فهرست مطالب m. haghighi

Lisianthus is a slow-growing flowering plant whose seed germination and growth is a challenge in the tropics. Due to the marketability of this type of cut flower, this study was performed in two experiments to investigate the effect of seaweed extract (SWE) and LED on the growth of seedlings of two cultivars of lisianthus (namely Ariana and Mariachi) and its effect on flowering as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The first experiment consisted of LED treatments with blue, red, blue-red, and white light at concentrations of 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ml/L of seaweed extract and control treatment (no treatment) with 8 replications. According to the results of the first experiment, the greatest leaf width and stem diameter were observed in the presence of blue light and the greatest leaf diameter was observed in the presence of red-blue combined light. In the second experiment, conducted 60 days after the second experiment, the greatest number of flower buds per plant and stem length were observed under the white light condition. Also, in Arena cultivar, concentrations of 500 and 750 ml/L of seaweed extract led to a greater number of flower buds per plant than the control treatment. Increases in morphological traits of leaf width and diameter, leaf length, and internode length were observed upon exposure to blue light and red-blue combined light in both of the experiments. Enhancements in most of the morphological traits in both experiments was observed in the presence of blue light and red-blue LED combined light. According to the results of this study, it seems that production of Arena cultivar in the presence of blue light and a concentration of 500 ml /L of seaweed extract is more feasible than the other cultivar and light and seaweed amendments.

Drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth and production and leads to a reduction of more than 50% in the average production of most crops worldwide. Drought stress due to increased soil osmotic potential, especially in greenhouses where fertilizer consumption is high, is one of the greenhouse crop problems.

In the present study, two concentrations of polyethylene glycol at three levels of 0 (D1), -1.48 (D2), 4-91 (D3 ds/m to create different levels of drought stress due to osmotic changes in culture medium and application of KCl two levels (0 (K1) and 6 (K2) mmol / l) was used to reduce the possible effects. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. To apply drought stress, pot water was measured using a tensiometer, and when the drought reached below the field capacity (FC), irrigation with different concentrations of PEG and once a week spraying with KCl at the desired concentrations was done. Cucumber seeds were planted directly in 5 kg plastic pots containing a mixture of potting soil, including soil + sand + animal manure in the ratio of 1 + 2 + 0.5. The number of seedlings in each pot was 2 to 3 kg, which was reduced to one seedling seventeen days after sowing the seeds in the stage of three to four leaves. KCl spraying and spraying began in the three to the four-leaf stage of the seedlings and lasted for about a month. The plants were kept in the greenhouse during the experiment with an average temperature of 25 ° C and relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the experiment, dry weight, fresh weight, chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence, flavonoids, carotenoids, proline, phenol, total protein, abscisic acid, superoxide, and ascorbate peroxidase, antioxidants, and catalase were measured.

The results showed that the effect of foliar application of potassium in all traits except chlorophyll fluorescence and superoxide dismutase was significant (P <0.01). According to the obtained results, ccontrol treatment increased the amount of antioxidants and catalase, but the application of K2 on most of the measured parameters, including dry weight, fresh weight, chlorophyll, flavonoids, carotenoids, proline, phenol, total protein, abscisic acid, and superoxide disodium showed a positive effect. In D3 with the addition of K2 the highest amount of phenol and protein was observed. Also, the content of abscisic acid in all treatments increased with the addition of K2 and the highest amount was observed in D3 which can be concluded that the use of potassium at a concentration of 6 mM Acceptable cut. According to the results obtained in this study, it can be stated that the plant tries to maintain its osmotic pressure in the face of drought stress, and this is done by increasing osmolites such as proline and antioxidant enzymes that help maintain plant cell pressure and torsion. Potassium application can reduce the adverse effects of drought stress by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes and preserving chlorophyll. Thus, the cell continues its vital activities and ultimately produces more acceptable performance under these conditions. In other words, increasing the antioxidant activity in drought conditions along with the application of potassium leads to a higher inhibitory capacity of reactive oxygen species and production stability in these conditions. Therefore, to compensate for at least some harmful effects of stress and help the plant to return to normal growth conditions after re-irrigation, foliar application of such elements can be effective in drought resistance of the plant and play a role. Based on the findings of this study, it seems that the application of potassium with a concentration of 6 mM is the most effective.

In order to investigate the effect of salinity on the physiology of two cultivars of green and orange bell peppers, an experiment was conducted at the Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran in 2019. The experiment was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse, in which treatments included four salinity levels (irrigation with normal water, irrigation with saline 1.5, 4.5, and 6.5 dS/m). Increasing the salinity level increased the activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme in orange bell pepper. The highest amount of activity of this enzyme was achieved in orange cultivar when grown in the presence of 6.5 dS/m saline water. Green bell peppers had a higher starch content than orange bell peppers at all salinity levels. Also, with increasing salinity, the K concentration of roots and shoots and Na concentration of shoots increased compared to the normal water irrigation condition. An increasing trend in proline and phenol concentrations was observed with increasing salinity level. Also, increasing salinity level significantly reduced transpiration, stomatal conductance and CO2 concentration in the sub-stomatal space. With increasing salinity level, the abscisic acid and carotenoids concentrations in the leaves increased. In general, salinity led to adverse effects on an array of the examined physiological attributes of both genotypes, though, orange cultivar seemed to be more tolerant to the saline water, compared to the green pepper.

 Agaricus bisporus is the important mushroom that is cultivated industrially and due to its medicinal properties, it has special nutritional importance in the food basket of the people of the world. It is predicted that with increasing population and changing consumption patterns, food will be one of the most critical issues in the country soon and protein poverty will be one of the most critical leading crises. Mushroom can be the best choice for the supply of essential human protein because they produce protein-rich foods using agricultural waste. Mushrooms are also rich sources of essential amino acids, vitamins (B2, niacin and folate), and minerals. White button mushroom production accounts for about 35% of the total world production of edible mushroom. The production of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) depends on planting, amount of spawn consumed, growing conditions, species and media of cultivated edible mushroom.
 The present study aims to investigate the effect of vitamins B and C on growth, yield of button mushroom and its postharvest life. The study was performed in two separate experiments in the mushroom factory and storage. The experiment was performed in the mushroom factory located in Khomeini Shahr city of Isfahan province and experiments related to the laboratory section and the research laboratories of the Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. In this study, a box culture system was used to grow mushrooms. For this purpose, in order to prepare the culture media and prevent the mixing of culture media containing different treatments, cardboard plastic was used to make the boxes. First, in order to eliminate the pathogens, tiram fungicide is used for 24 hours. Cartonoplasts were then placed at specific distances of 30 cm by 30 cm. To eliminate pathogens, the composts were steamed in an autoclave at 121 ° C at a pressure of 1.34 atmospheres for 15 minutes and boarded and treatments were applied. Treatments include 3 levels of vitamin C (0, 3 and 6 mg / kg) (C0, C1 and 2C), 3 levels of vitamin B (0, 0.5 and 1 mg / kg) (B0, B1 and B2) was performed by factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (40). Vitamin B complex, including vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12 and B9 were prepared in a ratio of 1: 2: 2: 5: 4. The treatments were applied to the composts used in the bed after boarding and before applying topsoil. When the mushrooms reached the commercial harvest level, i.e., the cap was 2.5 to 8 cm, but the cap was not opened, the factors related to vegetative growth were measured as follows. The number of mushrooms during the harvest period was counted for all treatments and at the end of the period, the average number of mushrooms per unit area was calculated. Cap diameter and base of each fungus were measured with a caliper during the harvest period for all mushrooms. In order to estimate yield, the mushroom harvested daily were weighed from all replications of each treatment.
 The results showed that the nutritional supplements used in this study were effective in increasing vegetative growth and yield and the highest number of mushrooms and dry weight were related to vitamin treatment. The interaction effect of vitamin C and vitamin B on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of edible mushrooms at harvest time showed that dry weight increased at C1 and C2 with increasing concentration of B2 and decreased at C0. Cap diameter increased at all concentrations of vitamin C with increasing concentration of B2 and C2 had the highest amount. Base diameter was highest in C1 with increasing all concentrations of B vitamins compared to other treatments and lowest in C2 with concentration of B0. Ion leakage in C2 increased with increasing concentration of B2 and decreased in C0 and C1. The number of mushroom in C1 and C2 decreased with the addition of vitamin B and the highest number in C2 increased with the concentration of B0. The weight of grade 2 at C0 and C1 decreased with increasing concentrations of B2 and B1, respectively. Total yield was increased at all concentrations of vitamin C using B1. The highest total yield was observed in C1 treatment with B2 application. Total performance in control and C2 treatment decreased with increasing B2. Harvest time hardness increased in all three vitamin C treatments by increasing the concentration of B1, but increasing the concentration of B2 compared to B1 decreased. The highest increase was observed in the control treatment of vitamin C and the highest decrease was observed in the treatment of C2. Harvest time whiteness increased in C0 and C2 with the addition of vitamin B and decreased in C1. In general, in the control treatment of vitamin C in the two concentrations of B1 and B2, the highest amount of whitening time was observed. The highest amount of ash was observed in C2 with B2 application. In the postharvest experiment, the highest hardness after 32 days of storage was related to vitamin B treatment and the highest postharvest hardness, postharvest whiteness, and whiteness after 32 days of storage were related to vitamin C treatment. Also, the results of comparing the mean of interactions showed that the total yield in all three vitamin B treatments increased with the application of 3 mg/kg. The results of the second experiment showed that the rate of water loss in C1 with the addition of B2 concentration was the highest and in the control treatment was the lowest. The hardness increased after 32 days of storage in the control treatment and C2 with the application of B1, but decreased in C1 and C2 with the use of B2. The highest amount of whiteness was observed in C1 after 32 days of storage by increasing the concentration of C1, which was not statistically significant with the control treatment. It seems that there is not much difference between different concentrations of vitamin C in vegetative and postharvest fungal traits, but better results have been obtained by increasing the concentration of vitamin B. The results indicate that the effect of supplements on the yield of edible mushrooms is different so that adding appropriate amounts of supplements to the culture medium significantly increases crop yield. The results of this study showed that vitamin C1 treatment resulted in the highest dry and total weight, cap diameter, base diameter, and number of mushrooms. Wetter and drier cap and base diameters, ion leakage and water loss, were the highest in vitamin B2 treatment.

Today, nanotechnology is considered as a priority and strategic technology for all countries due to its wide range of applications. The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of various levels of dried Aloe vera extract nanoparticles on some hematological parameters, liver enzymes and immune responses of Siberian sturgeon (Acipencer baerii). Three hundred sixty Acipenser baerii (with mean weight of 10.95 ± 0.04 g), were randomly divided into three treatment groups including 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of nanoparticles of dried Aloe vera extract and one control group (without any additive), each in three replicates, stored in twelve tanks of 500-liter fiberglass with 350 liters water. Water physicochemical parameters were recorded daily. Nanoparticles of dried A. vera extract in a ratio of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% were added to the treatment groups diet for 2 months. At the end of the first and second months of rearing, the necessary samplings for hematology and serology studies were done. The results of this study showed that the amounts of RBC, Hb, Hct, MCV, WBC, lysozyme, ACH50 and IgM were significantly different in the treatment groups compared with the control group at the end of the study (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in liver enzymes including ALT, AST and ALP between treatments and control groups (p>0.05). In conclusion the results have shown that use of nanoparticles of dried A. vera extract had the impact of immune function booster and the usage of this nanoparticle mainly at the level of 1% in the diet can be used as a safety stimulant for Siberian sturgeon.

Brassinosteroids promote plant growth by enhancing some metabolic activities such as photosynthesis, nucleic acid biosynthesis, proteins and carbohydrates. Mechanisms of resistance and tolerance in plants have been developed to tolerate water deficit stress. One way to deal with drought is to use plant growth regulators. Brassinosteroids were first extracted from the pollen of turnip (Brassica napus) and were considered as the sixth group of plant growth regulators. These compounds stimulate growth and cell division and affect electrical properties, membrane permeability, stability and activity of membrane enzymes. Nowadays, brassinosteroids have been extracted from various plants and their structure and function have been identified.

This experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design on Capsicum annuum L. Castello cultivar under the average daily temperature of 25 °C and 18 °C at 75% relative humidity in greenhouses. Research conducted by the College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, with four drought treatments using polyethylene glycol 6000 solutions at four levels of 0, -6, -7, and -8 bar. Brassinosteroids were sprayed in two 1 μM control levels. Pepper seeds planted in transplanting trays containing 1 to 2 volumes perlite and vermiculite substrate. When the actual leaf of seedlings appeared, the root thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and then were transferred to black plastic containers with a diameter of 16 and height 13cm and 1L volume containing Johnson's nutrient solution including four dry treatments using 6000 polyethylene glycol solution and aerated in control for 15 minutes every 5 minutes. At the end of the experiment, vegetative factors such as fresh and dry weight of different parts of the plant, plant length, and volume, and physiological factors such as proline and abscisic acid content and chlorophyll fluorescence changes were measured.

The results of the analysis of variance table showed that brassinosteroid had no significant effect on most vegetative traits except root volume and weight and all physiological traits except chlorophyll fluorescence and the mentioned traits increased with the application of 1 mM brassinosteroid. However, the main effects of drought except for amino acid and the interaction of drought and brassinosteroids were significant on all traits. The results of the main drought effects showed that the root fresh weight at -8 bar and dry weight at -7 bar significantly decreased, whereas fresh and dry weight of the shoots at lower than -6 bar. The onset of decline showed that the root length and volume appeared to decrease with the onset of stress by -6 bar and the plant length also reduced with the first stress level. Drought stress at -6 bar level decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index and Abscisic acid while at -7 bar decreased protein and increased proline. The results also showed that the amount of sulfuric, essential and unnecessary amino acids were significantly reduced by drought stress and brassinosteroid had no effect. Total amino acid content decreased with drought stress but there was no significant difference with control. With increasing drought stress, the fresh and dry weights of shoots decreased and the intensity of shoots decreased. The intensity of shoot growth decreased with the use of brassinosteroids at moderate stress but the mentioned trait showed the same adverse effects at all levels of stress. Brasinosteroid application decreased stress indices such as proline (7%) and abscisic acid (50%) and this decrease was more pronounced in proline, especially in more severe treatments. Amino acid and protein levels decreased with drought stress, and the use of brassinosteroids could not be effectively affected by this reduction, especially for the compounds and the amount of amino acids. The results of biplot analysis showed that the vegetative and protein traits had better mean in stress condition in the presence and absence of stress and in higher stress severity and application of brassinosteroid affected root fresh weight and abscisic acid content more than the other traits. While in mild stress it seemed to be more effectively on the steroid and most of the vegetative and physiological traits than the control.

It seems that the application of brassinosteroids on pepper seedling in drought stress at a concentration of 1 μM is effective in maintaining vegetative properties and reducing negative effects of stress and reducing stress indices.

Gerbera is one of the significant cut flower crops worldwide suffering from loss of flower quality induced mainly by Calcium (Ca) deficiency. In this research, the influence of Humic Acid (HA) and Ca in nutrient solution was studied on the growth parameters of gerbera. A completely randomized hydroponic experiment was designed by adding HA (0, 100, 500, and 1,000 mg L-1) and Ca (3.5 and 7 meq L-1 nutrient solution) to the nutrient solution of gerbera, with three replications. The effects of the treatments were evaluated on the growth, protein content, proline content, transpiration, CO2 assimilation, photosynthesis, SPAD value, number of harvested flower, and antioxidant activity in gerbera cv. Malibu. Results showed that decreasing Ca level to 3.5 meq L-1 decreased Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), and CO2 assimilation. However, this treatment caused an increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA), protein content, proline content, chlorophyll, and photosynthesis. Transpiration and number of harvested flowers were not affected by Ca concentration significantly. The highest level of HA (1,000 mg L-1) increased POD and transpiration (30 and 11%, respectively). However, SOD and protein content increased at 500 and 1,000 mg L-1 HA levels. When HA was accompanied with Ca, SPAD value, transpiration, and CO2 assimilation were improved, especially at high levels of HA (500 and 1,000 mg L-1) and higher level of Ca (7 meq L-1 Ca). The results suggested that HA could increase the number of harvested flowers and improve plant health by enhancing the plant enzymatic antioxidant defense system.

 Biological changes caused by aging can affect the functioning of the human locomotor system. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of exergaming vs. fall-proof exercises on ankle joint proprioception and fear of fall among the elderly.

Forty-five elderly men, aged 60-74 years voluntarily participated in this semi-experimental study that includes a control group. Participants were randomly assigned into three groups including exergaming (n=15), fall-proof prevention exercises (n=15) and control (n=15). Participants in the training groups exercised for 6 weeks, three 70-minute sessions per week. Participants in the control group did continue their regular daily lifestyle. Ankle joint proprioception was recorded at 10 degrees of Dorsiflexion and 20 degrees of Plantar-flexion by Electro goniometer. The Self-Efficacy Questionnaire was applied for recording fear of fall among the elderly. Data were analyzed using paired t-test and two-way covariance ANOVA and using SPSS software version 24.

 The results of two-way covariance analysis showed a significant improvement in ankle joint proprioception at both 10° dorsiflexion and 20° plantarflexion angles in both groups (fall-proof, exergaming). Fear of fall was also improved similarly in both training groups (p < 0.05). The outcome measures were not significantly changed in the control group.

 Six weeks of both exergaming and fall-proof training can improve the ankle joint proprioception and the fear of fall in elderly men. Both the exergaming and fall-proof training are recommended for elderly men.

In order to study the effect of irrigation with saline water on physiology, biochemical, and anatomy characteristics, growth, and yield of different melon cultivars, an experiment was performed in split-plot with randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were two melon cultivars resistant to salinity (Sooski and Diamond) and two sensitive cultivars (Daregzi and Zard Ivanaki) with two salinity levels [0 (control) and 8 dS m-1 of NaCl] of irrigation water. The results showed that fresh and dry weight of shoot, fruit and seed weight, fruit acidity, fruit firmness, fruit length/diameter, fruit number and yield, photosynthesis rate, transpiration, and stomatal conductance decreased by irrigation with saline water. Under salinity condition, resistant cultivars showed the highest amount of the abovementioned parameters and had higher proline, phenol, and antioxidant activity. Generally, the results showed that by applying salt stress, growth parameters, photosynthetic parameters, and quantitative characteristics of the fruit decreased. This decrease was lower in Sooski resistant cultivar. It seems that melon cultivars achieved their resistant; firstly, improving yield instead of vegetative growth; secondly, increasing antioxidant and phenol content to reduce deleterious salinity effect, and finally, increasing TSS to have more osmotic adjustment for promoting photosynthesis at the acceptable level for producing enough assimilate for commercial yield under salinity conditions.

To study the effect of grafting on the tolerance of chilling and high temperature, the grafting of Super daminos was done on Cucurbita moschata (Isfahan), (Babol), (Ferro), (Sari) rootstocks and then compared with non-grafted and self-grafted ones as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three treatments. Temperature treatments were optimum temperature (25 °C), low temperature (4 °C) and high temperature (40 °C), with four replicates. The results showed that root length, root volume, rootstock diameter, and fresh and dry weights of shoot were increased in all rootstocks, as compared with the non-grafted ones. The highest fresh and dry weights of the shoot were observed in Sari and Isfahan rootstocks, and the highest dry weight was observed in Ferro rootstock. The interactive effect showed that the highest fresh and dry weights were measured in Isfahan rootstock and at the optimum temperature; meanwhile, the lowest fresh and dry weights were observed in non-grafted one and at the high temperature. Moreover, the highest dry weight was determined at both low and high temperatures in the non-grafted sample. The highest photosynthesis rate was recorded in Babol rootstock and at the optimum temperature, while the lowest one was observed in Babol rootstock and at the high temperature. The interactive effect of rootstock and temperature showed that the highest stomatal resistance and transpiration rate were measured in the non-grafted sample and at the optimum temperature, while the lowest one was recorded in Isfahan rootstock and the optimum temperature; meanwhile, the lowest transpiration rate was observed in Sari rootstock and high temperature. Therefore, the use of Ferro and Babol rootstock for their resistances to high and low temperatures could be recommended. It seems, therefore, that these rootstocks by maintaining photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll and lowering transpiration rate, can decrease the deleterious effect of temperature on growth.

Iran is one of the leading producing countries in the world in some of exported agricultural products such as tomatoes and saffron. In recent years, the production of horticultural crops, especially greenhouse products in the country has been increasing. Due to high exchange rate and income and also high-water use efficiency, the possibility of export and increasing demand, there is a possibility of their sustainable development and production of these crops in the future. On the other hand, today, attention to vegetables due to the presence of compounds such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, to flowers and ornamental plants due to aesthetics and peace of mind of humans and herbal medicines due to low or lack of side effects, are increasing. Using the latest statistics published by the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture Jihad and other sources, production of vegetables, flowers, ornamentals and medicinal plants in the years from 2012 to 2018 were examined. From vegetables, potatoes, onions, tomatoes and cucurbits, from flowers and ornamental plants, cut flowers, pot plants, trees and shrubs, bedding plants and transplants, and from medicinal plants, Damask rose and saffron were selected and analyzed. In this article, after presenting the statistics, the problems of the current situation in each subsector are analyzed and finally, the most important challenges and opportunities facing these subsectors of horticulture are examined and solutions are suggested.

Plants are constantly faced with abiotic and biotic stresses during their whole life. Abiotic stresses are various adverse environmental factors, including drought, high salinity, heavy metals, cold or heat shock, and ozone. Resulting in dehydration and osmotic stress, drought has caused a dramatic reduction in crop production globally. Grafting can reduce the content of Malondialdehyde (MDA); prevent the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); increase activities of antioxidant enzymes; and maintain fresh and dry weights, grain yield, and relative water content in a variety of plants in response to drought stress. On the other hand, a range of abiotic and biotic elicitors can confer tolerance to drought stress in plants. Grafting of herbaceous fruit vegetables can reduce detrimental effects of biotic and abiotic challenges and cultural practices. Grafting can increase yield of cucurbits, initiate shoot growth, aid in resistance against nematodes and viruses, withstand high and low temperatures, improve nutrient and water absorption, resist against high concentration of salt, drought and waterlogging stresses. Grafting elite commercial cultivars onto selected vigorous rootstocks is a special method of adapting plants to counteract environmental stresses. Grafting is currently regarded as a rapid alternative tool to the relatively slow breeding methodology for increasing the environmental-stress tolerance of fruiting vegetables. Potential approach to reduce losses in production and improve water use efficiency under drought conditions in high-yielding genotypes would be to graft these varieties onto proper rootstocks capable of reducing the effect of water stress on the shoot and to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the main greenhouse vegetable crops widely grown in Saudi Arabia. The total greenhouse area for cucumber production in 2013 was 2605 hectares produced 236,087 tons. Major factor influencing growth and yield of cucumber is water quantity. The effects of different rootstocks on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and water consumption in cucumber was studied. The highest yield was obtained from 9075 (19.02 kg m2), which was 24.5 and 23.5% higher than in the non-grafted and self-grafted treatments, respectively. The plant height also increased with the use of rootstocks. The increase in the dry weights of the leaves and fruits depended on rootstocks. They concluded that grafting improved plant growth and yield depending on the rootstock genotype. Grafting has the potential to be as a strategy to increase the tolerance of plants to promote water use efficiency (WUE). The present study was aimed to evaluate the grafting biochemical and physiological effects on inducing drought stress resistance in cucumber. This experiment was conducted in complete randomized design with three replications and treatments are included grafted and ungrafted plants, and water potential level 0 (control), -0.4 and -0.8 MP. The Isfahan endemic cucumber specious as a scion with the hole method grafted on Ferro rootstock. The physiological and growth traits were measured. Photosynthesis (stomata conductance, photosynthesis, water use efficiency), growth (root and stem growth), and antioxidants (SOD, POD, protein) parameters, and transpiration were measured. Result indicated that grafting with increasing root nutrient absorption and its development drought stress resistance improved. Although, grafting reduced potassium content. Grafting and the interaction of rootstock ×scion impressed many morphological and physiological characteristics. Under stress condition, some features improved plant water relationship, growth and development. Gas exchange indices like photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance were lower in grafted plant compare to ungrafted plants. Proline content was significantly increased in grafted treatments compare to ungrafted ones. Higher potassium under -0.8 MP in grafted plants showed the maintenance osmotic stability and potassium hemostasis were the draught stress mechanism in resistant rootstocks. Finally, grafting as an efficient method to increase cucumber yield and improve drought resistance recommend. These results suggest that the use of drought tolerant Cucurbita rootstock can improve cucumber photosynthetic capacity under drought stress and consequently crop performance. The results revealed that grafted plants had better vegetative growth than  ungrafted (control) ones. Furthermore, photosynthetic parameter, antioxidant activity and fresh and dry weight of stem and leaves were improved, but grafting had no significant effect on fruit quality and yield. In conclusion it is recommended that grafting procedure in some crops include cucumber should be done only after assuring the benefits and risks of grafted seedlings.

Organic substrate can increase crop productivity. This experiment aimed to improve the yield and growth parameters of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. ‘Gold flame’) by using three levels of modified Johnson’s nutrient solution (JNS), including full JNS as the control (NSc), 75% JNS (NS1) and 50% JNS (NS2) as well as three types of substrates that were based on three levels of vermicompost: vermicompost:perlite:cocopeat (1:1:1 v/v; V1) as the control, vermicompost:perlite:cocopeat (1:1:2 v/v; V2) and vermicompost:perlite:cocopeat (2:1:1 v/v; V3). Fruit fresh weight (86.18%) and dry weight (43.03%), root dry weight (68.63%) and root volume (43.67%), fruit diameter (12.39%) and yield (59.30%) increased significantly in V3 treatment. The application of vermicompost increased photosynthesis rate, respiration, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations more than Johnson’s nutrient solution. Fruit fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights, root volume, fruit diameter and yield decreased in NS2 and NS1 and application of V3 improves the fresh weight of fruit in NS1. The highest fruit yield was observed in NSc treatment in combination with V3. Photosynthetic rate, and P and K concentrations increased with vermicompost application in all nutrient solution. The N and P concentrations decreased in NS1 and NS2 while respiration was stimulated by V2 and V3 in combination with NS1. The P decreased in NS1 and NS2 but was stimulated by both V2 and V3 treatments. The N level was reduced in NS1 and NS2 but V3 enhanced the level of N when combined with NS1. Overall, plant growth, yield, photosynthesis and nutrient N, P, K concentrations can be increased in sweet pepper by the addition of vermicompost and nutrient solution.

Inclusion of dietary herbal supplements in aquafeed can be considered as a growth promoter and enhancer of immunity system in preventing various fish infections. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract (POE) on growth performance, hematological indices and immune responses of rainbow trout fry. The fries with initial weight of 3.3±0.1g were divided into four groups with feeding diets supplemented containing 0% (control, T0), 0.5% (T1), 1% (T2), 1.5% (T3) and 2% (T4) of POE for 56 days. After eight weeks of feeding trail, enriched POE diets significantly increased red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCHC), neutrophil and monocyte percentages, especially in T3 group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Although no significant differences were observed between eosinophil percentage and MCHC, but lymphocyte percentage decreased significantly (p<0.05). Also supplemented diets with POE significantly increased immune parameters including total immunoglobulin (Ig), IgM, complementary activity, total protein and lysozyme activity in all experimental groups, especially in T3 (1.5% POE) compared with the control group (p<0.05). This study demonstrates POE as a potential immunostimulant to stimulate and improve immune system of rainbow trout fry.

This study was performed in order to determine the antibacterial activity of oregano, Origanum vulgare extract (OVE) and its nano extract (NOVE) on Streptococcus iniae in rainbow trout in vitro and in vivo. Extraction was done under standard percolation method. Then OVE and NOVE were screened to identify their antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus iniae by using disk diffusion assay and challenge methods. Also, the MIC and MBC values for OVE and NOVE were determined by micro dilution method. Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of OVE and NOVE were examined by feeding rainbow trout fingerlings, with O. vulgare extract and its nano extract and florfenicol as a positive control. Then, all fish were injected intraperitoneal with S. iniae suspension in 3×108 CFU ml-1 concentration. Mortality rate was investigated for next 14 days after injection; then the spleen of fish samples removed to determine bacteria total count (SBT). In vitro results showed that OVE and NOVE had antimicrobial activity which was higher in NOVE. The inhibition zone of NOVE (26.066 mm) was significantly greater than OVE (21.7mm) (p<0.05). Also, the MIC and MBC values with high efficacy against S. iniae in NOVE treatment group were 0.25 and 0.5 mgmL respectively, which was lower than OVE treatment values (p<0.05). In vivo results showed that the mortality rate and SBT was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the fish fed with NOVE than OVE and the control group (p<0.05). These results indicated that the Origanum vulgare extract and its nano extract supplement are satisfactory as a prophylactic measure against rainbow trout streptococcosis and also for fish health improvement.

Due to ever increasing greenhouse cultures, using organic fertilizers for enhancing healthy products is necessary. To investigate the effect of two types of these fertilizers on tomato, in a factorial experiment, based on completely randomized design with 3 replications, with 2 pots in each replication, 0 g/kg humic acid (Humic0) and 1 g/kg (Humic1) and amino acid at 3 levels of 0 g/kg (Amin0), 1 g/kg (Amin1) and 2 g/kg (Amin2), were fertigated once every 10-day. Fruit characteristics at first and second harvests in green, orange, pink and red phases were studied. Results showed that fruit dry weight was less affected by humic acid and amino acid than fruit fresh weight, especially in green and orange phases. In pink and red phases, in the first harvest, fruit dry weight was increased with amino1 and amino2, in both concentrations of humic acid, as compared with control. Amin1 and humic1 had the highest total soluble solids. Fruit phosphorus concentration in humic1 and amin2 was the highest. Potassium concentrations in amino1 and amino2 in both humic acid concentrations were higher than control. Nitrogen concentration in humic1 and amin2 was increased. Therefore, it is recommended that greater amount of these fertilizers or more application times, be used in nutrient solution of tomato at fruit ripening stage and first harvest. Since using these fertilizers is more effective on fresh weight than on dry weight, it is recommended to use them for fresh tomato consumption than for processing tomato for paste.

Most plants, especially those that are native to hot areas, show signs of injury when exposed to low temperatures. Damages caused by cold stress occurs at the cell and organs level, which reflects it at the plant surface. Color change, chlorosis, general reduction of growth, cellular tissue destruction, non-absorption of nutrients, reduction of photosynthesis, non-transferring photosynthetic materials are from early effects of cold stress. Cellular responses to colds including loss of thoracic pressure, vacuolization, collapse of cytoplasmic membrane balance, cytoplasmic flow loss, and general organ dysfunction. The susceptibility of the plant to frost is different depending on the type of plant, variety, tissue morphology and other cellular characteristics, as well as the cold conditions of the period, time and cold intensity. In addition, it seems that organs of the plant have different degrees of cold tolerance. If the temperature of the aerial part is favorable, the low temperature of the root zone can be one of the factors limiting the root system and plant growth. The consumption of balanced boron content by neutralizing the negative effects of cold stress and mechanisms such as maintaining the structure of the membrane, improving and increasing root growth, increasing the synthesis of proteins needed for the plant, adjustment of stomatal movements and improved stomatal conductance, increased cell division, increased nitrogen metabolism and chlorophyll production, and its consequence was increased photosynthesis and dry matter production, increased activity of antioxidants, calcium / potassium ratio adjustment, optimizing the transfer of calcium in the plant, adjusting the amount of water and conducting it in the cell, increasing the moisture content and relative content of leaf water, transferring soluble materials and increasing water use efficiency creates a relative resistance to low temperature stress. Although the root temperature is very effective in plant growth, it has been less attractive. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low temperature of root and shoot on the ability to restore plant growth and physiological activity in the presence and absence of boron.

In order to compare the impact of sudden low temperature stress of root and shoot on recovery of vegetative and physiological traits of tomato, a research was conducted in two separate experiments under controlled conditions in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Two experiments were factorial based on completely randomized design with 10 replications including two concentrations of boron (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 in ppm) and two temperature levels of shoot and root sections (10 degrees’ Celsius temperature, and 11 rootstock temperatures and 22 ° C optimum and control temperatures). Indicators included photosynthesis rate, respiration rate, stomatal carbon dioxide, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll index, water use efficiency, proline, antioxidant, phenol secretion from root and leaf extracts, leaf relative water content, soluble protein concentration, ion leakage, leaf water potential, root and shoot dry weights and starch content. Finally, the analysis of the results was done by statistical software statistic and comparing the meanings by LSD test at 5% level.

The results showed that the highest amount of photosynthesis, root dry weight and dry weight of the aerial part were in the consumption of 0.5 ppm of boron during abrupt stresses of low temperature on the root after the recovery period. The highest amount of stem proline and electrolyte leakage were also obtained from 0.5-1.5 ppm of boron consumption during abrupt low temperature on the shoot part. According to the results, it was found that when stress has entered from the root zone to the aerial part of the plant, the plant was in the better conditions after the recovery period. It seems that when a cold stress occurred on the roots, the plant can produced more antioxidant substances, including phenol and proline, while counteracting the relative water content of the leaves were more effective with radical agents. Thus, in normal conditions, the roots of the plant operated at a lower temperature than the airspace. They also exhibited more adaptations to the lower air at the lower temperature than the air section and the plant is less damaged. At levels above the boron element due to the effect of boron toxicity and the production of excess free oxygen radicals, the plant probably suffered more severe damage than cold damage.

Sudden low temperatures stresses on the root and shoot had negative effects on the recovery of the vegetative and physiological traits of tomatoes. When lower temperatures were imposed on the shoot, the plant suffered much more damages. Consumption of 0.5 ppm of boron during cold stress by creating optimal conditions for growth also caused the relative neutralization.

Dyes are one of the main environmental pollutants of textile industrial wastewater which are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and non-biodegradable. Therefore, in this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the operational parameters and determine the optimum conditions for the removal of acid blue 113 in the presence of bentonite.

The structure and morphology of bentonite adsorbent was investigated by XRD, FESEM and XRF techniques. Experiments were carried out as central composite design with four input parameters namely reaction time, initial pH, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of dye at three levels. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics model were investigated to evaluate the adsorption process in different concentrations.

The results of physical-chemical analysis confirmed the structure of bentonite. The proposed model (Quadratic) was confirmed with high correlation coefficient (R2=0.9872 and R2Adj=0.9724) indicated that the experimental and predicted results were very consistent with the model. Finally, under optimal conditions (initial concentration=10.32 mg/L, absorbent dose=0.53 g/L, reaction time=82.94 min and pH=3.06) the removal efficiency was 98.62% with a desirability of 0.945 for acid blue 113. Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies indicated that adsorption process followed Freundlich isotherm (0.9216), whereas the kinetic model found to fit well with pseudo-second-order kinetics (0.9985).

The present study demonstrated that natural bentonite absorbent had high ability to remove acid blue 113. In addition, the central composite design could be used as an effective method to optimize the dye adsorption from industrial wastewater containing high concentrations of dye.

In modern life, access to fresh vegetables is limited and proper processing and storage techniques for vegetables are essential. Cabbage quality decreased over time, especially after 2-month storage. The bleaching and freezing can affect it. It is important for the industry to know how to treated cabbage after harvest till supermarket to decrease after harvest damage. The results of this research showed that vitamin C, phenolic compound and antioxidant decreased with storage. Vitamin C is decreased more than other characteristics of cabbage after storage almost 90%. Blanching methods affect the nutrient content of cabbage and Both freezing and storage times decreased cabbage texture (Turkmen et al. 2004). Therefore, in this study, a factorial experiment based on RCBD was designed with 3 replicates to investigate the effect of blanching and freezing method over time on frozen cabbage. by measuring the amount of vitamin C, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and elements, the effects of blanching (boiled water and steam) and freezing of two methods domestic (-18 °C) and semi-industrial (40° C) on the nutritional value of celery (Appium graviolens var. Dulce) was evaluated. The results showed that in general, after six months, the antioxidant activity,
vitamin C and phenolic compounds decreased and blanching with boiling water significantly reduced the amount of vitamin C and antioxidant capacity compared to blanching with steam treatment in celery. Over first two months, the reduction in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity was more than that of four and six months, but declined over time as the process slowed down. As time progressed, all elements reduced in celery. Vitamin C, has many biological activities in the human body. More than 85% of vitamin C in human diets is supplied by fruits and vegetables (Sahlin et al. 2004). The content of vitamin C among Brassica vegetables varies significantly between and within their subspecies. Generally, among Brassica vegetables, white cabbage is the poorest source of vitamin C (Saari et al. 1995). However, it is a very popular species of Brassica vegetables in Iran. According to our results, freezing of cabbage more than 2 months decreased vitamin C drastically. Loss of vitamin C after 7 and 14 days’ storage at 20 °C decreased to 44% and to 28% in broccoli However, when broccoli was stored at 4 °C, and did not decrease after 7 days and 20% loss after 21 days. Vitamin C content in broccoli reduced by 26% after 3 days of storage at room temperature, by reducing of the storage temperature to 5 °C resulted in an increase (25%) of vitamin C content in broccoli (Lisiewska and Kmiecik 1996). Before vegetables freezing, they washed and blanched to inactivate enzyme systems, especially oxidative enzymes (e.g. polyphenoloxidase, ascorbic oxidase, peroxidase) (Perry and Klein 1982). The effect of blanching in the retention time of vitamin C in different Brassica was investigated, although it depends on temperature and time of blanching method. Vitamin C after blanching was 84% for cauliflower, 70% of cabbage, loss of vitamin C was 28–32% in cauliflower, 41–42% in broccoli, 34% in broccoli (Leja et al. 2001). There was different report was shown that freezing decreased vitamin C in different Brassica differently. After blanching and freezing, about 30% in broccoli. The freezing did not change vitamin C in broccoli and
cauliflower during a 12-month storage and decreased by 3–18% for broccoli and 6–13% for cauliflower and 30%for cabbage (Saari et al. 1995; Leja et al. 2001). there are some reports was shown that Phenolic compounds in broccoli, which are stored 7 days at 1 °C, showed more decreased than ascorbic acid. Storage time effect on Phenolic compounds in different Brassica (Lisiewska and Kmiecik 1996). Phenolic compounds in broccoli, which are stored 7 days decreased 2–3 times (Papetti et al. 2002) On the contrary, total polyphenols did not significantly change in broccoli during 7 days’ storage (Leja et al. 2001; Lisiewska and Kmiecik 1996). Generally, among the qualitative characteristics of celery, reduction of vitamin C more than other traits was affected by different treatments. the type of freezing did not have a significant effect, but storage time was significant so that the values were reduced more rapidly in the first two months of storage.

Nowadays, due to the sharp increase in competition and expansion of competitive markets, customer lifetime value has become one of the main topics in customer relationship management. The models which have been used so far for the estimation of customer lifetime value and segmentation of customers do not include all aspects of customer value. The main purpose of this study is to assess the impact of customer’s value on other customers through estimation of customer referral value and then provide appropriate marketing strategies for each segment of customers based on their value in the broadband internet access services industry. Using the data obtained from a firm operating in the industry, it will be shown that the customers who have the largest transactions (i.e. those who have the highest lifetime value) are not necessarily the best marketers. The statistical population of this study included all customers of a telecommunication firm in Tehran and all members of the population were selected as the sample. The required data were obtained from reports of the customer database of the studied firm using MySQL, PHPMyAdmin, and Tableau. All data were statistically analyzed in IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Using the results of this study, it will be shown that a better understanding of customer value allows firms to target their marketing campaigns more properly and gain higher profits from their marketing investments.

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are one of the most important soil contaminants. Presence of these compounds in soil may cause some stresses to plants and make the growth conditions unfavorable. Thus، for landscaping in the contaminated areas، tolerant plants to these stresses are needed. The aim of this research was to determine morphophysiological characteristics of two native and non-native bermudagrass species in a soil with 0، 2. 1، 3. 87 and 12. 25 percent by weight PHs: soil. A factorial experiment، based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications، was performed in research greenhouse of College of Agriculture، Isfahan University of Technology، Isfahan، Iran. Results showed that application of 2. 1% PHs to soil significantly reduced color and density of bermudagrasses (3. 3% and 5%، respectively)، and the growth of native and non-native species was reduced by 31. 1% and 7. 3%، respectively. Relative water content and chlorophyll content were significantly decreased and proline content was increased، when soil pollutant content by PHs was increased. Also، the increase in contaminants content up to 2. 1% increased catalase activity. But، higher rates of contamination reduced its activity، as compared to control. Conclusively، both bermudagrass species had acceptable turf quality and therefore could be recommended to be used in PHs-polluted soils; although quality and growth of non-native bermudagrass was better than the native one.

Health care providers`culture about the patient safety means accepting and considering patient safety as the first priority and organizational core value or health center`s staffs beliefs، perceptions and trends of on patient safetywhich is reflected in their behavior. This study is aimed to assess nurses perceptions of patient safety culture`s dimensions which is working in hamadan`s hospital.

The method of this study is descriptive- analytical type and statistical society includes 215 nurses of 3 hospitals of Hamadan which had been selected by random sampling. Stanford patient safety culture questionnaire was used to assess dimensions of patient safety culture. The data were analyzed by SPSS 15 software and descriptive tests.

The result indicated that all dimensions of patient safety culture through nurses` perception are weak. Among these dimensions، the «Unit Leadership for Safety» with 25. 21 percentage and «Learning and Feedback» with 41. 82 percentage were the lowest and highest positive rating in all three hospitals respictively.

According to weak rate of all patient safety culture`s dimensions in studied hospitals، performing training programs by head nurses is suggested in order to improve cultural concepts such as establishing “supportive mechanisms for patients families” and «culture of discussion of errors among nurses».

The aim of this study was to Investigate the antioxidant effects of cinnamon powder as a growth additive in the diet of Green Terror Andinoacara rivulatus on growth performance, feed conversion ratio and survival rate. For this purpose, a total of 180 Green Terror fries (mean initial weight of 1.00± 0.5 g) were divided into five treatments (each treatment with three replicates and each replicate with 12 fry). Experimental treatments were fed with four diets with concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 1 percent of cinnamon powder compared to the control group (without cinnamon powder) for 98 days. Growth parameters were calculated including weight gain (WG), length gain (LG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), condition factor (CF), and survival rate (SR) in each treatment. The Data were analyzed in after normal distribution test by using one way ANOVA and Kruskal- Wallis tests. According to the research results, different levels of cinnamon powder did not show significant statistical differences (P<0.05). But, there were significant differences in final weight gain and length gain between fish fed with one percent of cinnamon powder compared with the control group (p>0.05). The fry fed with diets containing 1% of cinnamon powder with final mean weight (10.78±0.07 g) showed the most weight gain compared to control group with a mean weight gain.

In order to investigate the effect of some substrates on uptake and concentration of nutrients in cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Cerasiforne)، this non-recycling soilless culture experiment was carried out as a completely randomized blocks design with 9 treatments and four replicates، with two plants in each pot. Treatments included perlite-vermiculite 50:50 %v، perlit-zeolite 50:50 %، perlite 100%، rice husk 100%، rice husk-vermiculite 50:50 %، rice husk-zeolite 50:50 %، perlite-rice husk-vermiculite 37. 5:37. 5:25 %، perlite-rice husk-zeolite 37. 5:37. 5:25 %، and cocopeat 100%. Results of the analysis of nutrients in the substrates showed that cocopeat and zeolite had the greatest concentration of potassium (K). The highest concentration of calcium (Ca) was found in zeolite medium، magnesium (Mg) in cocopeat، manganese (Mn) in rice husk، copper (Cu) in vermiculite، zinc (Zn) in cocopeat and iron (Fe) in vermiculite. The highest concentration of K and Mg in shoots of tomato plants was found in cocopeat، while plants in the vermiculite medium had the highest Ca concentration in their shoots. No significant relationship was found between concentrations of measured nutrients، except for K، in the substrates and their uptake by plants. In general، the highest nutrients uptake by cherry tomato plants was found in the medium containing a mixture of perlite and vermiculite، which is probably due to optimum root growth conditions، particularly high porosity and high ability for retention of water and nutrients.

Health، safety and enviro-nment (HSE) is considered as an important matter in oil refining companies and also as one of the key priorities for the companies. Hence، this research employed the HSE culture ladder in order to assess the HSE culture in the Shahid Tondgooyan oil refi-ning company of Tehran.

Current research was a descriptive-analytical، sectional and practical study. The population under study included all the administrative and oper-ative officials of Shahid Tondgooyan oil refining company of Tehran. With the ass-istance of the professors and statistical consultants، as well as the type of the study، a check list of the HSE culture ladder was completed and analyzed by the statistical consultants. The mentioned check list was gathered after intensive literature review. This culture model has been categorized into five levels with unique characteristics from pathological to creative ones.

According to the results and self-analysis of the HSE culture by using of the culture ladder model، Shahid Tondgooyan oil refining company of Tehran was in the proactive level. By observing some of the noted factors، it could be reached into the proactive level، and then enter to the creative level. Discussion &

With regarding to the obtained results، necessary measures must be taken to progress the level of HSE culture in the refinery area، as well as to progress the operations of the workers and the management’s attitude.