فهرست مطالب mahdi javanshiri

The dramatic increase in construction in recent decades has been accompanied by an increase in the number of construction violations in urbanized areas and has overshadowed the urban management and planning system, so preventing unauthorized urban construction is one of the main problems of city managers. The current method of controlling construction violations includes field inspections based on human knowledge, which in addition to the need to spend exorbitant financial, time and human resources, may lead to collusion between builders and municipal inspectors or even failure to identify construction violations in a timely manner. In this regard, providing an intelligent and accurate method for identifying construction violations and targeting the search for construction patrols is more than necessary. The aim of this study is to provide an intelligent strategic model in monitoring violations. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and causal in terms of method and the data has been collected by library and field methods. The results of this study indicate that by using the intelligent monitoring system, it is possible to intelligently monitor illegal constructs by processing the required image and data techniques, with the least presence of human agents and in a shorter time. The overall accuracy of 94% and the kappa coefficient of 71% for image classification in this system confirm the accuracy of the above results. It shows that in this method, the speed and accuracy of image classification, identification of changing buildings and identification of illegal constructions are much higher than physical and existing methods.

The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has an effect on development of Creative Villages as a new approach in using the existing rural capabilities and capacities to revive the rural areas. This study seeks to analyze the impact of RICT on the indicators of development of Creative Villages in suburban settlements in Mashhad County.

A descriptive-analytical research method was employed in this fundamental study, and documentary and survey methods have been used for collecting the data. The study population included households in 8 villages around Mashhad (N = 20813). These villages had a rural ICT office and a population of over 1,000 households. The sample was estimated using Cochran's formula; accordingly, 194 households were selected by systematic random sampling.

Spatial analysis of the main variables was performed using Combined Compromise Solution and fuzzy gray analysis. The result showed that the villages of Gorji Sofla, Hosseinabad Gharghi, Dostabad and Dehroud have the highest, and the villages of Kal Zarkash and Chahar Borj have the lowest level of use of RICT services and the indicator of the Creative Village. Using the partial least squares (PLS) technique, among the research indicators, "promoting and training" with the coefficient of 0.591 had the most direct effect on the dependent variable. Also, variable dimension of "awareness of RICT services", considering the direct and indirect effects, with a coefficient of 0.816, has had a greater impact on the indicators of development of Creative Villages in rural settlements. Given the value of R2 (0.998), we concluded that RICT has a high-level impact on the indicators of development of Creative Villages.

The use of digital technology has influenced the formation of the creative village as a new approach in using the existing capabilities and reviving the capacities of the village. The present study was conducted to analyze the impact of digital technology on the infrastructure of the creative village of suburban settlements in Mashhad. Research Method In the present study, descriptive-analytical and its type are fundamental in terms of purpose and documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study includes 8 villages around the metropolis of Mashhad, which have a rural ICT office, a population of over 1000 households and are located near the city of Mashhad. According to the total number of households in the sample community (N 20813 households) and with 0.07% error in Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated equal to 194 households that were selected from the rural community by systematic random method. Spatial analysis of the main variables was performed using FGRA and MABAC models that the villages of Gorji Sofla, Hosseinabad Gharghi and Dehroud have the highest, and the villages of Kal Zarkesh and Chahar Borj have the lowest level of use of digital technology services (RICT) and creative village infrastructure. In order to investigate the effect of digital technology (RICT) on "creative rural infrastructure", while confirming the positive correlation and significance of these two variables with Pearson correlation test, the results of structural equation modeling with partial least squares technique (PLS) show that the dimension "Awareness of RICT services" considering the direct and indirect effects, with a coefficient of 0.755, had a greater impact on the infrastructure of the creative village in the sample settlements. In general, according to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) for the variable of creative rural infrastructure (0.969), it was determined that the impact of rural digital technology (RICT) on creative rural infrastructure is strong.

Attempting to have a national land use planning program has always faced many obstacles and challenges over the past 45 years. But futures research in land use planning with emphasis on key factors, drivers, and lack of regional development certainties, allows focusing on key drivers to overcome ambiguous problems. And mapped and managed the desired future. In the present study, with the participation of provincial administrators and university experts, the most important factors affecting the feasibility of planning in Khorasan Razavi province have been identified and finally scenarios affecting the feasibility of planning in the province have been developed. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and type of research method. The method of data collection and information is library, documentary and survey (interview). By examining scientific sources, 107 factors affecting the feasibility of land use planning projects were identified, which were classified into 10 dimensions; Interviews were conducted with two groups and a total of 29 people, including managers of related organizations and academic experts. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques such as environmental scanning, structural analysis and interaction analysis (Micmac and Scenario wizard software). The results showed that 598 scenarios with poor compatibility and only 2 scenarios are in the state of strong and stable compatibility (zero incompatibility) (33.3% of possible scenarios are plausible). The first scenario, which is a positive-oriented scenario, has a total interaction score of 228 and a compatibility value of 6, while the second scenario, which indicates unfavorable conditions for the future of land management planning in Khorasan Razavi province, has a total interaction score of 163 and a compatibility value of 9. is. The third scenario also has a compatibility value of -1 and with a total score of 58 interaction can be one of the possible scenarios for the future of land management planning in Khorasan Razavi province.

Cemeteries are historically, culturally, architecturally and archaeologically valuable resources. The cemetery space is not only for the dead, but also for the living because of their beloved graves.. Due to the expansion of Mashhad in terms of geography, population and the problems related to Behesht Reza Cemetry, Mashhad city managers have designed Behesht Rezvan Cemetery in north of Mashhad. The aim of this research is to investigate the social and environmental impacts of the cemetery on rural settlement around. The study is "applied" in terms of purpose and is "descriptive-analytical" in terms of method and nature. The statistic population consisted of residents of 5 villages located around Cemetery of Behesht Rezvan (N = 933). The sample size was 144 inhabitants of the sample villages, based on Cochran formula that were selected randomly. Questionnaire was used to collect data and measure research variables. The validity of the indices was evaluated and judged by 10 experts in the field of urban and rural planning studies. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed highly by the Cronbach's alpha test (0.895). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software in factor analysis method. The results of reduction of 23 variables showed 8 extracted factors that explain %71.54 of variance and indicated satisfactory factor analysis and the variables studied. Accordingly, the most important social and environmental impacts of Behesht Rezvan Cemetery are the factors of environmental health reduction with variance of 19.058, decrease in life expectancy with variance of 15.729 and security, psychological and psychological problems with variance of 12.157. According to the results of one-sample T-test, factors of life expectancy (10.777) and environmental health (10.382) had the highest impact on rural life. The results of the ARAS technique and the ranking of the sample villages confirmed that the impacts of cemetery on the nearby villages were greater and Gonbadvaz and Kalateh Timur villages were most affected.

Land subsidence is one of the most important geomorphic hazards that has a slow motion but destructive effects in the long run. For the spatial analysis of the amount of displacement, the data on changes of the ground surface from Sentinel A1 for a period of 3 years (2017-2020) through the radar interferometric method and SNAP software were used. Field observations were also made to evaluate the research results. The results showed that the rate of land subsidence has increased from 2017 to 2020, from 2.6 cm in 2017 to 7.8 cm in 2020. Moreover, the groundwater hydrograph in the central plain of Ghaen has significantly decreased, so that the rate of water level drop in the plain level has been about 1.30 meters during 5 years (from 2014 to March 2020), i.e, about 26 cm per year. In addition, the analysis of spatial autocorrelation and Moran index (0.984) confirmed the clustering of subsidence event under the influence of water level changes in the study area. The correlation results also showed that there was a small correlation between the factor “changes in water level” and “land subsidence rate” (p = -0.138), which is an indirect relationship, i.e., the higher the groundwater abstraction (or the lower the water level), the higher the amount of subsidence. But due to the level of significance (sig = 0.585) this relationship is not significant.

The development thinkers have always agreed on human excellence in all aspects, yet in many countries the issue of gender has become a basis for socio-cultural, economic, political, etc. In inequalities, and this   leads to a serious challenge and dilemma in achieving sustainable development. Rural areas, because of the  dominant sexism, women and their empowerment in various fields, are ignored whereas their participation as well as men’s can facilitate the process of achieving development. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate gender approaches to sustainable development in villages around the metropolis of Karaj. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect data. Statistically, it covers the population of 10 villages located in the central part of Karaj city and out of a total of 3987 households living in rural suburb settlements. According to the Cochran's formula, the sample size of 228 households was estimated, and these individuals were selected by random sampling method. To test the conceptual model of the research and to investigate the effect of research dimensions on sustainable development, the partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used. According to the results, the coefficients of t between the main variables of the study are above 2.58, and there is a significant and direct relationship. Thus, economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions have a positive and significant effect on sustainable development. The value of R2 shows that 96.7% of sustainable development is explained by achieving four dimensions, and the economic dimension with a coefficient of 0.88 has a greater effect on other dimensions in a sustainable rural development. Also, the results of t-test with two independent nodes showed that in the study area, gender type was not effective only in economic and sustainable development indicators, but rather was in three indicators of social, environmental and institutional. Therefore, all of these dimensions, in terms of importance and necessity, require well-planned planning and action to improve, neglecting of which can improve the process of improving sustainable rural development and could challenge the positive role of gender approach in it.

The present study has been done for this purpose in rural settlements of Mashhad urban complex. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and fundamental in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The sample population is 28 villages of over 20 households in urban collection Mashhad which were selected from different classes of population and different distances with Mashhad city. From 20083 households in sample rural areas, using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 377 households were selected by random sampling method. Partial least squares technique and Smart PLS software were used to test the conceptual model of research and investigate the impact of physical-spatial transformations on quality of life. According to the results, the coefficients of t among the main variables of the study were above 2.58 which means that there is a direct and meaningful relationship. The R2 value represents 96.4% of the quality of life explained by physical-spatial changes and spatial changes with a coefficient of 0.97 had a greater impact on the quality of life of the villagers. The results of spatial analysis using GWR model showed that the coefficient of impact of physical-spatial changes on quality of rural life in eastern villages such as Sharshar, Salarabad, Hossein Abad gazband, Shourak Sabouri reaches its maximum. Overall, 30.84% of the villages and 34.74% of the rural population in the study area are in the range of 0.928 to 0.943, that eleven villages are located in this area.

The sustainable physical-spatial development of Mashhad urban complex is the prerequisite of attaining sustainable regional (provincial) and national development. This necessitates paying attention to the development of scenarios that set the ground for the development of Mashhad.  In the study at hand, it was tried through the participation of the provincial managers and academic experts to identify first the key drivers of physical-spatial changes in the rural settlements of Mashhad urban complex and then the scenarios effective on the physical-spatial development of these settlements. This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The data was collected through library research, document analysis, and survey (interview) methods. Examining scientific resources, 69 factors effective on the physical-spatial changes were identified, which were grouped into five dimensions. Then, 29 participants in two groups, namely the managers of the related organizations and academic experts, were interviewed. Data analysis was done based on future research techniques, including Schwartz model, structural analysis, and interaction analysis, using Micmac and Scenario Wizard software packages. The results showed that 512 scenarios have weak compatibility, and only one scenario has strong, sustainable compatibility (zero incompatibility) (2.8 percent of possible scenarios are credible). The first scenario, which is in positive direction, has the overall interaction effect score of 771 and compatibility value of 7, while the second scenario that expresses the fairly favorable conditions for the future of rural settlements has the overall interaction effect score of 736 and compatibility value of -2. The third scenario, which has the compatibility value of -3 and the overall interaction effect score of 695, can be one of the possible scenarios for the future physical-spatial changes in rural areas, too.

The present study was conducted to analyze the impact of digital technology on the development of suburban settlements in Mashhad. The research method in the present study is descriptive-analytical and its type is fundamental in terms of purpose and documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study includes 8 villages around the metropolis of Mashhad, which have a rural ICT office, a population of over 1000 households and are located near the city of Mashhad. According to the number of total households in the sample community (N 20813 households) and with 0.07% error in Cochran's formula, the sample size was calculated as 194 households that were selected from the rural community by systematic random method. Spatial analysis of the main variables was performed using FGRA and MABAC models that the villages of Gorji Sofla, Hosseinabad Gharghi and Dehroud have the highest, and the villages of Kal Zarkesh and Chahar Borj have the lowest level of use of digital technology services (RICT) and rural development. According to the results, the economic dimension, taking into account the direct and indirect effects, with a coefficient of 0.363, has had a greater impact on the development of sample rural settlements than the two social and environmental-physical dimensions. Finally, the rural digital technology variable with a coefficient of 0.786, has had a great impact on the formation of the development of sample rural settlements. In general, according to the value of the coefficient of determination (R2) for the rural development variable (0.990), it was found that the impact of digital technology (RICT) on rural development is strong;

The low quality of life in rural areas and, as a result, the migration of rural people to cities has led to numerous social, economic and environmental problems in rural areas and in cities. Accordingly, the aim is to identify the relationship between the vitality of the villagers and the existence of rural public spaces; Investigating the necessity of forming and paying attention to public spaces in villages and identifying the relationship and effect between the existence of rural public spaces and the mental quality of life of villagers. The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. Library and survey studies have been used to collect information. The statistical population of the study includes 9 villages of Binaloud County. In order to estimate the sample size in rural households, 190 people were obtained from Cochran sampling method with an error level of 7% according to the share of rural population. The collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS and GIS software and one-sample t-test, regression test and Pearson correlation test were used to prove and disprove the hypotheses. Findings showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the role of public spaces in improving the quality of life of villagers in the sample villages. However, according to the villagers, the vitality level of rural public spaces in general with an average of 2.49 and quality of life with an average of 2.45 is low in the sample villages and in the villages of Upper Abareh, Virani and Jagharq, the vitality of public spaces and Jagharq, Zoshk and Dehnov villages, the mental quality of life has the highest level. The study of the effect of vitality indices in rural public spaces showed that 39% of the changes in the mental quality of life in the sample villages depend on the vitality indices in rural public spaces. The social vitality index (with an impact factor of 0.292) also has the greatest impact.

Futurism in land use planning with emphasis on key factors, drivers and lack of certainty of regional development in the planning space, allows the planner in the decision-making process on issues of high complexity and high uncertainty, focusing on Overcome key drivers to solve vague and elusive problems; And with these propellants as control levers, to map and manage the desired future. In the present study, with the participation of provincial administrators and university experts, an attempt has been made to identify the most important drivers affecting the feasibility of planning in Khorasan Razavi province. The process governing this research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and type of research method. The nature of the data is qualitative and the method of collecting data and information is library, documentary and survey (interview). By examining scientific sources, 107 factors affecting the feasibility of land use planning projects were identified, which were classified into 10 dimensions; The two groups and a total of 29 people, including managers of organizations related to the Land use planning process in the province and university experts were asked in a face-to-face and online questionnaire to make a pairwise comparison between the influential factors. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques such as environmental scanning, structural analysis and interaction analysis. The results showed that in the main factors of non-feasibility of land management plans, "economic" and "migration and marginalization" factors had the most impact, and among the sub-factors, "resource constraints, border location and lack of comprehensive knowledge of the entire study area" and "Lack of information, weakness of planning centers and low attendance of university centers" are among the first three important drivers and the variable "low participation of people in the implementation of development and macroeconomic projects (private capital)", "oil-based economy and rent economy structure" "And" inconsistency between the responsible organizations and the lack of a legal unit for land management "are in the next ranks.

One of the basic human needs for the life of the security, much of it Shape of security in residential spaces. The researchers believe that factors such as social, economic, cultural, etc. are effective in creating a sense of security, among which we can mention the physical effects can be mentioned. The purpose of this study was to investigate physical factors affecting the sense of security of villagers in rural settlements on Binaloud County, using the approach "Crime Prevention through Environmental Design" or CPTED. This study is an applied one conducted in a descriptive-analytical method. In order to evaluate the factors affecting physical security, the opinions of 16 experts to estimate the level of physical security feeling the villagers, residents of 8 villages were questioning Binalud County, that of rural households in 5766, the sample size of 190 households were selected method stratified random sampling. In this study, using fuzzy hierarchical analysis were determined impact factors 9 index affecting the safety of the physical environment villagers and it was determined that quality passages factor with 24.3 percent had the greatest impact on the safety of the physical environment. Then, based on rank correlation analysis model GRA, rural settlements were ranked in terms of emotions and physical security, the results showed that the Virani village have been conditions better than other sample villages and has been ranked first in terms of the sense of physical security, and Sarasiab village is at the lowest level of physical security is felt. One sample T-test results showed unsuitable conditions are indicators of quality of streets and visual proportions in selected villages, and Suitable conditions indices vegetation cover and informal monitoring to increase the sense of physical security.

Changing the use of agricultural land in the village, which is mainly due to human activities, has, in addition to indirect environmental changes, has social, economic, and ... direct consequences on human life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects and consequences of cultivation of saffron in recent years on the lives of villagers in the village miyanjam of the Tarbatjam county. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytic and its type is fundamental in terms of purpose. Documentary and observational methods have been used to collect information. The sample population is 10 villages in the rural district of miyanjam that have the highest level of cultivation of saffron. From 3444 families in sample rural areas with Cochran formula and error (0.08%), the sample size of 115 households were selected by random sampling method. The results of this study show that, in terms of villagers, the effect of changing the pattern of cultivation in socio-cultural indicators was 3.84 in the least and in the physical indices with the mean of 4 had the most effect. According to the results of single sample T test, the effects of saffron cultivation on the economic index with the value of 56.65 are more than other indicators. In the spatial distribution, the mean of the effects of saffron cultivation on the level of villages is Emogan village with the highest number of 4.2 and the villages of Bashzandan Olya and Hajiabad with the lowest level of 86.3. The results of ARAS's technique for accurate ranking of sample villages confirmed this. In order to investigate the significance of the relationship between the variables of the research, the coefficient of effectiveness of the indices was determined using Smart PLS software. The path coefficient of t indicated that the relationship between environmental, physical and economic variables with the general effects of saffron cultivation in the sampled villages was meaningful and direct; according to the coefficients Standard, 36% of the effects of saffron cultivation are predicted directly by the economic index.

Natural hazards, especially earthquakes, often result in heavy corporal and financial losses to human settlements. Therefore, all communities are vulnerable to natural disasters, which can change the quality of life of communities; Iran has always suffered a lot from natural disasters due to its spatial structures and has been one of the most vulnerable parts of the world in terms of environmental hazards, including earthquakes. Rural textures of residential spaces in the nature bed are highly vulnerable for the following reasons: inappropriate infrastructure and existing socioeconomic inequalities, low housing quality, low level of use of technology, non-compliance with location criteria, etc. These face a high level of vulnerability.Nowadays, considering the vulnerability of villages in different spatial dimensions, the resettlement policy in the form of three redevelopment (reconstruction), relocation and aggregation approaches, is one of the types of management approaches in rural settlement planning which in order to develop rural districts and specifically to organize the optimal distribution of rural areas and the provision of facilities and services for villagers and, ultimately, the protection of villagers against all kinds of hazards have been proposed. These policies focus on two issues of welfare and quality of life. In fact, one of the new approaches to resettlement is the introduction of indicators of quality of life.In this study, evaluating the effect of resettlement policies after the earthquake on the improvement of economic, socio-cultural and spatial-physical quality of life of villagers was investigated using 11 indicators. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of relocation, integration and aggregation of villages damaged by the 1997 earthquake in Zirkooh county on the quality of life of local residents through studying mental indices. The research question is: How have post-earthquake enforcement policies (integration, aggregation, relocation) affected life quality of villagers?2. Study AreaZirkuh county is located in the northeast of South Khorasan province and its center is Hajiabad city. This county is bordered by Khorasan Razavi province to the north, Darmian county to the south, Ghaen county to the west, and Afghanistan to theeast. Zirkuh city includes three districts, six villages, and two cities named Zahan and Hajiabad. The total number of settlements in this city is 138, of which 103 are inhabited and 35 are uninhabited (Deputy Planning of South Khorasan Governorate, 2014). The study area is the villages affected by the earthquake in May 1997. Among them, six villages of Pardan, Payhan, Afin, Mehmanshahr, Ardakol, Darj Olya in which three resettlement strategies (consolidation, relocation and relocation or reconstruction) have been implemented, were selected as a sample.

The method of research according to the nature of work is descriptive-analytic. In the first section, to determine the appropriate criteria by studying library documents, theories about quality of life and resettlement were examined. Then, by merging them, the criteria for assessing the quality of life of relocated or integrated rural settlements were detremined. In the second part, using the observation tools and questionnaire, the required data were collected. The population of the research of the villagers affected by the earthquake in 1976 in Zirkuh district in six sample villages is 903 households. According to Cochran's formula (95% confidence level and 0.05 error), 144 households were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed. The questionnaires were basically closed questions with answers in five-point Likert scale (very (5) to very low (1)). Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method, and alpha value of 0.855. Data analysis was done in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics, by SPSS software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, single sample T and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

In this study, the effects of resettlement strategy on the quality of life of residents of displaced villages were studied. Comparison of three patterns of reconstruction, displacement and aggregation of villages in the study area showed that each of the studied patterns has advantages and disadvantages and none of the patterns was able to improve the quality of life of the studied communities in all areas. The results of respondents' survey on the quality of life dimensions in the sample villages showed that in the socio-cultural dimension with the mean of 2.717, is the highest and the economic dimension with an average of 2.15 is the lowest satisfaction level that exists. The quality of life is also moderate with an average of 2.576.The results of one-sample T test confirmed the above results. The results showed that one of important indicators in increasing the quality of life of the rural community is social solidarity. In the social cohesion index, the value of the statistic is 16.14 and the level of significance is equal to 0.000 which is less than 0.05. It should be noted that the value of T statistics on the quality indices of infrastructure, health and safety, participation and housing was also recognized important by the villagers.Moreover, results showed that the Mihmanshahr village with an average of 2.69 had the highest and the Payhan village with an average of 2.47 had the lowest level of quality of life, which proves that coherent policy is better than the policy of displacement at the level of sample villages. The results of analysis of variance show that there is no significant difference between the quality of life of a resettlement pattern in the sample villages but significant level in 7 indicators of quality of employment, income quality, quality of education, participation quality, quality of social cohesion, quality of infrastructure and ambient quality is less than 0.05. Thus, at the 95% confidence level, there is a significant difference between the three resettlement policies in terms of quality of life.  Respondents' level of satisfaction with quality of life is not the same in all three resettlement patterns, but in other indicators, there is no significant difference between respondents' satisfaction with quality of life.

It can be concluded that resettlement policies should not only be considered as financial compensation or the provision of means of life. But it should also cover all aspects of life (financial, occupational, educational, social, cultural, environmental and physical, etc.) to reduce the hardship of individuals during the process of implementing the plan. It should be noted that regardless of the choice of any model for resettlement, it is most important to pay attention to the living conditions in the new place to enjoy the working and living conditions of people in a livable settlement and planners should provide a good quality of life in the new settlement - with any pattern of resettlement. Training villagers to have skilled and technical jobs, especially the youth, creating job diversity and creating low-cost job insurance for the villagers to increase job security coefficient are among the suggestions that can be offered to improve this area in the study area.

 Land use is a dynamic phenomenon whose temporal and spatial changes are caused by human pressures and development. Knowledge of how to use user changes and their causes and factors over a period of time can be of great interest to planners and managers. The present study seeks to evaluate and extend eight sample villages in Mashhad during 2001-2019 and then predict changes to 2031 and 2046.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is applied in terms of the purpose. The required data were obtained through the documentary method; and Landsat 7 ETM + satellites (2001 and 2007) and Landsat 8 OLI satellites (2013 and 2019) were used to map land use and survey changes in the study area. After supervised classification of images with maximum similarity algorithm, Markov chain model was used to investigate land use changes in sample villages. Also, the CA Markov model and the Kappa index were used to predict the trend of changes up to 2031 and 2046 for confidence in classification.

The results showed that most of the user change occurred in the built ranges, and land use has increased sharply, and land and garden land use has fallen sharply, with 1008.67 hectares (241.57%) and 32.28 hectares of unused lands and 1060.55 hectares of fields and orchards, respectively. These changes were more frequent in the villages of Hossein Abad Gharqi, Georgian Sefli and Ghale Siah (Black Castle). According to Markov’s Model, the built area in 2031 and 2046 will change by 110.77% and 113.18%, respectively. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent unauthorized expansion of Mashhad and surrounding villages to gardens and agricultural lands with proper planning.

For the first time, the process of land use changes in rural settlements, especially peri-urban settlements, is studied and predicted by satellite imagery.

The security of rural residential areas as a common factor between human and environmental arenas is a necessity for promoting life quality of people. This factor is affected by the way that rural residential areas are designed and planned. The present study is aimed to evaluate the effects of physical planning on security of rural residents in a rural area of Mashhad county, emphasizing their social security. Based on aim, the present study is an applied research and based on method and nature, it is a descriptive-analytical one. The unit of analysis is rural households of three rural districts namely Tabadkan, Tous, and Darzab which have been targeted for the rural conducted plans. Of 2356 rural households in the study area, 163 households were selected as sample by simple random sampling based on Cochran formula with an error equals to 0.075. To measure the security rate, 13 social indicators and 11 physical planning indices are applied. Some statistical tests were used for data analysis including Pearson Statistical Test, Single-sample T-test, Regression and Path Analysis. The results indicated that the mean of physical planning variable in sample villages was 2.06 which is a moderated figure tending to lower places of ranking. Based on the single sample T-test, the index of building quality with an amount of 8.15 was more considerable. The mean of social security variable was 3.42 which indicated a moderate situation for the studied villages. The lowest place of ranking was belonged to individual security with a mean of 2.73. Based on Pearson correlation results it was marked that there is a direct and significant relationship between physical planning and social security perception with a figure of 0.045. Also, the results of Path analysis indicated that the size of parcels with an effect coefficient of 0.255 and compatibility with an effect coefficient of 0.254 have had the highest impact on social security perception.

The main purpose of the present study is to assess the relationship between environmental vulnerability and infrastructure resilience of rural communities (in Bojnourd County), so that one can improve the resilience capacity in rural areas. The research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method and in nature it is applicable in local planning and rural development systems. Research variables have been selected after reviewing theoretical foundations and literature on vulnerability and resilience assessment in Iran and other countries. Accordingly, two general indicators of vulnerability assessment and infrastructure resilience of rural communities were developed using 26 criteria in FAHP and fuzzy logic (Gamma operator with the thresholds of 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9) in the GIS environment. The results indicate that approximately 56.69% of the County’s area has a high and very high environmental vulnerability, and 47 villages were situated in this area. The survey of the resilience index indicates that there is a significant and direct relationship between low resilience in rural areas and environmental vulnerabilities in the eastern, southern and northeastern parts of Bojnourd County. In addition, based on the FAHP output, about 31 percent of the rural areas of the county, and based on the output of fuzzy logic, about 53 percent of the rural areas of the county are in a very high resilience level). The analysis of the output results of FAHP and fuzzy logic in GIS with a Kappa coefficient of 0.166 showed that the results of the two models have comparatively weak but direct correlation, which was determined by measuring the accuracy of the models using ground control points. Fuzzy logic model with a Kappa coefficient of 0.772 is more accurate than the FAHP model with a Kappa coefficient of 0.550.

The present study was conducted to investigate, analyze and explain the physical-spatial changes of rural settlements at urban collection Mashhad during the last ten years. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical and fundamental in terms of purpose. Documentary and field methods have been used to collect information. The sample population is 28 villages of over 20 households in urban collection Mashhad which were selected from different classes of population and different distances with Mashhad city. From 20083 households in sample rural areas, using the Cochran formula, a sample size of 377 households were selected by random sampling method. To test the conceptual model of research and the effect of identified factors on physical-spatial evolution was used with partial least squares technique and using Smart PLS software. According to the results, the coefficients t between the main variables of research were above 2.58, that is, the relationship is significant and direct; In this way, internal indices, adjacent to the metropolis of Mashhad and external factors have a positive and significant effect on the physical and spatial changes of rural settlements. According to the coefficients of the total variable, external factors with a coefficient of 0.947 have the greatest impact and the internal factors of the village have had the least impact on the physical-spatial changes of settlements. The results of spatial analysis and ranking of sample villages with the WASPAS estimation model indicated that the villages of Gorgi-Sofla, Hosseinabad-Ghorghi and Dostabad had the highest level of physical-spatial changes.

One of the effective indicators in shaping the sense of security is the style of rural architecture. In recent years, rural housing has undergone many changes through processes influenced by internal and external forces. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of modern architectural style on the physical security of rural settlements in Binalood, based on the CPTED approach. The present research is aimed at "applied" and in terms of the method and nature of "descriptive-analytical". In this research to assess the physical security of villagers and the style of modern architecture of Residents 8 villages in Binalood city were questioned. Out of a total of 6497 households in rural areas, a sample size of Cochran formula with a 0.07% error, was selected for 190 households by stratified random sampling. The results of the study showed that the road quality index in the sample villages had an unfavorable condition with an average of 3.05 and has had the least impact on creating the sense of security of the villagers. In contrast, vegetation index (with a mean of 3.35) was more favorable and have had a greater impact on the sense of security of the inhabitants. Also, changes in the style of modern architecture in the studied villages on the resistance index of housing with a mean of 3.14 had the highest effect and the index of organic architecture compliance with an average of 2.89 was considered less. According to Pearson's correlation results, there is a significant and direct relation (0.337) between modern architectural style and physical security sensation. The results of path analysis indicate that the architectural design index with the coefficient of influence of 0.253 has the highest direct effect on the physical safety feel.

Tourism is considered as one of the important economic sources, and an effective factor in cultural, social and economic development. With direct and indirect employment and consequently, monetization for tourism destinations, tourism plays an important role in the economy of these regions; to achieve this income, it necessiates to attract the tourists. And in order to benefit from the tourism, tourism destinations priority shall be identifie, otherwise, the absence of clear-spotted priorities, will cause vague in investigation, and capital's dissipation. Prioritizing the power of of tourism attractions, with the end of optimized management of short-time capitals, and shortening the ROI time, and increasing the investment efficiency, also the lack of similar studies in this subject, has necessiated this research study. The aim of this study was to determine the importance and priority of tourist attractions in Birjand. This study is applied in purpose, enjoying a descriptive-analytical-survey research method. Data were gathered using documentary and library resources and questionnaires, field visits, also interviews with experts and tourists from 12 Birjand tourism sites. Sample size was 205 tourists, calculated using Cochran formula with error of 0.075%. In this study, we used fuzzy multi-criteria hierarchical analysis, and gray analysis, to prioritize sample locations. According to the results of the fuzzy hierarchical analysis process, access indicators weighting 0.2987, and visual value weighting 0.1726, had the most importance in the leveling og tourism sites. Based on the final results based on Gray analysis, Akbariyeh Garden were at the toplevel, while Birjand castle, and Amir Shah dam having placed at the next level. Therefore, these places had more potential and ability for investigating in tourism promotion. The combination of fuzzy Model and Gray Analysis, have been the innovation factor of this research.

The establishment of ecotourism residence in villages around large cities with historical and natural monuments has grown in recent years and is backed by relevant organizations. On the other hand, the problems of urbanization and the love of nature in human beings lead them into nature and quiet regions. Therefore, this is a good opportunity for the rural development through tourism and its services. This research particularly seeks to analyze the effects of establishing ecotourism residence on the development of rural settlements in the Radakan village, Chenaran County. This study is an applied research conducted in a descriptive-survey method. The population of the study consisted of residents of Radakan village (N = 3734). The sample size based on Cochran formula was 146 villagers which were randomly selected. The main tool for collecting the data and measuring the variables of the study is questionnaire. Validation (validity) indicators were evaluated and judged by 10 judges specializing in tourism studies.The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was also confirmed by Cronbach's test (with a value of 0.91) at a high level. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software in factor analysis. The results of the research from the reduction of 37 variables indicate that 8 extracted factors accounts for 88.69% of the variance, indicating that factor analysis and the variables were satisfactory. Accordingly, the job creation factor that explains 21.65% of the 20 impact of the ecotourism residence includes the variables of direct and indirect employment, the expansion of employment opportunities for women, and creation of new employment opportunities. The factor of increasing the production and income with variance of 18.69 and local identity enhancement factor with the variance of 14.23 and the highest percentage, and the physicalarchitectural (with variance of 4.75) and socio-cultural factors (with variance of 3.12) have the least impact on the development of Radakan village through ecotourism residence. Besides, according to the results of single sample t-test, the fourth factor (boom in service sector) with the statistic 9.11 and the first factor (job creation) with the statistic 8.62, have had the greatest role.

This study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the participation of rural people in the preparation process of Rural Guidance [Hadi] Plan in rural settlements. It was an applied research conducted in a descriptive-analytical method.Library-survey research and field works were used for data collection. The population included 12 rural settlements in Dashtestan County of Iran, in which the participation of the rural prople in the implementation process of the plan had been remarkably significant. In the villages, based on Cochran formula, the sample size of the households interviewed included 257 households of which 136 households had participated in the plan. In addition, 28 people from the rural authorities (including rural administrators known as Dehyar and members of the Islamic Council) were also interviewed so that we could compare the results. Research results showed that based on single sample t-test, the participation level of the rural people in the preparation, adoption and implementation of the plan was moderate; in variable of ‘success in implementation process’, the housing dimension with the mean of 3.33 was more successful and generally, among the studied villages, Chahar Borj and Talheh villages respectively had the lowest and highest means in this variable. Besides, the results of correlation and stepwise regression showed that the effects of the rural people’s participation level on the success of the Rural Guidance Plan were significant.

Spatial Analysis of Villagers’ Resilience Against Environmental Hazards (A Case Study of Central District of Faruj County)
Statement of the problem: The concept of resilience is the outcome of changes in risk managing in current decade. Today, the views and theories of disaster management and sustainable development seek to create societies resilient against natural disasters. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, droughts, floods, etc. are inevitable phenomenon which always pose a serious threat to development, especially in rural areas. This reflects the need to pay more attention to resilience in local level (rural areas). Resilience is the ability of a social or ecological system to absorb and deal with disorder or disturbance, so that the basic functional structure, can maintain the capacity of reorganization and adapting to changes and tensions. Carpenter defines resilience as the capacity of an environmental and social system to absorb a disruption, reorganize and thereby maintain essential functions. Thus, in order to reduce damage caused by natural disasters, the capacity of rural areas to deal with these events should be increased. Increased level of resilience against natural hazards is possible through accurately identifying the factors affecting resilience. Therefore, the aim of this study is the spatial analysis of factors affecting the promotion of rural environmental resilience in the face of natural hazards in rural areas of Faruj County.
In fact, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: what are the factors which may increase the level of resilience in the sample communities exposed to natural hazards, and how resilient are the sample villages of the study?
Research This study is an applied research conducted in a descriptive-analytical method based on questionnaires. Data were collected through library research and field works which required completing questionnaires and conducting interviews with villagers living in the Central District of Faruj County.
Validity of the questionnaires was confirmed based on expert's views and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach alpha for different dimensions. The population consisted of 4591 households from the villages suitable for temporary accommodation. Based on the Cochran formula, 252 were obtained from these samples. They were selected by stratified random sampling.
Using statistical analysis methods in SPSS software, we analyzed the data to measure resilience in sample villages of the study area. We also used Excel and GIS in various parts of the study. To determine the best option, we used the VIKOR models, Gray relational analysis and Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS).
The results showed that infrastructure dimension with a mean of 2.92 and the economic dimension with a mean of 2.58 respectively had the highest and least impact on increased resilience which suggest that these villages compared to sample villages have relatively good infrastructure facilities. However, due
to the lack of proper institutional framework and poor performance of crisis management institutions, villagers are less satisfied with these organizations. Accordingly, based on t-test, the actual mean of the total respondents’ views was less than 3 and at the moderate level, and the economic index with the t statistics of -10.38 had the most negative impact on the resilience of the villagers.
It should be noted that according to the results of the resilience correlation with the individual characteristics of the respondents, it became clear that the gender and marital status has a direct and weak relationship with each dimension of resilience, which means men and the married people compared to the women and the singles believe their villages are more resilient. Besides, there is a weak and reverse relationship between the education of the individuals and their resilience, meaning that people with lower education compared to educated people, believe their villages are more resilient. There was no relationship between age and the dimensions of resilience.
In order to assess the impact of each index of the study on the level of resilience in the villages of the study, the confirmatory factor analysis test was used which revealed that among the indices of the study, "the villagers’ satisfaction with the performance of the Rural Council and administers (Dehyars)", "the role of institutions in educating people about various incidents" and "the use of new and durable materials to prevent the damaging effects of the incidents" had the greatest effect on the resilience of the samples villages.
Eventually, to determine the best village in terms of resilience for establishing a temporary settlement site in crisis management, we use three techniques: additive ratio assessment (ARSA),- VIKOR and Gray relational analysis. We prioritized the villages based on the mean rank method. -Considering the indices of resilience in the rural areas of the study, the villages of Mefrangah, Ostad and Pirali have the highest ranks, and the villages of Rizeh and Roshavanlou have the lowest ranks.