m. sadrolashrafi

Nowadays، in an effort to improve learning process، application of the new and active techniques in teaching methods، instead of the traditional method of teaching is essential. One of the active teaching methods to science teaching is hands-on and laboratory methods. To improve some of the deficiencies in the laboratories، the use of simple tools and hand-made instrument is suggested. In this regard، in this study it is trying to be reviewed the effect of using the experimental hand-made on the first year high school girl students'' academic achievement، knowledge، comprehension and application in the subject of light-refraction. This study was a quasi-experimental research and it’s method is Solomon four groups design and the population is all high school girl students in Dehgolan city and its suburbs to the number of cases is 527. The samples are four groups including 97 people. The school selecting as well as the class selecting and assigning them to experimental and control groups، is random sampling. Two experimental groups taught with the use of the hand-made and two control groups taught with traditional method. Results of the analyses showed that there was a significant difference at 0.05 percent (p< 0.05) between the experimental and control groups in academic achievement and application. The findings of study suggest that the teaching light-refraction by hand-made are more effective than the traditional teaching without using of hand-made to development of learning and application.

The historical study of developed countries and their economic and industrial prosperity shows the serious attention of managers and planners of these countries to standardization in education. The education system of a country is the most vital part of the economy and the most popular institution for the state. In the United States, the report "A Dangerous Nation" was published and an alarm was sounded. In Science for All Americans, he published both a national slogan and strategies for teaching science. Then, the concept of "scientific literacy" was published in full detail and the report "Fundamentals and Strategies for Transformation". At that time, all those involved and consumers of science education were convinced that change was both necessary and inevitable. Eventually, all of these activities led to the development of an important work, "Science Education Standards." With the introduction of standards, important recommendations for change or transformation were proposed, such as "change of emphasis" - using all this information and using the principles of scientific research learning, to create a broad and massive change in the teaching of Iranian science, infrastructure proposals and In addition, we have provided an applicable and important one - we hope that this article will be of interest to decision makers of science education at the national level and as soon as possible with a great effort and with the cooperation of all classes, especially teachers and researchers and specialists in science education. , To see the change of science education standards in Iran.