m.h. arzanesh

The ecological, economic, and social benefits of agroforestry operations over the integrated agriculture are well-recognized, but failure to use the fertilizers and low profitability of the agroforestry systems may be a reason for the low acceptance of these systems by farmers. In this study, a factorial split-split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to investigate the effects of bio-, organic, and chemical fertilizers on the improvement of yield, qualitative traits, and the greater profitability of this system. The medicinal species at two levels, fertilizer at five levels, and tree species at two levels were considered as the main-, sub-, and sub-sub plots, respectively. The tree species including cherry (Prunus avium L.) and walnut (Juglans regia L.) were selected for the agroforestry system and the medicinal species including coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and flixweed (Descurainia sophia (L.) Schur) were cultivated understorey of this system. Four fertilizer treatments including the organic manure (3 kg.m-2)+humic acid organic fertilizer (AgriPlus) (0.5 kg.100 l-1 of water.100 m-2), Mycomix endomycorrhizal biofertilizer (100 g.m-2), Bioazospir bacterial fertilizer (200 g.100 kg of seed), and chemical fertilizer based on the soil analysis (75 kg of urea, 150 kg of triple superphosphate, and 150 kg of potassium sulfate at the beginning of sowing+100 kg of potassium sulfate 30 days after sowing and another 100 kg two months after sowing per hectare) were examined with the control (without fertilizer). The results showed that the plant height and 1000-seed weight at the 5% probability level and the plant fresh and dry weight, number of seeds per spike, seed yield per plant and hectare, and percentage of protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium per seeds at the 1% probability level were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments in flixweed. In coriander, the plant height, leaves and stems fresh yield, number of seeds per umbel and plant, biological and economic yield, and percentage and essential oil yield were significantly affected by the fertilizer treatments at the 1% probability level, too. In flixweed, the organic fertilizer, bioazospir, mycorrhiza, and chemical fertilizer caused the highest amount of studied traits, respectively and the control treatment caused the lowest one. In coriander, the mycorrhizal fertilizer, organic fertilizer, bioazospir, and chemical fertilizer resulted in the highest amount of studied traits, respectively and the control treatment caused the lowest one. Also, both medicinal plants showed much better performance in the combined cultivation with the cherry tree. Among the various combinations in the cultivation, the combined cultivation of coriander with cherry tree was selected as the best one.

Heavy metals found in urban air with its toxic effects have a direct impact on human health. Selection of appropriate tree species and shrub refining capacity of heavy metals in urban areas can greatly reduce the toxic effects of these materials. This study aimed to identify the most suitable tree and shrub species of broadleaf evergreen, deciduous and coniferous refinement of heavy metals lead, copper and zinc in the air in both units and total leaf weight. 12 species of tree and shrub leaves in City Park in Gorgan in summer (August 2010) was sampled. Heavy elements present in the samples were prepared and measured by atomic absorption instrument. The results showed that the performance of the trees in comparison to shrubs refinement of heavy metals lead, copper and zinc were more appropriate. Among the species present for purification of Pb and Zn, refine Shiraz, Magnolia and Cypress Pine copper refinery in Shiraz were the best and Tehran and Palvnya had the best performance for copper.

The bacteria of genus Azospirillum is one of the plant growth-promoting bacteria with N2 fixation ability that has been observed in the rhizosphere and the intercellular of the cereals and other plant roots. In this research the effect of some indigenous isolates was surveyed on some of the growth parameters and nutrients uptake. In this research 58 Azospirillum isolates were isolated from 38 samples of soils and canola roots from the different regions of Golestan province, Iran. Then they were compared to select the superior growth promoting isolates. The effect of inoculation of superior isolates on canola (the variety of Hayola 401) was carried out under growth chamber conditions, at fertilizer level (50% and 100%, based on soil test), in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications and 2 harvest stages. The inoculation of 4 Azospirillum isolates on some of the growth parameters of canola showed that the bacterial treatments significantly increased shoot dry weight, potassium and nitrogen uptake compared with the control in the first harvest, but they did not have any significant effect on all parameters in the second harvest. The maximum amounts of potassium and nitrogen uptake and the maximum amount of shoot dry weight were observed in inoculated plant by auxin-producing isolate with the amounts of 34.01, 31.43, and 0.627, respectively, in the first harvest. Also the effect of fertilizer treatments was significant on amounts of plant nutrients uptake and shoot dry weight in the first harvest, and on shoot dry weight, root dry weight, plant potassium, and nitrogen uptake in the second harvest. The highest amounts of nutrients uptake, shoot dry weight, and root dry weight in the both harvest stages wereobserved in 100% fertilizer treatment.

Heavy metals found in urban air with its toxic effects have a direct impact on human health. Selection of appropriate tree species and shrub refining capacity of heavy metals in urban areas can greatly reduce the toxic effects of these materials. This study aimed to identify the most suitable tree and shrub species of broadleaf evergreen, deciduous and coniferous refinement of heavy metals lead, copper and zinc in the air in both units and total leaf weight. 12 species of tree and shrub leaves in City Park in Gorgan in summer (August 2010) was sampled. Heavy elements present in the samples were prepared and measured by atomic absorption instrument. The results showed that the performance of the trees in comparison to shrubs refinement of heavy metals lead, copper and zinc were more appropriate. Among the species present for purification of Pb and Zn, refine Shiraz, Magnolia and Cypress Pine copper refinery in Shiraz were the best and Tehran and Palvnya had the best performance for copper.