the inventory of this product is essential in its ability to compete in markets, modifying the temporal and spatial distribution of products and inputs in economic subdivisions. In recent years, at national scale there was extra sugar in warehouses and a few cases of shortages in stock were exception. Higher sugar production along with lower sale, will increase the costs, so the aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting sugar surplus and its export in Iran data time searies 1991-2017. In this study our results showed that sugar beet and sugar price as product price did not play a decisive role in stock surplus. Therefore, the stock surplus can neither be the result of price policies nor it be resolved through price policies. It seems that the government should adopt other policies, such as adjusting the timing of import decisions, resolving conflicts between government objectives, and providing strategic reserves from domestic products and gradual elimination of imports, support factories for improving and upgrading equipment, and help sugar beet producers to achieve cheaper product rather than using price policies related to sugar and sugar beet prices.

In this study, the chronoamperometry technique was used to investigate the electrodeposition mechanism of copper/ nickel-phosphor multilayer coatings using the single-bath method. In this regard, the influence of bath components on current transients was studied by fitting two and three-dimensional nucleation and growth models. In the potential range of nickel reduction, hydrogen evolution reaction co-occurs; Therefore, the current contribution of this process, as well as surface absorption and charge of the electric double layer current densities, were considered in these fittings. The reduction mechanism from the final bath was instantaneous nucleation with three-dimensional diffusion-controlled growth. Fitting results reveal that the existence of copper and phosphorus in the bath had an incentive role in the three-dimensional deposition of nickel-rich layers. Although copper-nickel citrate baths are commonly employed for alloy deposition, AAS and EDX analyses revealed that deposition of nickel-rich layers at potentials less than -0.8 V is achievable, and phosphorus co-deposits with nickel. Finally, FE-SEM analysis was used to investigate the morphology of copper-rich and nickel-rich monolayers, which revealed the formation of uniform and spherical deposits, and confirmed the results of the chronoamperometry approach. The potentials of -0.3 and -1.1 V vs. SCE were the most appropriate potentials for generating copperrich and nickel-rich layers, respectively, in terms of particle shape, size, and uniformity.

In this research, an ozone gas-based oxidation technique for enhancement of delignification along with urea-based chemical treatment as a nitrogen source was used to improve the nutritional value of wheat straw. The experiments were performed with four treatments and three replications in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments of wheat straw were 1. Untreated sample, 2. Separate treatment with urea (3% w/w, 24 h), 3. Separate treatment with ozone (3 g/h, 45 min), and 4. Combined treatment of ozone (3 g/h, 45 min) with urea (3% w/w, 24 h). The results showed that ozonized treatments had a significant improvement (P<0.01) in the nutritional value of wheat straw compared to the untreated and urea-treated samples. Also, According to the results, the combined ozone-urea treatment increased the nutritional value of wheat straw more than urea and ozone treatment alone. The combined ozone-urea treatment caused a reduction of 18.28%, 7.97%, and 50% in NDF, ADF, and ADL, respectively. Also, improving the nutritional value was observed by increasing 333.3%, 22.5%, 23.67%, and 35.34% in CP, bonded organic-N, TDN, and RFV, respectively, and improvement of gas production parameters were obtained by increasing 100.21%, 63.76%, 34.93%, and 46.43% for GP24, ME, IVOMD24, and SCFA, respectively, as compared to control sample. Overall, from the results of this study, it can be concluded that combined ozone-urea treatment is comparable to traditional and existing novel treatment methods, which due to its ability to perform at ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure, and short-time treatment, can be used as a suitable alternative in agricultural straw treatments.

Father's participation is a broad, active and positive participation in the child's life and has three dimensions. The impact of father interaction is independent of the mothers' share, and the value of the father's love and affection in the child's health is as great as the mother's. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of infant care virtual education program on the dimensions of father participation.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 83 participants. The fathers of the intervention group were trained by Soroush messenger at the same time as the child grew up. At four times, at the end of days 3 to 5 after birth, and 2, 4, 6 months after birth, the questionnaire on the degree of father's participation in the care of the infant was completed by the mother. Data were compared with repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the two groups were homogeneous at 3 to 5 days (before the intervention). However, the scores of direct interaction between child and father and access dimension, at two months, four months, and six months, and responsibility and funding at four months and six months in the intervention group were higher than the control group (p <001).

Considering the current widespread use of virtual networks and its impact on people's lives and the important role of the father in the growth and development of the child, it is recommended to use this useful and cost-effective method to educate fathers and even mothers to increase public health.

The exceptional application of nanocomposites containing polyaniline as a conductive polymer, poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as an acrylic resin and Fe3O4 nanoparticles, for corrosion protection of mild steel was reported. The synthesized nanocomposites, were characterized with different techniques. The resulting PMMA/Polyaniline/Fe3O4 nanocomposites were mixed with industrial alkyd paint to be employed as an anti-corrosion layer for mild steel in a NaCl solution. Accordingly, the potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied in order to investigate the corrosion behavior of the coated mild steel. Based on the results, the nanocomposites showed outstanding anti-corrosion properties compared with other composites coating. After investigating various compositions of the nanocomposites (3, 6, 9 and 12%) in the alkyd paint, the ideal composition related to the most favorable corrosion protection was obtained for the paint mixture comprising 6% nanocomposites.

Diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus face many health-related problems. One of the therapeutic methods derived from positive psychology to reduce health-related problems is the well-being therapy method. As a result, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of well-being therapy on fasting blood sugar, depression, happiness, and optimism in diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus.

This study was semi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design with a control group. The research population includes diabetic patients rescued from the Coronavirus who were members of Mashhad diabetes association in 2020. Forty people were selected by purposive sampling technique and randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group was trained 10 sessions of 90 minutes with the well-being therapy method (two sessions per week) and the control group was placed on the waiting list for training. The research tools were the blood sugar test and questionnaires of depression, happiness, and optimism. Data were analyzed using tests of chi-square, independent t, and multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the groups in the pretest stage were not significantly different in terms of fasting blood sugar, depression, happiness, and optimism (p<0.05), but in the posttest stage there was a significant difference in terms of all four variables (p<0.001). In other words, the well-being therapy led to a decrease in fasting blood sugar and depression and an increase in happiness and optimism in diabetic patients rescued from Coronavirus.

Based on the results of this research, health experts and therapists can use the well-being therapy method along with other treatment methods for health-related interventions.

Strontium hexaferrite M-type nanoparticles doped with La and Cu (SrFe12-xCuxO19-Sr1-xLaxFe12-xCuxO19) with different mole fractions (x=0.1-0.2-0.3-0.4-0.5) synthesized by self-combustion sol-gel technique. Firstly, a gel of metal nitrates with the above-mentioned mole fractions were fabricated and the obtained powder was cured at 950°C. Microstructural properties and the morphology of the compounds were investigated by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, in order to investigate the magnetic properties, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) was used. SEM images revealed that the particles had an average size of about 100 nm. Cu2+ ions were substituted with Fe3+ ions within the crystalline sites of SrFe12O19 structure. It was shown that the lattice parameter (a) remained approximately unchanged with an increase in Cu-dopped while the lattice parameter (c) decreased with increasing the mole fraction (x). By using VSM hysteresis diagrams, it was observed that the saturated magnetization and coercive force increased with the addition of La; this was attributed to the variation in the distribution of ions and the shape anisotropy of the nanoparticles. These significant changes in the magnetic properties were for the sample with the composition of Sr1-xLaxFe12-xCuxO19 and SrFe12-xCuxO19, for the x=0.1 and x=0.5, respectively.

‎Any notion of purity is normally defined in terms of‎ ‎solvability of some set of equations‎. ‎To study mathematical notions‎, ‎such as injectivity‎, ‎tensor products‎, ‎flatness‎, ‎one needs to have some categorical and‎ ‎algebraic information about the pair (${mathcal A}$,${mathcal M}$)‎, ‎for a category $mathcal A$‎ ‎and a class $mathcal M$ of monomorphisms in a category $mathcal A$‎. ‎In this paper we take $mathcal A$ to be the category {bf Act-S}‎ ‎of $S$-acts‎, ‎for a semigroup $S$‎, ‎and ${mathcal M}_{sp}$ to be‎ ‎the class of $C_I^{sp}$-pure monomorphisms and study some‎ ‎categorical and algebraic properties of this class concerning the closure operator $C_I^{sp}$‎.

The present study aimed to identify factors impact on self-efficacy and determine the relationships among such factors; also, to provide solutions and offer suggestions to boost self-efficacy among NLAI research staff.

Grounded Theory method is employed in this study. Research staff members were invited to participate in the study based of their first-hand knowledge, experience or views. Open-ended and semi-structured interviews were carried out until saturation. A total of 26 interviews were conducted. Interview data was analysed in three stages, including open, axial, and selective coding. In open coding stage, meaningful concepts were extracted from the texts of the interviews and formulated as the components of research self-efficacy. In the axial coding stage, the components obtained from the previous stage were analysed and classified into the main categories of the central category, namely contextual conditions, interveners, causal conditions, strategies and consequences. In the selective coding stage, the relationships between main categories and the central category of the theoretical model were developed. Four criteria of credibility (accuracy of descriptions and findings by reviewing the texts of interviews and removing ambiguities from the interviewees), transferability (degree of generalizability of the results to other contexts and environments considering the in-depth description of the results), dependability (through accurate and documented recording of research information and process), and confirmability (avoidance of biases).

A total of 80 factors were identified in relation to the central category of "research self-efficacy". They were classified into 5 categories, namely, contextual conditions, causal conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences, including 3, 16, 21, 23, and 17 concepts, respectively. Highest frequency belonged to "psychological characteristics", "centrality of research in the organization", "management and planning in the organization", "material and spiritual support", and "organization progress" from contextual conditions, causal conditions, interveners, strategies, and consequences, respectively.

In general, components of research self-efficacy in the organization are related to individual, organizational and extra-organizational factors. Improving and attending to each of these components will lead to the growth and improvement of research self-efficacy in the organization, which ultimately results in the promotion of the research position of the organization. Findings showed that interviewees acknowledged the importance and role of research in promoting the position of the organization as well as the role of faculty members and researchers in strengthening the authority of the organization and found it necessary for the organization to support the research categories, including "research self-efficacy".

As a result of the Covid-19 outbreak in Iran and other countries of the world, face-to-face training in schools and universities was changed to distance eductaion, which has had different consequences. The purpose of this study was to identify and categorize educational harms and challenges using existing measures and evidence from recent international data. The results of this study can be used to better understand the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on learners' learning as a practical and generalizable framework for epidemic management in the field of education in Iran and other countries.

The present qualitative study was performed using the document content analysis method. First, by reviewing electronic databases, all available documents and articles related to education and Covid-19 were identified. All multimedia files, including audio, text and video files during winter 1399 were searched in Internet websites and databases using keywords based on the above criteria. The selection of documents was purposeful considering the four criteria of JUPP. After multi-stage screening, 65 documents were finally selected and analyzed after coding.

Educational harms and challenges caused by Covid-19 outbreak in Iran and other countries were identified and recorded in 29 areas.

It can be concluded that although online education is an immediate need in the process of learning and teaching with many benefits, proposing managerial and executive solutions to address the harms and challenges can form the basis of a rich method of eeducational ducation during and after the Covid-19 era.

Chickpea is an important grain legume in Asia, and makes a significant contribution to the food and nutrition security of the people. Fusarium wilt is an important disease of chickpea, causing significant yield loss. This malady is the most important and destructive soil-borne disease of chickpea in Iran. Excessive use of chemical fungicides to control this soil-born pathogen can have adverse effects on human health and environment, and can lead to fungal resistance to fungicides. Increasing induced resistance using resistance inducers as bio-fertilizers can be considered as an alternative method to plant disease control. The use of nitroxine a bio-fertilizer containing Azosprillium and Azotobacter species as well as mycorrhizal fungi to induce systemic resistance mechanisms has been demonstrated in different plants under biotic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers to induce acquired resistance in chickpea plant under pathogen stress as compared to non-infected plants.

The change of some antioxidant enzymes and gene expression analysis was examined to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on increasing resistance in chickpea plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum fsp. ciceri. A factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2014. The eight treatments included: 1) Plant control without infection (sh), 2) Fusarium oxysporum (Foc), 3) Mycorrhiza (Gi), 4) Nitroxin (N), 5) Mycorrhiza+Nitroxin+Infection (GI+N+F), 6) Mycorrhiza+Nitroxin (GI+N), 6) Mycorrhiza + Fusarium oxysporum (Gi+F) and 8) Nitroxin+Fusarium (N+F). Mycorrhiza, Fusarium oxysporum and Nitroxin+Fusarium (M+F+N) were used in this study. Catalase, Proxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase activity was assessed by spectrophotometer with corresponding wavelengths. Total RNA was isolated using an extraction kit, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Real-time RT-PCR was performed in a thermocycler using the following program: 5 min at 94 °C, followed by 35 cycles of 30sec at 95°C, 30 min at 59°C and 30 min at 72 °C, with final extension for 10min at 72°C. All acquired data were analyzed using SAS software version 9 and mean values were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The changes of transcript level were measured via a comparative technique. Actin genes were used as internal reference.

Data analysis revealed that the highest rate of total phenol and protein (50/292 mg/mL) in treated plants was related to nitroxin and mycorrhiza treatments, respectively. The greatest change in all three enzymes was observed in mycorrhiza treatment 72h after plant infection. Mean comparison of gene expression data at different time intervals showed a high expression level 72h after plant infection in mycorrhizal application. Our results indicated that the maximum effect of bio-fertilizer application occurred 72h following plant infection with the pathogen. Application of both biofertilizers without Fusarium infection did not show any significant change in the expression level of the two tested gene.

Biofertilizer agents can improve plant growth through several different mechanisms such as protecting the plant under stressful conditions and defense against plant pathogen which can lead to reduced disease and death. The increase of total phenol and protein as the precursor of plant defense mechanism through apply biofertilizers in infected plants indicated the efficiency of these compounds to reduce disease. Antioxidant enzymes as a biomarker were used to evaluate the effect of exogenic compounds on increasing plant resistance against biotic stress. As with a similar work, we found a correlation between biofertilizer application and enzyme activity. Other parameters such as phenotypic characters and yield components can be used as a marker to investigate the effect of biofertilizers in these domains. Analysis of variance of the data related to gene expression confirmed the efficiency of biofertilizers on inducing resistance. Based on our results, we recommended use of biofertilizers in a single or mixture form to improve growth conditions in stressed plants especially under biotic stress. To make the bio-fertilizer more efficient in the field, a coordinated work by different science domains as bacteriology, chemistry, genetics, and agronomy as well as farmers as bio-fertilizer consumers seems necessary. This coordination could facilitate the adaptation of fungi and bacterium-based bio-fertilizers to different agriculture systems.

The present study intended to determine and report patient effective dose on the basis of patients and exposure data.

A nationwide computed tomography (CT) survey was provided as a report of patient doses in 2015-2016. Scan details were collected for nearly 2,000 adults and children in four age groups subjected to CT examinations. From total 565 CT scanners in different models in Iran, 120 different scanners were sampled. ImpactDose software was used to calculate the effective dose (ED) by collecting the necessary data also as an alternative fast method, the ED was estimated by multiplying dose length product (DLP) and a conversion factor.

There was a high variation in doses received by patients. The estimated EDs by the DLP and conversion factor were lower (except for sinus protocol) than those by ImpactDose software (p=0.014). The mean EDs were 1.09, 0.66, 7.70 and 13.29 mSv for adult patients’ procedures of head, sinus, chest and abdomen-pelvis, respectively. In terms of CTDIvol and DLP, in Iran the mean effective doses were significantly lower than other countries.

Publishing guidelines and exposure tables according to patient situations is necessary to decrease variations in doses and exposure parameters. Since the DLP conversion factor leads to a considerable discrepancy in calculating ED, when there is a need for precise dose calculations, the DLP conversion factor should not be used. Furthermore, it is suggested that ED be used as DRL, instead of CTDIvol.