فهرست مطالب m. m. moeini

Rumen fermentation manipulation aims to maximize the feed efficiency and increase the usefulness of rearing ruminants; in simpler words, the goal of rumen manipulation is to increase processes in rumen fermentation that are beneficial for the host animal and to reduce, change, or eliminate inefficient or harmful processes in rumen fermentation. In this regard, trying to use natural products such as medicinal plants has been widely accepted. The desire and demand of consumers to use healthy meat and livestock products has increased the research to search for natural compounds and additives of plant origin that are beneficial for animal health. The positive effects of medicinal plants on the process of microbial fermentation and reduction of greenhouse gases through their active compounds (such as anthole in fennel or thymoquinone in black seed) have been shown. The present study was designed in two experiments to evaluate the effect of different levels of Foeniculum vulgare and Nigella sativa powder on rumen fermentation parameters and protozoa population of Sanjabi sheep by in vitro and in vivo methods.
The present study was designed and carried out in two experiments, in vitro and in vivo. In the first experiment (in vitro), 18 Sanjabi lambs (four to six months of age) with an average weight of 30.8 ± 6.7 kg were randomly divided into three groups with six replicates. Treatments included: control (basal diet without additives), fennel (basal diet plus 20 grams of fennel per kilogram of concentrate), and black seed group (basal diet plus 20 grams of black seed per kilogram of concentrate). In the second experiment (in vitro), 0, 5, 25, and 50 mg of fennel and black seed powder were added to the rumen liquor collected from six Sanjabi lambs (the control group of the first experiment). In both experiments, rumen liquor was taken through the esophageal tube. Gas production, pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, total volatile fatty acids, in vitro digestibility of organic matter, and protozoa count were measured. In the in vivo experiment, the amount of excrement of sheep was measured by installing nets under the boxes of the animals. Data analysis was done using SAS statistical software. The normality of the counting data (population of protozoa) was first checked by a non-parametric Kolomogorov-Smirnov test and then analysis was done. The experimental design used in this research was completely randomized and for the first experiment, it was repeated measurements in time. Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the mean of the treatments.
The results of the in vivo experiment showed that the use of fennel and black seed increased the amount of digested organic matter in the rumen significantly compared to the control (P<0.05). In the in vivo experiment, all studied protozoa populations decreased in all treatments (P<0.05). In the in vitro experiment, the addition of fennel caused a significant decrease in gas production (P˂0.0001), organic matter digestibility, and microbial mass at the levels of 25 and 50 mg compared to the control (P<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen concentration at all levels of black seed and the level of 50 mg of fennel had a significant decrease compared to the control (P<0.05). Total protozoa population and Entodinium spp. subfamily was affected by both fennel and black seed treatments in vitro and showed a significant decrease (P˂0.0001). The results of this study showed that black seed and fennel have anti-protozoa properties and can reduce different protozoa populations both in vitro and in vivo. Also, low levels of fennel can improve the fermentation efficiency by increasing the degraded organic matter and reducing gas production. In addition, the results obtained from this research showed that fennel and black seed medicinal plants had the potential to manipulate and change the process of rumen fermentation, and their anti-protozoal effects were evident and significant in both experiments. However, the effects of these plants on the fermentation process in vitro and in vivo did not follow the same process in most of the fermentation parameters, and in vitro results cannot be fully and reliably generalized to the conditions inside the rumen of live sheep.
The levels of fennel and black seed used in this study can reduce different protozoa populations and improve the process of rumen fermentation, although more researches are needed with different levels of these herbs to get more results.

In this study, the effect of black cumin and the black seed was evaluated on the growth, blood metabolites, thyroid hormones, and liver enzymes activity of lambs under pasture grazing conditions.  Twenty-four Sanjabi male lambs in their four to five months of age (live weight of 30 ±0.9 kg) were used in four treatments and six replicates in a completely randomized design for 70 days. Treatments included group 1: Control (rangeland forage), group 2: Rangeland forage plus 0.3 g of black seed per kg body weight (BW), group 3: Rangeland forage plus 0.3 g of black cumin per kg BW, and group 4: Rangeland grass plus 0.15 g of black seed + 0.15 g of black cumin per kg BW. The lambs were weighed every two weeks. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein on days one, 35, and 70 of the experiment. Adding black seed and cumin had no significant effect on growth performance, but significantly increased total blood protein in treated groups (P<0.05). The blood urea level of lambs in treated lambs was lower than in the control group. Thyroxine concentration in lambs fed on black seed was higher than that of other groups (P<0.05). The activity of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was lower in the herbal supplemented groups than in the control group (P<0.05). Overall, the results of this experiment showed that incorporation of these amounts of black seed and black cumin to the diet as herbal supplements improved some blood parameters, but had no significant effect on growth performance.

Concerning the importance of the transition period and the useful effect of plant medicinal on blood antioxidant capacity, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of using Foeniculum vulgare and Nigella sativa on blood metabolites and antioxidant status of Sanjabi ewes and their lambs during the transition period. The number of 36 Sanjabi ewes with an average weight of 62 ± 8 kg and an average parity of 2.5 ± 0.5 were allocated to three experimental groups from six weeks before parturition to six weeks after that. Treatments were included: 1) control group (basal diet without supplement) and 2) fennel group (basal diet plus 20 grams per kilogram of fennel) and 3) black seed group (base diet plus 20 grams per kilogram of black-seed). To determine the effect of treatments on the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase enzymes and concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, urea, total protein, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, and albumin, blood samples were taken from Jugular veins of ewes and lambs. The total antioxidant status and serum malondialdehyde concentration were also measured. According to the results, fennel in comparison with the control group prevented blood glucose reduction in ewes at lambing. Black seed supplementation increased blood total protein and albumin concentration in the lambs of this group (p < /em>˂0.05). A significant increase in total antioxidants was observed in ewes in both fennel and black seed groups and lambs in the fennel group (p < /em>˂0.05). The addition of black seed to the diet decreased malondialdehyde in the blood of lambs and ewes (p < /em>˂0.05). The lambs in the fennel group showed higher levels of glutathione peroxidase activity (p < /em>˂0.05). There was no significant difference between treatments in other studied enzymes in this study. The results of this study showed that adding fennel and black seed in the ewe diet before and after lambing may cause positive and constant changes in important blood metabolites, and improve antioxidant status in ewes and their lambs.

In this study the effect of AflatoxinB (AF) and potential of organic absorbent (Mycosorb) performed on broiler chicken. A total 105 broiler chicks were divided into 5 equal treatment groups in a completely random design. The adsorbents mycosorb was added into the basal diets at 3 and 1 gr/Kg which contaminated with 0 and 1 ppmaflatoxin/ kg-1 from 2 to 42 days of experimental treatments: 1.Control, 2.AF(1ppm), 3.AF(0.05ppm) 4.Mycosorb (1gr/kg) + 1ppm (AF), 5. Mycosorb (1gr/kg) + 0.05ppm (AF). The results indicated that red blood cell, haematocrit and lymphocyte counts of chicks were significantly reduced in AF groups compared with the control group, while the heterophil counts increased significantly. Among serum biochemical parameters, the Aspartat trasaminas (AST), Gamma glutamil transferase(GGT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and billirubin values increased in AF groups (P<0.05). The addition of Mycosorb to the AF containing diet (groups4&5) significantly improved the biochemical and hematological parameters. The mycosorb had a significant effect on broiler final weight(P<0.05). These results of this study clearly indicated that addition of adsorbent (Mycosorb) to the AF containing diet can reduce the toxic effects of AF.