فهرست مطالب m.kamali

 Today, in the commercial production of strawberries, short day cultivars  are used due to having large fruits of desirable quality. Among  the short  day cultivars available in Iranare Camarosa, Atabaki, Gaviota, Queen Aliza, Paros and McDonance, which can be cultivated at greenhouse. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are one of the metal oxides that exist in three forms of rutile, brookite and anatase, which affect growth, enzymatic activity and photosynthesis. Reported titanium nano dioxide in the highest concentration used (11.5 mg/l) increases fruit formation  percentage, leaf chlorophyll content, vitamin C content, fruit  ripening index, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots and yield of strawberries. In another study, it was shown that titanium dioxide treatment under drought stress can increase photosynthetic pigments, total soluble solids, vitamin C, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and antioxidant activity, and it also improved plant performance. increase the strawberry cultivar Ventana compared to the control treatment. In a research found that spraying titanium increases the biomass, fertility and quality of peach fruit. It has alsow been showed that the pomegranate size of flowers and fruits increased with using titanium nano dioxide, and this can increase the quantity and quality of Alberta peach cultivar. Foliar application of titanium nano dioxide in cucumber has been reported to increase photosynthesis  and  phenolic content  and reduce lipid peroxidation. In a research, it was shown that titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased photosynthesis rate, water conductivity and transpiration rate in tomato leaves. Despite the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the quantitative and qualitative improvement of some agricultural products, the researches conducted on strawberry plants were not complete or were only conducted on a specific variety. Therefore, with the aim of investigating and comparing the morphological and biochemical traits of some commercial strawberry cultivars under the effect of foliar spraying with titanium dioxide, the above research was conducted.
 
 This research was conducted to investigate the effect of nano titanium dioxide foliar spraying on four strawberry cultivars in the hydroponic greenhouse of the Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2020-2021. Experimental treatments included 4 levels of titanium nano dioxide (0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/l) and 4 strawberry cultivars (Sabrina, Paros, Gaviota and Camarosa) with 4 replications. The research was done in a factorial manner based on a completely random design. JMP 8 software was used to perform variance analysis and compare the averages of the measured traits. Means were compared using Tukey test at 5% probability level and graphs were drawn using Excel 2010 software.
 According to the tables of mutual effects of titanium dioxide nano treatments and varieties, it can be found that the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles had a positive effect on the desired characteristics in all four studied strawberry varieties. So that the application of different levels of titanium dioxide nano particles causes a significant increase in quantitative traits (number of leaves, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weight of aerial and root parts, photosynthetic pigments) The yield-dependent traits compared to the control plants were found in strawberry-strawberry cultivars. Nano titanium dioxide had an effect in increasing the number of fruits and vegetative traits of all investigated cultivars, in such a way that, on the one hand, with a balanced increase in vegetative growth, and on the other hand, improving the efficiency of photosynthesis and absorption through the roots and increasing the percentage of fruit formation. , increased the yield per plant. Also, sprinkling of titanium nanoparticles on all levels caused a significant increase in juice pH, TSS, TA, vitamin C, anthocyanin, total phenol, flavonoid and in general qualitative traits compared to the control. In the treatment of nano titanium dioxide, especially at the level of 10 mg/liter, better results were observed.

According to the results, the use of Paros and Gaviota cultivars is recommended to farmers and agricultural researchers due to its high yield and good quality.

Economic growth and development is one of the goals that every economy pursues and the reason for this is many benefits that accomplish economic growth. Therefore, in the seventh development plan, like other previous ones, the issue of growth and development must be taken into account. In this regard, special attention should be paid to the concept of land management and sub-sectors that have advantages such as tourism. Tourism as the fourth most lucrative industry in the world, has high economic and social benefits, the development of which is one of the least costly methods of economic growth in the Seventh Development Plan. And since Iran is one of the top 10 countries in the world in terms of tourist attractions and one of the top 15 countries in terms of tourism diversity and one of the top 8 in the world in terms of diversity of handicrafts whereas in terms of climate diversity on the one hand and the existence of unique historical and cultural sites on the other, it is one of the few countries that has an absolute advantage in attracting world tourism. Therefore, in this article, the effect of foreign tourism on the economic growth of Iran's provinces in general and the separation of 9 land management zones in particular were studied to be proposed as an important sub-section in the seventh plan with respect to impact and the possibility of policy-making for planned areas. To achieve this, the data panel method and quarterly data collected from the Statistics Center of Iran and the Cultural Heritage Organization during 2011 to 2018 were used. The results showed that tourism has had a positive and significant effect on economic growth in most provinces of Iran. The highest effect is in areas 4 and 5 and the least effect is in areas 8 and 9 of land management, respectively. Therefore, special attention should be paid to capacity building in this sub-section in the seventh plan.

To investigate the response of transplant and whole plants of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to the type of substrate and fertilizer, a factorial experiment was conducted as a randomized block design in Minab city of Hormozgan province with three replications. The first factor included four types of substrates and the second factor included five fertilizers levels. The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that the substrate type and fertilizer had a significant effect on the transplant traits. The results showed that the maximum leaf number and root dry weight of transplants were obtained in the cocopeat + vermicompost substrate. In each substrate, fertilizers improved the transplant traits, and organic and biological fertilizers were more effective. Thus, the maximum transplant height was determined in the cocopeat + vermicompost with algae fertilizer, and the maximum fresh weight and root volume were measured in the same substrate but with phosphozite fertilizer. The results of the field study showed that the evaluated traits were affected by the substrate type and fertilizer, and the seedlings previously grown in the substrates that improved their traits, had better growth after transferring to the field. The results showed that the highest number and yield of fruit, total soluble solids, and ascorbic acid were obtained in the seedlings produced in cocopeat + vermicompost substrate and organic fertilizers.

Teucrium stocksianum Boiss. is one of the important medicinal plant species that is naturally grown in the Southern highlands of Hormozgan and Sistan & Baluchestan provinces, Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of some morpho-physiological traits of different populations of T. stocksianum collected from natural habitats. The results showed significant differences among the populations for all the morpho-physiological traits. Plant height was positively correlated with plant height and width. Shoot dry weight was also positively correlated with root dry weight. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first five components accounted for 84.15% of the total variation. In the first component, the inflorescence length, plant height, root dry weight, plant width, and stem dry weight were important traits (%31). Cluster analysis divided the populations into three groups and showed that the cluster analysis using morpho-physiological did not correspond to the geographical diversity. Based on the results, the populations of the second group due to having higher values for desirable traits such as large diameter, small diameter and plant length, stem and root dry weight, main stem diameter and the weight of 1,000 seeds, were introduced to breeding improved varieties.

The defense policy of countries, as one of the main pillars of national security, requires accurate, continuous and appropriate evaluation based on scientific and specialized indicators .‌In the meantime, the scientific evaluation of the realization and implementation of defense policies plays an important role in the comprehensive evaluation model of defense policy, to review and adapt these policies to the dynamic and fluid requirements and requirements of national security. The purpose of this research is to provide a model for evaluating the realization of the defense policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The current research method is a combination of case-contextual, correlation-congruence and descriptive methods. In this research, the interview-questionnaire tool was used to collect data, and in order to extract the dimensions, components and indicators of the defense policy evaluation model, interviews were conducted with 15 experts.A closed questionnaire was distributed among 36 respondents (sample size) to confirm the opinions of experts and experts. Cronbach's alpha was used to determine the reliability of the quantitative research tool. Finally, a model has been designed that has 6 dimensions, including the dimensions of fundamental principles and values, structure and organization, human capital, operational, environmental and promotional and information, and 11 components, including the components of Islamic and revolutionary values. The general principles are structural, organizational, behavioral, functional, executive, combat and defense, internal environment, external environment and advertising and information and has 87 main indicators.

Since anaerobic digestion leads to the recovery of energy and nutrients from waste, it is considered the most sustainable method for treating the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes.However, due to the long solid retention time in the anaerobic digestion process, the low performance of the process in biogas production as well as the uncertainty related to the safety of digested materials for utilizing in agriculture, applying different pretreatments is recommended.Thermal pretreatment is one of the most common pretreatment methods and has been used successfully on an industrial scale. Very little research, nevertheless, has been done on the effects of different temperatures and durations of thermal pretreatment on the enhancement of anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW). The main effect of thermal pretreatment is the rapturing cell membrane and dissolving organic components. Thermal pretreatment at temperatures above 170 °C may result in the formation of chemical bonds that lead to particle agglomeration and can cause the loss of volatile organic components and thus reduce the potential for methane production from highly biodegradable organic waste. Therefore, since thermal pretreatment at temperatures above 100 °C and high pressure requires more energy and more sophisticated equipment, thermal pretreatment of organic materials at low temperatures has recently attracted more attention. According to the researchers, thermal pretreatment at temperatures below 100 °C did not lead to the decompositionof complex molecules but the destruction of large molecule clots.The main purpose of this study was to find the optimal levels of pretreatment temperature and time and the most appropriate concentration of digestible materials to achieve maximum biogas production using a combination of the Box Behnken Response Surface Method to find the objective function followed by optimizing these variables by Genetic Algorithm.

In this study, the synthetic organic fraction of municipal solid waste was prepared similar to the organic waste composition of Karaj compost plant. The digestate from the anaerobic digester available in the Material and Energy Research Institute was used as an inoculum for the digestion process. Some characteristics of the raw materials that are effective in anaerobic digestion including the moisture content, total solids, volatile solids of organic waste, and the inoculum were measured. Experimental digesters were set up according to the model used by MC Leod. After size reduction and homogenization, the synthetic organic wastes were subjected to thermal pretreatment (70, 90, 110 °C) at specific times (30, 90, 150 min).The Response Surface methodology has been used in the design of experiments and process optimization. In this study, three operational parameters including pretreatment temperature, pretreatment time, and concentration of organic material (8, 12, and 16%) were analyzed. After extracting the model for biogas efficiency based on the relevant variables, the levels of these variables that maximize biogas production were determined using a Genetic Algorithm.

The Reduced Quadratic model, was used to predict the amount of biogas production. The value of the correlation coefficient between the two sets of real and predicted data was more than 0.95. The results suggested that pretreatment time followed by the pretreatment temperature had the greatest contribution (50.86% and 44.81%, respectively) to biogas production. Changes in the organic matter concentration, on the other hand, did not have a significant effect (p ˂ 0.01) on digestion enhancement (1.63%) but were statistically significant at p ˂ 0.10.The response surface diagram showed that the increase in pretreatment time first led to a rise and then a fall in biogas production. The decline in biogas production seemed set to continue with pretreatment time. Meanwhile, the increase in pretreatment temperature from 70 °C to 110 °C first contributed to higher biogas production and then the decrease in gas production occurred.  The reason for this fall was probably the browning and Maillard reaction.The regression model was applied as the objective function for variables optimization using the Genetic Algorithm method. Based on the results of this algorithm, the optimal thermal pretreatment for biogas production was determined at 95 °C for 104 minutes and at the concentration of 12%. The expected amount of biogas production by applying the optimal pretreatment conditions was 445 mL-g-1 VS.

In this study, the variables including thermal treatment temperature and time as well as the concentration of organic waste to be anaerobically digested were optimized to achieve the highest biogas production from anaerobic digestion.Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the application of thermal pretreatment increased biogas production considerably. According to the regression model, the contribution of pretreatment time and temperature to biogas production was significant (50.86% and 44.81% respectively). In stark contrast, varying substrate concentrations in the range of 8 to 16% had a smaller effect (1.63%) on biogas production. The results of this study also showed that the best pretreatment temperature and time were 95 °C and 104 minutes, respectively, at a concentration of 12% by generating 445 mL-g-1 VS biogas which is 31.17% higher than the biogas yield from anaerobic digestion of untreated organic wastes at this concentration.

 Cucumber is a vegetable with a low capacity for storage; it usually loses quality 14 days from the beginning of storage. The benefits of cold storage are not the same for all the fruit or vegetables, some given vegetables are more suitable for cold storage than others. However, pre-cooling is always advisable, because the products takes profit from the benefits of low temperatures in cold storage rooms. Due to the short shelf life of cucumber and the high speed of reducing its quality, various methods are used to maintain the quality of cucumber, such as edible coatings. Propolis, also called “bee-glue,” is a natural resinous substance produced by honeybees from plant exudates, beeswax, and bee secretions in order to defend the hives. Propolis has an important role in prevention of food loss weight and waste, thus helping to ensure food safety and security. The concoction of aqueous propolis extracts has a lower cost as compared to hydroalcoholic extracts and it is believable that both, aqueous and hydro alcoholic extracts, present similar concentrations of phenolic compounds resulting in a product of appropriate functional characteristics. Herein, the biochemical composition and efficacy of propolis in maintaining the postharvest storability of food products were discussed to provide a comprehensive guide to farmers and food processing and storage sectors and to scientists.

 In order to investigate the effect of two factors of hydro cooling and propolis as an edible coating on cucumber shelf life, this study was conducted in the spring and summer of 2019 in the laboratories of horticultural sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The factorial experiment was based on a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included three levels of propolis alcoholic extract (0, 4 and 8%) and two temperature treatments (4 (hydro cooling temperature) and 25 ° C) in 4 replications.Weight loss, tissue firmness, extract pH, total soluble solids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total phenol and antioxidant activity were measured. The experimental data were analyzed using Jump-8 statistical software and the means of treatments were compared by LSD test at 5% probability level.

 Results showed that the interaction of treatments had an effect on fruit weight loss percentage, firmness, and antioxidant activity, chlorophyll and total soluble solids. Thus, the highest percentage of fruit weight loss was observed in the control treatment (without propolis) in 4°C (5.02%). Foliar application of fruits led to an increase in firmness of fruit tissue with propolis in both concentrations of 4 and 8% compared to the control treatment (no foliar application with propolis) in both temperature treatments. The highest total chlorophyll content was in 8% propolis treatments + temperature of 24 °C (8.96 mg / gfw), treatment of 8% propolis + temperature of 4 °C (8.68 mg/gfw) and treatment of 4% propolis + temperature of 4 oC (7.93 mg/gfw) significantly. In addition, antioxidant activity increased in the treatments of 4 °C+ foliar application with propolis 4 and 8%. In general, although fruits treated with 24 ° C showed more weight loss than 4 °C, the use of both concentrations of propolis improved the above trait, reducing the amount of fruit phenol and tissue firmness and other biochemical traits. Studies have shown that the chemical composition of the propolis samples which a certain breed of bees (Apis mellifera intermissa) made have 17 different chemical compounds. They noted that the main phenolic compound was caffeic acid (0.85 mg·g−1 EAP) and the main flavonol compound was pinocembrin (0.82 mg·g−1 EAP). Significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were observed in dragon fruit quality when treated with different concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0%) and stored at 20 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) for 20 days, which matched our results. Passos et al. (2016) reported test panel did not detect significant differences amongst coated and not coated cv. Prata bananas up to six days of storage. Propolis extracts.

 In addition to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, contain hydrophobic composites that assist in ameliorating attributes as biodegradable films on fruits.

Being familiar with the factors that are effective in causing falls plays an important role in reducing the issues and costs related to its treatment. Considering the contradictory results about the use of antihypertensive drugs and falls in older adults, the present study was conducted to determine the association between the use of antihypertensive drugs and falls in older adults.

This cross-sectional study was a part of the first phase of Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP), which was conducted on three groups of 250 people including healthy elderly, and hypertensive patients with and without taking antihypertensive drugs. Antihypertensive drugs were divided into 6 groups based on the mechanism of action. The variables of age, gender, body mass index, physical activity, diabetes, number of medications, depression symptoms, cognitive status, number of comorbidities, and the frequency of falls during one year before the beginning of the study and during the six-month follow-up were evaluated and compared in different categories of antihypertensive drugs by asking older adults in the three groups.

Out of all studied older adults, 126 people (16.8%) fell during the last 12 months and 36 people (4.8%) fell during the six-month follow-up. No significant relationship was found between falls and the use of antihypertensive drugs, and between the use of different classes of antihypertensive drugs and falls. Variables such as depressive symptoms (OR=2.057, p=0.001), number of comorbidities (OR=0.189, p=0.006) and older age (OR=1.033, p=0.040) had an effective role in causing falls.

The results of the study showed that the use of antihypertensive drugs and their different classes was not associated with the increase in the frequency of falls in older adults.

 Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases that affect patients' social, psychological, and economic performance. Considering the importance of lifestyle in promoting health and improving quality of life, especially in chronic diseases such as asthma, the present study was planned and conducted to determine the relationship between lifestyle and quality of life in patients with asthma.

 The current study was a descriptive correlational study that its statistical population included all patients with asthma referred to medical centers in Zanjan province. A total of 400 patients were selected by the available sampling method. We used the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ) for data collection. The results of the study were analyzed using SPSS software version 26 in two levels including descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and independent t-test) tests.

 According to the results, 40% of the participants were over 60 years old, and 58% were men. The results revealed a positive and significant relationship between the total lifestyle score and the total quality of life in patients with asthma (p<0.05). On the other hand, there was a statistically significant relationship between the dimensions of weight control, mental health, and social health of lifestyle with total quality of life and also between the dimensions of physical health and environmental health of quality of life and total lifestyle score of patients (p<0.05).

 Due to the chronic and progressive nature of asthma and the need for continued health care, improving the quality of life by changing patients' lifestyles can play a constructive role in preventing the progression of the disease. Therefore, it seems that health professionals must strive to change the lifestyle of these patients with actions such as educational programs to improve their quality of life.

Each year, with the onset of cold season and severe drop in temperature, the probability of frost bite and frost damage is a problem for landscaping plants. Many plant species, especially tropical and subtropical species, are damaged when exposed to frostbite, causing damage to their cells, tissues, and organs. Research has shown that by altering membrane properties during cold stress, metabolic balance is disturbed and with the increase in toxic metabolites, secondary damage to the plant can occur. At low temperature, decreases the efficiency of energy transfer to the center of the photosystem II. In addition, low temperatures are the main cause of the formation of reactive oxygen radicals. Also, lowering the temperature in the presence of light, due to the imbalance between light absorption and photosynthesis, increases the risk of light oxidation. Low temperature also reduces the activity of Rubisco. The amount of free proline in many plants increases significantly in response to environmental stresses such as frost stress, and stabilizes the membrane during cold stress.On the other hand, the use of some organic materials such as organic mulches increase temperature of the soil, and thus helps plant from frostbite. Use of organic mulch is widespread in agriculture due to the positive effect in soil temperature, weed control and moisture retention. Also, these mulches are effective in height, growth and flowering, early maturity and total yield of the products. Mulches in the warm seasons reduces soil temperature. Use of mulch can also help plants to withstand frostbite. Organic mulch decomposition in appropriate temperature and humidity conditions, liberates the nutrients gradually and provides for root plant and microorganisms of the soil. Organic mulches can reduce the effect of salt toxicity on plant growth and actively increase soil desalination. The most important benefit of mulch is the increase in soil temperature in the seed area, which accelerates the growth and yield of the product. Use of straw as mulch resulted in accelerated germination in cucumber. Use of straw mulch leads to an increase in temperature at night, thus protecting plants from temperature stress that has a positive effect on the growth and development of wheat.

In order to investigate the effect of freezing stress and using different types of organic mulch for Aquilegia plant, this experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The experimental treatments included four types of mulch (control (without mulch), 50% soil + 50% manure, 50% soil + 50% leaf needle + 50% soil + 50% rice bran) and five levels of freezing temperature (0, -5, -10, -15 and 20). Characteristics such as percentage of electrolyte leakage, relative water content, chlorophyll index and total chlorophyll, leaves number, leaf area, plant dry weight and proline leaf content were considered.

The results showed with decrease of temperature from 0 to -20 °C, stem diameter, leaf area and leaf number in bran mulch treatment decreased by 42.6%, 73.4%, 21.2% respectively, also stem diameter, leaf area and leaf number in mulch of leaf needle were 35.2%, 9/64%, 47.6%, in manure mulch were 20.20%, 46.4%, 7.8% and in the control of mulch decreased, 32.8%, 79.7%, 30.7%, respectively. At -5 °C, the amount of proline was 26% in the leaf and at -20°C, the amount of proline increased 50% compared to the control. Also, the lowest proline (0.73 μmol / g fresh weight) was obtained from the plants that treated with bran mulch. With application of, electrolyte leakage reached 63.6%, 68%, 61% and 57% in control conditions bran, needle and manure, respectively. In short, the least electrolyte leakage was observed in manure. On the other hand, when temperature dropped from 0 to -20 °C, the percentage of electrolyte leakage increased in Aquilegia. Relative water content of the leaf were 24% at 0°C, 38% at -15 °C and 23% at -20 °C. In terms of non-use of mulch, the relative water content was 36% and reached a 42% and 40% with application of manure and needle using mulch. By measuring the total carbohydrate found in Aquilegia leaf, it was observed that the amount of this trait was increased under frost stress. In general, although frost stress reduced the morphological traits of Aquilegia, use of organic mulch resulted in the improvement of these traits. The best results were observed in manure mulch.

The Toyserkan plain in Hamedan province has faced a significant drop in groundwater levels. The aim of this study is simulation of the groundwater demand and supply for basic year (2011)¡ predicting them to 2025 and defining tree scenarios: 1-Efficiency of irrigation increasing¡ 2- change of land use¡ 3- urban water management¡ and evaluating them effects on groundwater demand and supply by WEAP’s Model. Based on results¡ if continue demand current trend¡ the aquifer encounter drought and will occurred intensive critic for all demand sites in 2019. Result of change of land use scenario indicated that will be delayed becoming dry of aquifer to 2022. Urban water management scenario results indicated that groundwater storage in comparison to reference scenario increase annual from 2012 to 2020 and this increase arrive to 10.95 Mm3 in 2 . Based on results of Efficiency of irrigation increasing scenario¡ if Efficiency of irrigation arrive to 59.13 percent in agricultural sites¡ not only met all of demand sites water requirement¡ but also groundwater storage provide annual and gap between of groundwater demand and supply will arrive to minimum of self amount.

Copper is an essential micronutrient for plant growth which is involved in many metabolic processes. However excessive amounts of copper may cause environmental pollution. With an increase in the contamination of urban areas with heavy metals, more attention should be paid to the role of ornamental plants in removing pollutants from the soils. The effects of heavy metals on the growth parameters of plants also should be determined. In this research the effects of four levels of Cu (CuSO4.5 H2O) including 0, 20, 40 and 80 mg Cu kg soil on growth parameters of hollyhock plants were investigated. Results showed that in treated plants root and shoot elongation, root dry weight and shoot fresh weight were not significantly differentiate from control. However, a significant decrease in Chl.a, Chl.b and total chlorophyll content was observed by increasing the cu level in the soil. Proline content in the leaf tissues reached to the highest values when plants were treated with 80 mg Cu kg soil. Electrolyte leakage of treated plant with 20 mg Cu kg soil was not significant differentiate from control. The concentration of Cu in the shoots and roots significantly increased with increasing the Cu level in the soil. Translocation factor at all Cu concentrations significantly decreased in compared to the control. Generally, results showed that A.rosea is a suitable alternative for phytoremediation of copper contaminated area.