m.h. daneshvar

Lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) is one of the rangeland species in the many parts of the world, which is cultivated as a medicinal and ornamental plant. Plant tissue culture techniques are an alternative method for the mass production of lavender colons and can overcome the problems caused by reproductive propagation. To determine the effect of different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators, and also explant type in the process of callogenesis, organogenesis, and rooting of lavender, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. In this research, different responses to growth regulatory compounds were assessed at different stages. The best treatment for callogenesis was cotyledon explants in culture medium containing 0.5 mg/l 2.4-D along with 0.25 mg/l BAP. In indirect organogenesis, the highest number of branches and the rate of organogenesis were obtained in the medium containing 2 mg/l of KIN. Also, the highest number of branches was obtained from using 0.5 mg/l BAP treatment with 0.5 mg/l of KIN along with 0.1 mg/l IBA. The results showed that the best culture medium for rooting was the medium containing 1 mg/l IBA. The highest explants survival rate was related to using perlite and coco peat as a bed of cultivation. The finding of this research introduced an efficient regeneration system for this plant that can be used in rapid vegetative propagation, germplasm maintenance, and molecular modification programs through genetic engineering.

Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is an important ornamental-medicinal plant in Iran, that is widely used alone or in combination with other medicinal to produce low-risk drugs for human. In order to mass-production of this plant by tissue culture, four separate factorial experiments were conducted using completely randomized design with three replications (10 samples) at four stages of callus induction, indirect organogenesis, rooting, and acclimatization The results showed that the highest callus weight was observed in the interaction of leaf explant and medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l). The tallest and highest branching number was related to the callus obtained from leaf explant in medium containing thidiazuron (1.0 mg/l TDZ) and putrescine (100 mg/l PUT), in indirect organogenesis. Tissue culture cuttings had the best rooting in 2.0 mg/l NAA medium. The obtained seedlings planted in pots containing perlite showed better acclimatization. By optimizing callus production from Calendula officinalis explants and propagation by tissue culture method can be an important step towards producing plants with the same quality and free of pathogens.

The behavior factor is used to reduce the elastic spectrum ordinate or the forces obtained from a linear analysis in order to take into account the non-linear structural properties. The more accurate this parameter is estimated, the more exact responses of the structures will be obtained. Recently, coupled walls with steel coupling beams are extensively utilized as an efficient system against lateral forces in high-rise buildings. But, there is not enough information about the behavior of these walls during earthquake, and design codes have not suggested any behavior factor for this structural system. Consequently, this paper is devoted to find the behavior factor of this structural system. To achieve this goal, six-, twelve- and twenty-story buildings are assessed. Except for the number of stories, all characteristicsof these buildings are completely similar. Buidlings’ height, the length of the coupling beams and the coupling ratio are key parameters which influence the behavior factor of the aforesaid structural system. In this work, the effect of these parameters on this factor are studied.