m. nikzad

The development of public transportation is considered a vital issue in reducing traffic as well as urban pollution. City buses play an important role in the city transportation system. In Iran, due to the high average age of city buses, it is necessary to replace the old buses with new ones, To replace the old buses, diesel and CNG, hybrid, and electric buses are proposed as the main alternatives. Global warming and the energy crisis are now considered as two potential serious threats for the world. Therefore, energy consumption and CO2 emissions are examined as two outstanding criteria for comparing candidate buses in this paper. To make an accurate comparison, the amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been calculated based on the well-to-wheel approach. The electric bus well-to-wheel analysis has been done for both electricity generation mix and renewable generation. To perform more accurate calculations and simulations, as a case study, a real driving cycle has been constructed for Tehran. For this approach, a modified micro trip method as a novel solution is presented to synthesize the driving cycle. The results show that due to the high share of fossil power plants (about 92%) in Iran, the use of electric buses in the bus fleet may not have much effect on reducing energy and CO2 eq emissions. By using renewable power plants, the amount of well-to-wheel energy consumption and CO2 emissions decrease significantly (about 56% and 93%, respectively) compared to that for the generation mix.

Salep tubers have been used in traditional medicine as a drug for improving sexual function and vigor. We did not find sufficient scientific evidence to support it. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Salep tuber extract on the structure of testis and sexual hormones in adult male mice.

In this experimental study، we used 18 adult male mice (mean age of 4 weeks) and randomly divided them into three groups: the control group did not receive anything، the placebo group received only 200 µl deionized water، and the experimental group received 40 mg salep extract/200µl deionized water intraperitoneally for 7 days. Two weeks after the last injection، we took blood sample for biochemical analysis of LH، FSH and Testosterone and removed the testis of animals for histopathological study.

The results showed a significant increase in LH (ng/ml) in the experimental group (0. 6 ± 0. 09) compared to the placebo (0. 39 ± 0. 006) and control (0. 38 ± 0. 007) groups (p<0. 05). Also، the level of testosterone hormone (ng/ml) showed a significant difference in the experimental group (0. 38 ± 0. 52) compared to placebo (0. 37 ± 0. 03) and control (0. 36 ± 0. 02) groups (P<0. 05). The number of germinal and leydig cells revealed a significant difference in the experimental group compared to the placebo and control groups (P<0. 01). Amongst the other parameters، no significant differences were observed in all groups.

Injection of salep tuber extract could significantly be effective on spermatogenesis and concentration of LH and testosterone hormones.