فهرست مطالب m. taebi

Didactic literature is considered one of the most important literary styles and one of the most fruitful literary types, which utilizes artistic expression and effective literary tools like allegory to sketch out didactic topics to convey its special message to its audience. What makes moral advice more prominent in didactic literary works is the use of these rhetorical tools by the author, who uses them to make some abstract and non-sensual concepts more tangible. In this research, I shall investigate the literary devices in the old Iranian text in Khotanese language, one of the Middle Eastern Iranian languages. Since this language is less studied and researched compared to other old Iranian languages and Western Iranian Middle languages, the present paper aims to explore the literary devices in the second chapter of Zambasta, which contains didactic topics such as teachings of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This book is considered a didactic work since using these tools in its second chapter shows how the author tries to better teach the educational topics to his addressees. Furthermore, this study shows that like other languages, Khotanese language includes such rhetorical tools.

This study aimed to determine the effect of various influencing parameters such as tunnel diameter (D), depth (H), width (B), length (L), number of floors, and the horizontal distance of the building from the tunnel axis (X), as well as soil properties such as internal friction angle (ϕ), Poisson ratio (υ), modulus of elasticity (E), and cohesion (C) on surface settlement using ABAQUS. According to the results, the settelment increases with increasing tunnel diameter at a constant depth, while it decreases with increasing tunnel depth. Changes in the width and length of the building also affect the settlement directly; consequently, as the width and length of the building increase due to increasing the cross-sectional area of the building and its rigidity and stiffness, the settlement of the foundation becomes more uniform and resistant to displacement, leading to a decrease in the surface settlement. Also, as the distance of the building from the tunnel axis increases, the settlement decreases and follows a constant trend after a distance equal to the tunnel diameter. Based on the results of the sensitivity analysis, the depth of the tunnel has the greatest effect on the surface settlement, which can be prevented by controlling the depth of the tunnel from the ground surface. Also, among the soil geomechanical parameters, the modulus of elasticity had the greatest effect on settlement in the present study. Finally, according to the results, the effect of tunnel, building, and soil properties on surface settlement is very important, particularly in urban environments.