m.h. talebian

The theory of learned helplessness was presented by Martin Seligman in the late 60s and the early 70s. According to this theory, the previous mental learning had a tremendous impact on future performance. Learned helplessness is a cognitive process that teaches people that staying in such a state leads them to passivity and inactivity, and can keep people stuck in the quagmire of backwardness. Previously, some authors presented articles on the theory of learned helplessness and development, but in this article, the connection between the two and the effect that learned helplessness has on self-concept is discussed. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that play a role in the lack of development of societies in order to guide them to the path of development by raising developed people. In this research, there is a kind of correlation and causal relationship between two variables: the independent variable - the role of learned helplessness - on the dependent variable - development process. The method of collecting data is in the form of library and documentary studies. The difference between the real self and the ideal self is the beginning of tension and intellectual conflict, and such a process is associated with the thinking that no matter how much effort is made to get out of helplessness, success and progress will not be achieved, and this is exactly the basics that Seligman teaches us in Learned Helplessness.

Abadan oil industry in Iran is very significant due to its various valuable layers as a part of national memory and identity. Therefore, to protect and reuse this industrial heritage, the adaptive reuse strategy by means of the landscape is considered. The purpose of this study is to achieve urban sustainability through a landscape adaptable to the oil industry heritage. This research is descriptive-correlational and has been done through a survey. The statistical population of this research consists of pundits and experts of Abadan’s oil industry and the sample size is 88 people. In the analytical section, while using documentary studies, a questionnaire with 21 closed questions was used for data collection. After collecting the data, its validity and reliability were measured and confirmed. In this study, the relations between nine environmental, historical, economic, social, cultural, policy, technology, physical, and infrastructure factors were measured as the factors affecting the landscape adaptable to the oil industry heritage. The results showed that the completion and facilitation of policies lead to the creation and strengthening of opportunities for cultural and social interactions in the industrial landscape. Also, the impact of physical factors on infrastructure, economic, and environmental leads to strengthening economic factors and infrastructure reuse in urban development. Findings indicated that the impact of environmental factors on economics and policy by using landscape leads to success in the mentioned fields.

Natural regeneration will guarantee forest future and sustainability. Ecological factors (soil and physiology) may influence regeneration process and provide a variety of sites favorable for seed generation and establishment of different plant species. The present study aimed to evaluate effect of environmental factors on Fagus orientalis regeneration in Kojoor Forest, one of Hyrcanian inscribed sites on UNESCO's Natural World Heritage List.

After determination of high valued and undisturbed stands of F. orientalis Lipeskey on the vegetation map, sampling was carried out with 2.5% of statistical intensity (the surface area of each plot was 0.1ha and statistical network dimension was 200×200m2). The effects of abiotic ecological factors including topography (aspect, elevation, and slope), soil type (pseudoglay, brown forest soil, and brown marmorized), canopy closure (50-70% and >70%) on abundance of regeneration were studied on 60 plots.

The mean density was 0.52seedlings/m2, and Fagus orientalis Lipeskey, and Carpinus betulus fastigiata comprise 82% of seedlings. F. orientalis prefers north faced slopes (Northeast and northern) (probability of 95%; p= 0.044) and the highest seedlings abundance occurs in the elevation of 1,000 to 1,200m a.s.l., while, the altitude of 700 to 800m a.s.l. had the lowest density of seedlings (probability of 95%; p= 0.034). This species more is found on the slope of 0-40% (probability of 95%; p= 0.012) on the pseudoglay and forest brown soil (probability of 99%; p= 0.001). Canopy covers between 50-70% are more suitable for this species and canopy cover >70% had the minimum number of seedlings per hectare (probability of 95%; p= 0.021).

These set of environmental conditions are optimal conditions under which F. orientalis as a climax species of the Hyrcanian Forests will grow and reproduce and Kojoor Forest is a developed old growth forest with the best environmental conditions for establishment and regeneration of climax species like F. orientalis. This site is an undisturbed forest with less anthropogenic effects and diverse topography and soil types which make it the best site of the Hyrcanian Forests.