maede sadat etesami

Hopelessness, or negative expectations toward the future, is considered to be a central feature of depression. This can affect individual’s personal, familial, occupational, educational and social functions negatively. The current research aimed to study the psychometric properties of hopelessness scale in children within the age range of 12-19. After translating items of HSC to Persian, a sample of 603 guidance and high school students (300 girls and 303 boys) were selected from all students of Tehran. To measure divergent/convergent validity of the scale, children depression scale (CDI) and adolescent’s self-efficacy scale (SEQ-C) were performed in parallel. A first-order Confirmatory factor analysis was used to measure hopelessness scale in children (HSC) questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of HSC in students was calculated 77% and was relatively satisfactory. The Factor analysis of HSC was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. An analysis of correlation coefficients has revealed that HSC has a significant positive relation with depression scale and a significant negative relation with self-efficacy scale which indicates that there is a convergent validity between HSC and depression scale in children and a divergent validity between it and self-efficacy in adolescents. First-order confirmatory factor analysis of HSC scale has shown a better fitness with observed data. The confirmatory factor structure, validity and reliability of HSC were relatively satisfactory for research purposes and clinical diagnoses.

Spirituality as a cultural fact is one of the principles that will affect many aspects of life. This research aims to build a scale to assess and evaluate the reliability and validity of spiritual experiences and its exploratory factor structure.
The research was a correlational study. The study population included all employees of the Shahid Beheshti University, including 220 participants (105 females and 115 males) with the stratified sampling and proportional allocation method and Cohen's d formula, were selected. The instrument was spiritual experience scale (SES). For assessing the internal validity of instrument correlation coefficient was used for each question and the total score categories. The exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 25 items of the scale. internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha and retest was used for concurrent validity.
In the initial factor analysis, three factors were obtained with the particular value of greater than 1 and second factor analysis was limited to these three factors. Based on the content of the material three factors were named "personal relationship with God," "communication and perception beyond" and "the presence of God and receive spiritual support." The internal consistency of this scale was good (Cronbach's alpha, 93.0 and repeatability within ten days, 78.0).
The study showed that the spiritual experience scale in Iranian society was valid and reliable. So self-report scale is a useful tool for research purposes.