فهرست مطالب mahdi shahnazari

This research was conducted with the aim of modeling the structural equations of eating attitude based on self-differentiation, emotional reactivity and negative urgency with the mediation of emotion regulation difficulty in girls.

The method of conducting the research was correlational and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this research included all young girls, of which 284 were selected by cluster sampling. The research tools include the Garner and Garfinkel (1979) eating attitude test, the short form of the Drake, Murdock, Marszalek and Barber (2015) differentiation inventory, Lynham and Miller (2004) impulsive behavior scale, Watson, Clark, and Tellgen's positive and negative affect scale. (1988) and the emotion regulation difficulty scale was Gratz and Roemer (2004). To collect data, descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equations were used using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. Bootstrap method was used in MACRO program to analyze mediating relationships.

The findings showed that the relationship between the structural model of eating attitude based on self-differentiation, emotional reactivity (positive and negative emotional) and negative urgency with the mediation of emotion regulation difficulty has a good fit (P<0.001). Differentiation relationship with negative and inverse eating attitude, relationship between emotion regulation difficulty and direct and positive eating attitude has been estimated (P<0.001). Also, positive emotional reactivity had a negative and inverse relationship with eating attitude (P<0.001).

The findings of this study emphasize the effective role of differentiation, emotion regulation and emotional reactivity in the attitude of eating disorders in girls. Therefore, the necessary training to regulate and control emotions should be done in this important segment of the society, in order to prevent the complications and consequences of disordered eating attitude, which is eating disorders.

The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of life skills training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of gifted female students.

The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population of this study is female students studying in gifted schools in Tehran (secondary school) in the academic year of 1398-99. At first, all tenthth grade high school students (170 people) completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) and among them, 32 students with lowest scores in resilient strategies were selected as a sample group, randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 16. One experimental group was given 12 sessions of training, while the control group did not receive any training. After the training sessions, post-test was performed for both experimental and control groups. Also, after a month and a half in the follow-up phase, both groups were tested.

Using the mixed variance analysis method, the results show that life skills training significantly caused the experimental group to receive higher average scores in acceptance strategies, refocusing, positive refocus and putting into perspective on post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test stage. The study also uses non-adaptive strategies to reduce self-blame and rumination in gifted female students.

Teaching life skills in gifted students significantly increases the use of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and decreases the use of non-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

Problematic emotional schemas are not only associated with emotions, but also with marital discord and decreased mindfulness, a negative view of one's emotions, and problematic coping strategies such as avoidance, rumination, or blaming oneself and others. On the other hand, empathy with the capability of understanding another’s emotional experience increases psychological well-being indicators and improves the quality of emotional schemas. Research shows the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy integrated with compassion on worry, rumination, social anxiety, and the relationship of couples; but there is a research gap in the application of this treatment in the studied community.

The present study sought to investigate the efficacy of cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment, with a focus on self-compassion emotional schemas, and empathy in couples.

The research method was quasi-experimental based on a pre-test, post-test design, and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the first half of 1400. The sample size was 36 people and the sampling method was purposive with random replacement. The experimental group received the interventions in 8 weekly 90-minute group sessions. The research instruments included Leahy's emotional schemas scale II (2002) and Jolliffe and Farrington’s basic empathy scale (2006). The data were analyzed using mixed analysis of variance and SPSS-25 statistical analysis software.

The results showed that cognitive intervention, based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on self-compassion, affect the variables of emotional schemas (P< 0.001) and empathy
(P< 0.001) significantly. Follow-up results showed stability in efficacy.

The results indicated that cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on self-compassion influenced the emotional schemas and empathy in couples. Thus, cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on self-compassion could be used to correct problematic emotional schemas and to increase empathy in couples.

This study aimed to predict self-esteem through attachment styles (secure, avoidant, and ambivalent) and identity styles (information, normative, confused and commitment) students was conducted. Methods This cross-sectional study , 120 students in the Master Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of Tehran's Azad University to sampling were recruited and then the entire sample to self-esteem questionnaire of Eysenck , Kalynz- Reed styles attachment (1990 ) and styles identity(1992) . The results of multivariate regression analysis and Pearson correlation also indicated that secure attachment with dignity Role significant positive relationship between insecure attachment styles insecure and self-esteem and there is a significant negative relationship, as well as specific secure attachment was positively and significantly predict students ' self-esteem and ambivalent attachment style is both significant and negative self-esteem in students' works. This study also showed that between self-esteem and identity styles of information, normative commitment and significant positive correlation was negative and significant relationship with the style of confused identity is also clear that the normative identity style and identity intelligence and commitment in anticipation of the self-esteem of the students involved. Further studies to overcome the limitations of the study results can be enlightening to have more.

One of the essential cognitive distortions is deterministic thinking. In this type of thinking, one considers an event equal to something else. Deterministic thinking can be the root of feelings of hopelessness and helplessness (3). The results of studies show the relationship between irrational beliefs and marital conflicts (4). On the other hand, it seems that many destructive relationships arise due to conflicts and the subsequent negativity of couples, which is derived from their mental, psychological makeup, and way of thinking (5). Positive thinking is a cognitive process that creates hopeful images and develops optimistic ideas. However, positive thinking does not ignore the need for a realistic appraisal (6). In the field of couples' cognitive problems, several treatments can be considered. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is mindfulness and value-based behavior therapy that provides a wide range of tools and results in a conscious, value-based practice called psychological resilience )11) Compassion-focused therapy is an integrated and multimodal approach (20) that can be considered in the field of problems related to couples. Engaging with distress and suffering is often difficult; thus, the first psychology of compassion involves a form of strength and courage to do this (22). Given the ACT's greater focus on recognizing and increasing the CFT's focus on emotions, combining, and integrating these interventions can effectively facilitate emotional balance, break out of the cognitive integration cycle, and avoid the experience of worrying when dealing with disturbing interpersonal situations. With this necessity, the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on self-compassion in deterministic and positive thinking of couples was investigated in the present study.

The present study was a semi-experimental design with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population was all couples referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the first half of 2021. The sampling method was purposive with random substitution. In the present study, a total of 36 people were selected, and after random assignment, group intervention, with the presence of at least one couple, was performed by the researcher in an 8-weekly 90-minute group session. Inclusion criteria referred to a counseling center for couples counseling due to marital conflicts, conscious desire to participate in research, age range 25-45 years, literacy, no mental illness, and no use of interfering drugs. The criteria for diagnosis were clinical interviews by the researcher (clinical psychologist) and self-report. Exclusion criteria were unwillingness to participate in the research, absence of more than two sessions, and not doing homework. Participants had the opportunity to refrain from attending meetings at any research stage. Participants participated in three stages pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (at the end of 2 months). The research instruments included Younesi and Mirafzal deterministic thinking scale and Ingram & Wisnicki positive thinking questionnaire. Younesi and Mirafzal’s definitive thinking scale has 36 questions that are scored using the likert 4-point method (1 for the option I strongly agree to 4 for the option strongly disagree). Thus, the higher a person's score on the scale, the more confident he is (34). The Ingram & Wisnicki positive thinking questionnaire is initially written in English and consists of 30 items. Each item is scored using the likert five-point method from (one= never to five= always) (35). In Iran, Mashayekh and Asgarian (2019) used construct validity to measure validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient to measure reliability, which was obtained above 0.7 (7). The content of ACT intervention focusing on self-compassion was based on instructions (20, 32), Which was prepared in Iran by Ismaili et al. (2018) and after its Persian translation and adaptation to cultural conditions, was prepared and executed. Content validity was also confirmed by a survey of three psychologists familiar with third-wave therapies (29). Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and SPSS-25 statistical analysis software.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of the participants in the experimental group was 33.94 and 6.05 years, respectively, and in the control group were 33.32 and 6.13 years, respectively. Participants in the experimental group consisted of 12 females and six males, including 11 and seven females in the control group, respectively. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements has assumptions. Shapiro-Wilk was used to evaluate the normality of data distribution, which was not significant at the level of 0.05, which indicates the normality of data distribution. The assumption is the homogeneity of the error variances. Also, the assumption of homogeneity of the covariance matrix of dependent variables was established at the level of 0.05. In the results of the Mauchly's sphericity test, the value of the chi-square of definitive thinking was not significant at the level of 0.05, indicating the establishment of the assumption of sphericity. In the positive thinking variable, the chi-square value related to the positive self-assessment component was significant at the level of 0.01, indicating that the sphericity assumption for that component is not established. Therefore, the corresponding degrees of freedom were modified using the Greenhouse–Geisser correction. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance in explaining the effect of cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment by focusing on self-compassion on the components and the total score of determinative thinking showed that the interaction effect oftime group for the component of general certainty, certainty in interaction with others, social well-being absolutism, determinism in predicting the future, determinism in adverse events and the total score of deterministic thinking are significant at the level of 0.01. The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that deterministic thinking changes due to the implementation of the independent variable after the end of the treatment period are still present.Also, the results of repeated measures analysis of variance to explain the effect of cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment by focusing on self-compassion on the components and the total score of positive thinking showed that the interaction effect of time group for daily positive function components, positive self-assessment, self-evaluation (Self-confidence), and the total score of positive thinking at the level of 0.01 is significant. The Bonferroni post hoc test results indicated that the changes after the end of the treatment period remain.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on self-compassion in deterministic and positive thinking. The results showed that cognitive therapy based on acceptance and commitment with a focus on self-compassion is effective on deterministic thinking and positive thinking in the experimental group and is stable in the follow-up period.The results may have been based on self-awareness of cognitive errors, acceptance, and correction of defective cognitive contexts. In addition, heterogeneity allows clients to act on values. Accepting and observing thoughts motivates the use of efficient thoughts and behaviors to achieve a meaningful and purposeful life and the opportunity to communicate more sincerely. Teaching how the brain develops and the formation of emotions and reactions leads couples not to blame and judge unpleasant inner experiences and accept responsibility for change.On the other hand, the positive thinking index effectively relates to our perception and attitude towards ourselves, others, and the future. It seems that mindfulness and stress reduction caused by interventions by providing the possibility of positive re-evaluation and facilitating the achievement of different solutions affect the level of positive thinking and optimism in various fields, especially marital satisfaction. From the results of the present study and research evidence, it can be concluded that the present intervention may affect the present intervention on the one hand, by affecting the structure of destructive and defective attitudes and mental patterns, On the other hand, by strengthening the positive thinking dimensions to have significant and lasting effectiveness.

A hearing-impaired child often has communication problems and Communication problems can lead to social and behavioral problems therefore the purpose of the present study is Survey the effectiveness of group play therapy with cognitive-behavioral approach on anxiety and self-esteem of deaf students.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, post-test design and control group. The statistical population of this study included all elementary deaf students in Alborz province in 1398-99. The number of students was 45, of which 30 students were selected by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Spence children anxiety scale and Cooper Smith self-esteem inventory were used to collect data.

The Findings show that the level of anxiety in deaf children in the experimental group and after performing play therapy with cognitive-behavioral approach has decreased compared to the control group (p <0.05). Also, the findings indicate that the self-esteem of deaf children in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test had a significant increase at the level of 0.05.

According to the findings of this study, group play therapy is an effective way to reduce anxiety and increase and strengthen the self-esteem of deaf students. It seems necessary to holding group play therapy sessions in special schools for the deaf.

Today, eating disorders are one of the most common mental disorders that cause many problems in physical health, mental functioning, and quality of life. This research was conducted with the aim of modeling structural equations of eating attitude based on self-differentiation with the mediation of emotion regulation difficulty in students of Islamic Azad University, Zanjan branch.

The method of conducting the research was correlational using the SEM structural equation modeling method and the statistical population of this research included all undergraduate students in the number of 4730 people. 399 people were selected by cluster sampling method. The research tools included Garner and Garfinkel's (1979) eating attitude test, Drake, Murdock, Marszalek and Barber's (2015) short form of differentiation inventory and Gratz and Roemer's (2004) emotion regulation difficulty scale. To collect data, descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equations were used using SPSS26 and AMOS24 software. Bootstrap method was used in MACRO program to analyze mediating relationships.

The findings showed that the relationship between the structural models of eating attitude based on self-differentiation with the mediation of students' emotion regulation difficulty has a good fit. Differentiation relationship with negative and inverse eating attitude (β=0.33; P<0.001), the relationship of emotion regulation difficulty with direct and positive eating attitude has been estimated (β=0.23; P=0.010).

The findings of this study emphasize the effective role of differentiation and emotion regulation in students' eating disorder attitude. Therefore, the necessary training to regulate and control emotions should be done in this important segment of the society, in order to prevent the complications and consequences of disordered eating attitude, which is eating disorders.

Marital Reducing stressors is an effective way to decrease blood pressure and its other associated symptoms. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on metabolic syndrome among patients with hypertension.

This experimental research was conducted based on a pretest-posttest control group design. A total number of 50 cardiovascular patients referring to Shahrekord Cohort Study, Shahrekord, Iran, in 2019 were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=25 each). Metabolic syndrome indices, including blood pressure, blood sugar, glucose triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein, were used to collect the required data. All groups received the same standard medications under the supervision of an interventional cardiologist. In addition to the standard medical treatment, the experimental group received the intervention of MBSR (eight 90-minute sessions). The control group did not receive any non-pharmacological intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that MBSR was effective in improving metabolic syndrome symptoms in cardiovascular patients with hypertension (P<0.05).

The employment of MBSR along with medical and pharmacological treatments could help cardiovascular disease patients to improve the symptoms of metabolic syndrome.

Aims and background:

Recognizing the variable mediating role of openness to experience in the relationship between pain self-efficacy predictors variables, pain management strategies and resiliency with variables of pain perception criteria in chronic pain patients.

In this fundamental and descriptive-correlational study, 340 chronic pain patients were hospitalized in all hospitals in Tehran, including public and private hospitals, general and specialized centers and clinics, as well as medical centers provided by the sampling method of access available. The tools used in the Big Five Personality Examination, NEO-PI R, Pain Self-Efficacy Test, Pain Management Strategies Test, Resiliency Test, Chest Pain Perception Test, West Yon Yale. The data obtained using the least squared structural equation Minority and path analysis were analyzed in the smart PLS software.

The results of the study, openness to experience, have a full mediator role in the relationship between self-efficacy and perception of pain. Openness to experience has a mediator role in the relationship between pain management and pain perception. Openness to experience has a partial mediator role in the relationship between resilience and pain perception. The strongest mediator role in the above model relates to the role of mediating openness to experience in the relationship between self-efficacy and perception of pain.

The openness of the experience, the strong mediator of pain self efficay, the pain management strategy, persistence with the perception of pain in chronic patients. Openness to experience in a person with chronic pain affects perception of a person’s pain.

Aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group Therapy on the obsessive rumination and anxietyin patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS). The sample consisted of 30 (15 group control and 15 group experimental) of political sclerosis patients who were recruited for sampling and available to him. Research projects pretest- posttest control group and the management tools that include obsessive rumination questionnaire Nolen, Hocsma and  Morrow (1991) and beck Anxiety inventory (BAI) responded. The date from the analysis of covariance (MANCOVA)was used. The results of data analysis showed that cognitive-behavioral group Therapy significantly reduced obsessive rumination and anxiety in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) experimental group compared with the control group were stable and made of after than a month.

The purpose of this study was to Study the Positive thinking and emotion regulation styles in life satisfaction of housewives in Tehran. This research was a correlation study and research population was included all housewives in four area of Tehran in year 1393-1394  that their number is uncertain. The sample size for this study consisted of 250 housewives selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was an Ingram and  viniski positive thinking questionnaire (1988), garnovski and colleagues emotion regulation styles questionnaire (2001) and life satisfaction questionnaire (1985) . Pearson correlation coefficient and step by step regression analysis were used to evaluate the results. The results showed that life satisfaction of housewives can be predicted  by their Positive thinking (p<0/01) and life satisfaction of housewives can also be predicted by their emotion regulation styles (p<0/01). So, according to the results of this research, it can be taken steps to life satisfaction of  housewives by positive thinking training

Personality characteristics are factors that have a great impact on the type of human relations and social interactions. Also, religion is the fact that has always been with mankind and constructs the foundation of his life. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between personality characteristics and acting to religious beliefs. Therefore, in the format of a correlational research design, 129 subjects (63 males and 66 females) were selected among undergraduate psychology students of Tehran public universities, using cluster random sampling. All subjects responded to items of NEO-FFI personality inventory and Mabad Scale. The results were analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. The results of this study showed that there was a significant positive relation between agreeableness and conscientiousness with acting to religious beliefs (P<0.01). But the relation between extraversion and acting to religious beliefs were not significant. There was also a significant negative correlation between openness to experience and neuroticism with acting to religious beliefs (P<0.05). The results revealed that agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience significantly predicted 24.2%, 2.8% and 11.1% of acting to religious beliefs, respectively (P<0.05). Considering the role of religion in psychological studies, emphasizing this fact in the field of teaching and training could significantly enhance the standards of mental health in society.