mahdi rezaee

Organophosphate poisoning is among the most common types of poisoning. Rapid diagnosis and initiation of treatment for this poisoning can significantly affect the treatment outcome. The definitive method of diagnosis for this poisoning is measuring blood choline esterase level, which requires a lot of time and is not appropriate for timely treatment in the emergency department. Atropine challenge test is one of the tests commonly used in emergency settings. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this test in diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning.

This cross-sectional study was performed by evaluating the results of atropine challenge test recorded in the medical profiles of 91 patients with suspected organophosphate poisoning, presenting to the poisoning center of Loghmane Hakim Hospital throughout 2018, and comparing the results with those of their serum acetylcholinesterase levels as the gold standard.

Out of the 420 patients presenting to the hospital with organophosphate poisoning throughout 2018, there were 108 patients who had symptoms, for 91 of which atropine challenge test was performed. After comparing the results with the results of the standard test, the sensitivity of atropine challenge test was calculated to be 68.8\% and its specificity was 82.6\%. The test had 26.9\% false negative, 20.5\% false positive, positive predictive value of 79.48, negative predictive value of 73.07\%, positive likelihood ratio of 3.95, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.37.

Considering the high prevalence of poisoning with organophosphates in developing countries and the significant effect of rapid diagnosis and treatment of patients on improving their treatment outcome, atropine challenge test can be used as an acceptable test for screening and confirming the diagnosis of poisoning in suspected cases in the emergency setting.

The study aimed at evaluating steroid biomarker genes (ERα, PGR, ERβ) and determining the expression level of estrogen-regulated genes (SCUB2 and BCL2) and growth factors receptors (HER2 and IGFR1) in cancer tissue samples obtained from Iranian patients with breast cancer. Moreover, relationships with clinicopathologic aspects of tumor and response to treatment were studied.

The current study was conducted on 246 breast tissue samples. The expression levels of these genes and their relationships with clinicopathologic aspects and treatment response were evaluated.

Based on immunohistochemistry (IHC) results, 12% of the ER negative patients expressed ERα. Comparing the effects of ERα and coexpression of BCL2 and SCUBE2 on the survival of the patients demonstrated remarkably poorer survival in ERα positive, SCUBE2, and BCL2 negative groups in comparison with other patients, which was statistically significant in the logrank analysis (P = 0.01). Evaluation of the effects of coexpression of HER2 and IGFR1 on patients’ survival demonstrated a worse survival rate in patients with positive expression of both receptors, which was insignificant.

Many studies suggest that PGR alone is not enough for the functional evaluation of ERα. Evaluation of the progesterone receptor expression as well as other genes such as BLC2, SCUBE2, and IGFR1, seems necessary to evaluate functionality.

The aim of this research is to study Radical theory ideals in Global political economy with emphasis on development. Thus, the main research question is the nature and meaning of development in the various Radicalism approaches including (such as) studies Colonialism and Imperialism, Dependency theory, Neocolonialism, Globalization, and the evolution of development concept in each theories. As his research is done in descriptive-analytic method and by desk research, the findings show that all theories has been presented (raised) permanent connection (relation) and links between dynamics of Capitalism system and its functions and the concept of development and underdevelopment in different national and international levels, and the inherent characteristics of capitalist system including exploitation, inequality, and inhuman relations has described in all theories. While understanding Radical’ ideals of  Radicalism theory in global political economy or international relationships has many complicated philosophy, but it contradict ideal western human as development basis, and the emphasis is on relative and indigenous nature of different communities ideals in relation to the issue of development. The concept of development, as how to make society equal in the light of economic relationships and production is not in the focus (heart) of attention, but the important matter is the emphasis on humanizing the existing relationships at all levels. However, Radicals have key role in development and promotion of literacy and philosophy related to development and underdevelopment issues, but in fact, they cannot provide an example of development model based on their opinions and assumptions on the national and international level.

To promote health, self-esteem, and communication skills, participation in daily activities of childhood is essential regardless of ability or disability. Participation deficiency can lead to isolation and withdrawal and has a profound impact on children. The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of participation in children with Down syndrome 7 to 13 years compared with healthy peers at life habits. This was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 36 children with Down syndrome from 7 to 13 years educating in special schools in Islamshahr (18 girls and 18 boys) and normal peers. The LIFE-H questionnaire was used to evaluate the participation of the children. Our findings showed that no statistically significant difference in the mean level of participation in Down syndrome and normal peers according to eating habits (p=0.064). In both groups, highest scores on the questionnaire was related to interpersonal relationships (Down syndrome mean=4.7, normal mean=4.9), and the lowest score belonged to the work (Down syndrome mean=2.72, normal mean=2.97). There was a significant difference according to the mean score of life habits between girls and boys with Down syndrome and normal (p<0.001). The total score of participation in the life habits was lower in children with Down syndrome than the normal kids. However, the participation scores were same in some areas of life habits (e.g. participating in dietary habits), with their normal peers.

Reading disorder is one of the neurocognitive problems that causes academic, psycho-cognitive problems for students suffering from this problem. Neurofeedback is one of the therapeutic techniques in the field of reading disorder for normalizing brain waves. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of neurofeedback training on reading performance and working memory of the students with dyslexia.
The design used in the current study was quasi-experimental design including pretest-posttest and a control group. Using available sampling method, 36 students with reading disorders were selected from among all students with dyslexia in Torbat Heydarieh city in 1394-95 academic year, divided into two parallel ,age) gender, intelligence) groups of control and experimental with 18 students in each group. In the pretest and posttest, the Wechsler memory and Nema tests were used. Also, in addition to the academic teaching, as a part of routine practice of in the disability centers, the experimental group received 20 sessions of therapeutic; training neurofeedback for four sessions )each session lasted for 40 minutes(. In addition to receiving the academic training of dyslexia, the control group received 20 sessions of sham therapeutic training neurofeedback, four sessions a week, each session lasting for 40 minutes. To analyze the results, a variable analysis of covariance (working memory) and multivariable analysis of covariance (reading performance) were used.
The findings showed that neurofeedback training improved the working memory (p0.05) and naming images components (p>0.05) in students.
Based on the findings of the current study, it is suggested that this therapeutic method be used along with other therapeutic methods.

Development has always been considered as a very controversial issue in Social Science and other related academic disciplines. Even in International Relations studies due to the domination of epistemological and methodological Issues in recent decades, complexities and conceptual debate over this subject have been intensified and it has been very difficult to find a conceptual framework to deal with development issues. Furthermore Political Science and International Relations do not necessarily consider development studies as an academic priority. So development studies require an independent academic discipline in an age of globalization and in a globalized world, concentrating on most tangible issues in the realm of global politics and economics. In this regard this article has tried to reassess the position of International Political economy as an independent academic discipline mainly concerned of development issues based on this hypothesis that International political economy is yet considered the best academic discipline to deal with development issues and in comparison with international relations it is enjoying the most explanatory power. On the Other hand it is so crucial establishing the course of International political economy in Iranian academic centers and faculties given the ongoing rise of discipline worldwide and the vital importance of development studies.

The objective of the present study was to determine the direct and mediating role of the emotional schemas (ES), rumination and experimental avoidance (EA) on depression. The subjects of this descriptive-cross-sectional research were 436 female college students (whit current MDD=03, whit history of MDD in last 11 month=631) from six different branches of Payam-e-Noor University in Tehran that were selected via convenience sampling method. In this study Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I & II (SCID), Leahy Emotional Schemas Scale (LESS), Ruminative Response Scale (RSS; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1001), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck et al, 1000) was used. Results indicated that the proposed model fit well (X1= 6051; p>0005). Emotional schemas (ES), rumination and experimental avoidance had direct and significant effect on depression. Finally, results indicated that emotional schemas had an indirect effect on depression that was mediated by experimental avoidance. This study suggests that it is better to attend of emotional schemas, rumination and experimental avoidance in treating depression.

Nanoparticles have been at the center of research focus as a new promising material for the treatment of cancer in recent years. Although many chemotherapy drugs for cancer treatment are available, their potential toxicity is the main point of concern. On the other hand, the conventional chemotherapeutic approach has not been found to be very efficient in colorectal cancer (CRC) as the drug molecule does not reach the target site with an effective concentration. A major challenge in cancer therapy is to destroy tumor cells without harming the normal tissue. To overcome this problem scientists are trying to use nanoparticles to directly target cancer cells for a more effective treatment and reduced toxicity. Different nanoparticles such as: liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and silica have been developed to carry a variety of anticancer agents including: cytotoxic drugs, chemo modulators, siRNA and antiangiogenic agents. This review discusses various treatments for colon cancer and the potential use of nanoparticles which facilitate targeting of cancer cells. The outlook for new treatment strategies in CRC management is also underlined.

In Shahnameh, one of the basic concepts and motifs is rationality. Undoubtedly, Shahnameh is influenced by Zoroastrian and Avestan ideas through pre-Islamic resources, Abu-Mansuri's Shahnameh, Khodāy-Nāme-hā (Books of Kings) and Mobads’ (Zoroastrian clerics) oral reports. Also, one should not forget the role of contemporary social and intellectual trends in Ferdowsi’s time. In the present article, by using text linguistics, we try to compare Shahnameh and pre-Islamic Iranian texts based on the relationship of parts of a speech with one another in syntagmatic chains. The results show that the main parts of rationality discussed in Shahnameh are influenced by pre-Islamic Iranian texts but some parts are results of Ferdowsi’s genius. Also, there are some aspects of rationality that have not been expressed in Shahnameh but are in the center of attention of pre-Islamic Iranian texts.This case somehow shows the specialty of Ferdowsi's rationalism anddetermines that it isn’t imitated from a source or reference.

Stroke is a major cause of disability in adults and functional disability of upper limb. It is the most important difficulty that makes the person unable to perform activities of daily living. Rehabilitation interventions in the guidelines format can result in integrated therapists’ performance and increases the process of recovery and decrease the level of functional disability after stroke. The purpose of this study was to make an integrative review and localization of occupational therapy practice guideline in rehabilitation of upper limb function in stroke patients according to available evidences and experts’ opinions. This study is a combination of two steps. In the first phase, the integrated review was done in all domestic and foreign published articles and practical guidelines of the previous ten years. The key words of Clinical practice guide, stroke, occupational therapy interventions and of upper limb function were used and the found articles were extracted. In the second phase, the quality of the results were analyzed and discussed in the expert panel that included of 10 occupational therapists in CVA area. Then final results were presented in a booklet format. In this study 268 articles in the field of stroke and upper limb function and 11 clinical practice guidelines were found. Initially, abstracts and then 70 full texts of articles relating to hand function interventions in stroke patients which had inclusion criteria were investigated. Robotic aids interventions, induced constraint movement therapy, splinting, mirror therapy, sensory training, mental training, task- oriented approach, resistive exercises, bilateral exercises and electrical stimulation of the upper extremities in stroke patients were enrolled in these articles. The results of the study and the experts werefocused on induced constraint movement therapy, robotic assistive devices, mirror therapy, sensory re-education, mental practice and task-based approach in the rehabilitation of hand function in stroke patients.Results were presented in the field of occupational therapy in improving upper extremity function of stroke patients in booklet format.