فهرست مطالب m.h. sayyari zahan

There is an urgent need to increase per capita food production to compete with high population growth while maintaining environmental sustainability. Because nitrogen plays a vital role in food production for humans and livestock, nitrogen management is essential in food production. In most cropping systems, nitrogen management seems to be a major challenge due to its high mobility and natural tendency for losses from the soil-plant system to the environment. Soil organic carbon plays a key role in improving soil ecological conditions. Adding organic matter to the soil is an excellent tool for improving physical, chemical and biological conditions and is almost always desirable. Soil organic carbon stock of crop ecosystems may be increased by improving farming practices. The application of green manure, fertilizer and the return of crop straw into the soil are known as management operations to increase soil organic carbon. Fertilizers, especially nitrogen, increase crop yield, and organic carbon is returned to the soil through roots and debris, which in most cases leads to increased soil organic carbon.

This study was conducted with the aim of utilizing a set of improving farming practices in diverse cropping systems to improve nitrogen efficiency during two crop years. Farming practices including removal of summer fallow were used by importing three crops of mung bean, corn and wild rocket in rotation plus nitrogen supply levels factor. The crop rotation factor was applied in four levels of Fallow-wheat, mung bean-wheat, corn-wheat and wild rocket-wheat and the factor of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 180 and 360 kg.ha-1) in a randomized complete block design as factorial. Soil mineral nitrogen (nitrate and ammonium) were measured before sowing wheat and grain, straw and total plant nitrogen after harvest. Uptake efficiency, utilization efficiency, agronomic efficiency and nitrogen harvest index were calculated.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the crop rotation and nitrogen were significantly effective (ρ ≤ 0.01) on plant nitrogen, harvest index and nitrogen efficiency. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer up to 360 kg.ha-1 increased grain nitrogen, straw nitrogen, total plant nitrogen and also nitrogen harvest index. While the best uptake, utilization and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen was observed on the treatment without nitrogen fertilizer. Comparison of the means showed that the wild rocket-wheat crop rotation had the best result among all measured traits except utilization efficiency, while the utilization efficiency in the corn-wheat crop rotation showed the best performance. The results clearly show the effect of increasing organic carbon on nitrogen availability and grain nitrogen concentration as well as the role of cover crops and legume, in increasing access to nitrogen. The amount of grain nitrogen was directly affected by the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. The highest correlation coefficient was seen between agronomic and uptake efficiency (r = 0.96**). There was also a significant inverse relationship between nitrogen harvest index and the types of calculated efficiencies. The amount of uptake efficiency and agronomic efficiency in all crop rotations except corn-wheat in the second year improved compared to the first year. The highest increase in efficiency in the second year was related to the wild rocket-wheat crop rotation. In the conditions of 360 and 180 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer, the nitrogen harvest index increased in the second year compared to the first year. While in conditions without nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen harvest index has a significant decrease. Therefore, at least in the short term, to increase the nitrogen harvest index, the minimum supply of nitrogen fertilizer should be used, even under improving crop management conditions such as green manure, removal of fallow and introduction of legumes in rotation and return of crop residues.

Continuous cropping, removal of fallow, use of cover crops and legume and preservation of residues led to increased carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soil and consequently increase biomass and nitrogen concentration in plant tissue. On the other hand, crop rotations that increased soil organic carbon and improved soil fertility quickly improved nitrogen efficiency and nitrogen harvest index.