فهرست مطالب mahmoud fallsolyman

Nowadays, the discussion of watershed management as a new approach and a paradigm for planning, development and proper land management, water resources management and vegetation restoration with special emphasis on economic, social and environmental issues seeks to create participatory solutions and follows sustainable development (Sirajzadeh,2018: 20). In the framework of a systematic approach to geographical spaces and its phenomena, which emphasizes the relationship between structural and functional components of phenomena in close communication and correlation with each other (Saeedi,2011: 11), natural and ecological environmental factors are among those forces involved in the formation of spatial systems (Sadough and Saeedi,2006: 9). Watershed management projects are one of the common executive actions in the context of land that directly related to the ecological foundations of space. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing the changes and consequences of watershed management activities in the framework of the spatial approach is crucial. In fact, watershed management activities have spatial dimensions and should be considered and evaluated as one of the important geographical issues. In hot and dry climates and deserts areas such as South Khorasan and Birjand city, where there are severely limited water, soil and vegetation resources, the "Chahkand" watershed management project, a sub-basins of Chaahak Mousavieh, is one of the substantial projects with the goal of comprehensive management, preservation, revitalization and exploitation of water, soil and vegetation resources. Moreover, this project is done around hydrologic areas and aims to make a natural and optimal balance among them. The project covers an area of 2720 hectares, which is the site of 9 settlements. Now, more than a decade after the implementation of the Chahkand watershed management project, this study has attempted to represent and recognize the spatial effects of this project on the structural-functional changes of rural settlements in the Chahkand Watershed.

 It was a practical study and based on descriptive-analytical approach. The theoretical foundation and the information related to the background of the project were collected through library method. Additionally, questionnaires and open conversation with local residents were other sources of data collection procedure in the present study. For the purpose of this study, a questionnaire was designed and then filled by 111 participants. The collected data was coded and analyzed with the use of SPSS and Microsoft Excel softwares. In order to analyze the regional stability, "stability radar" and "Morris model" techniques were used.

The results showed that the implementation of the watershed management plan on the sustainability of the settlements of Chahkand area was more than average in social and environmental dimensions and less than average in economic dimension.From a social point of view, the collaboration of some villagers in various projects was effective. Moreover, increasing the water of canals and springs through feeding projects in some years and the gradual restoration of rangelands were influential factors based on the environmental dimension.However, in the economic dimension, according to people’s point of view the expectations of the project have not met. This finding has two main causes. Firstly, the periodic drought phenomenon that causes stagnation, makes a number of project ineffective, and damages the rangeland rehabilitates activities. Secondly, improper distribution of agricultural land ownership among the landlords in large villages in the basin (most of the land belongs to the absent owners).

In the economic dimension, the highest impact of the watershed management project on the spatial developments of the sample villages related to "change in land prices and real estate received by the village" variable and the lowest impact in the field belonged to the "creating sustainable employment" variable. Generally, based on the participants’ point of view the watershed management plan had been moderately effective in the development of rural spaces in the economic dimension. In the social dimension, "the degree of correlation in the village" variable and the "the amount of access to recreational facilities" had the highest and the lowest impact respectively. Furthermore, according to the respondents, the watershed management project has been moderately effective in the development of rural spaces in the social dimension. The highest impact of the watershed management project on the spatial changes of the sample villages in the environmental dimension related to “prevention of damages to canals and avoid the destruction” variable. The result indicated that the lowest impact in the filed belongs to “Quantity of canal water" variable and also to some other variables including "Increased River flow" "Extension of wildlife around the village" and "Restoration of landscapes and natural landscape outside the village" respectively. Using the Morris model to rank the studied villages in Chahkand catchment based on the effects of watershed management project on the dimensions of sustainability (such as economic, social and environmental dimensions) showed that among the villages Ashgabat, Roshanavand and Einid Bala villages got the highest Morris score respectively. According to the Morris model, the highest sustainability related to environmental sustainability in Einid Bala village and the lowest one belonged to economic sustainability in Roshanavand village. Finally, according to the findings of the study, the implementation of the watershed management project had the greatest impact on the status of stability in the social dimension and the least in the economic dimension.

Planning organizations and the country's construction plan in Iran have considered the large rural areas to be transformed into cities. With the turning of the village into the city, different effects on the different dimensions of the life of the inhabitants of the rural area are created. Ziarat and Lujali towns of Shirvan County are two country's areas which have started turning from the villages into cities. This study aims to examine the effect of the transformation of the village into town on the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions of Ziarat and Lujali. The methodology of this study is descriptive analytical in terms of type, empirical in terms of data collection and functional in terms of purpose. The population sample size of the study includes 1479 families living in Ziarat and Lujali towns of Shirvan County. The sample size was 195 families which were determined by Cochran formula. According to the population and the average of the families' members, a questionnaire was distributed in two towns. Then, by the use of simple random sampling method, the samples were selected. The data were entered into SPSS software, then, through binominal test, the research variables were assessed based in terms of descriptive statistics. The results demonstrated that the transformation of village into town affects the economic, social, environmental and physical dimensions significantly.

Operating on the potentials of the local communities have fundamental role in the development and modification of relevant internal disparities. In spite of being the the pole of mineral reserves in the country, South Khorasan province with its large mineral deposits –– has little share in the resulting economic development or the impowerments which may have been caused by it. In this paper, a suitable guides for regional development in framework of strategic programming is proposed. This descriptive - analytic study attempts to identiry the effective factors in the development of industry & mining through the analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT). For the purpose of the study, government policies were examined through 65 questionnaires distributed among the relevant public authorities and academics. Based on the SWOT model, strategies were then analyzed in the QSPM matrixin order to prioritize stages of execution. Results showed that opportunities such as the shared border with Afghanistan with the possibility of exporting industrial products, the distinctive prospect of creating the economic balance in the eastern regions of the country, availability of metalic and non-metallic mineral reserves, existence of towns and industrial zones in the province for the establishment of industrial units, and the possibility of agriculture with certain crops creates major capacities for programmed advances in the mining industry in South Khorasan province. Meanwhile, Lack of large industries and mining in the province, Lower productivity of labor, lack of capital, Water limitations and problems in the economic policies are the major obstacles to the development of the mining industry in South Khorasan province. Overall, the results formulate the plethora of weaknesses in the mining industry in South Khorasan.South Khorasan Henceforth, improvement strategies are presented in form of suggestion in the areas of necessary infrastructures, environmental considerations, mobility and transport systems, and demandrelated distribution of capital.

Regarding great resistance against thirsty and salt, pistachio as one of the most productive agricultural products has a great role in economic and social conditions of yeomen who work in dry and semi-dry areas. Mokhtaran plain in south Khorasan is one of the areas that has focused on planting this product. This research has tried not only to division areas capable of producing pistachio with multi criteria decision making approaches (TOPSIS and AHP) in GIS, but find and represent the best approach among those two approaches. This research is practical and description-analysis, and has used one of the two mentioned approaches nominating for areas capable of planting, after collecting and preparing different information. Results have shown that according to AHP approach, 469 KM2 of Mokhtaran plain has no limitation, and 568 KM2 of it has a little limitation, and other three parts: 694, 467, and 288 KM2have great limitation for planting pistachio. However, according to TOPSIS approach, 263 KM2 of Birjand`s Mokhtaran plain has no limitation for planting pistachio, 97 KM2 has little limitation, 486 KM2 has average conditions, and 651, and 989 KM2 has great and extreme limitations. Comparison of these two approaches showed that according to existing state of planting pistachio and areas that has division according to natural conditions, AHP approach is more suitable and accurate for this production.