فهرست مطالب mahnaz goodarzi

Several decades have passed since the collapse of the Soviet Union, and relations with the countries separated from the former Soviet Union were placed on the agenda of Iran's foreign policy apparatus from the day after the collapse. Iran made several efforts to expand strategic relations with independent political units; Efforts, most of which are defined in the form of official diplomacy. This is while the multifaceted nature of diplomatic relations has caused changes in the levels of diplomacy and political relations. From a paradiplomatic point of view, small and sub-national identities independent of central governments can play a role in the international arena. Based on this assumption, the question of this article is: "What are the strengths and weaknesses of diplomatic relations between Iran and Turkmenistan, and how does paradiplomacy help to improve and promote these relations?" In response to this research, this hypothesis is proposed that "the major damage to diplomatic relations between Tehran and Ashgabat is the exclusive focus on official diplomacy between the two countries and the neglect of new aspects in diplomatic relations, including para-diplomacy, which can be the weak points of official relations in political axes. reduce economic, cultural and social issues and improve relations between the two countries by focusing on various tools in various fields of diplomacy." Since this research is made to compare two units, the method of using it is comparative.--

This study examines the influential factors behind Trump’s aggressive foreign policy towards Iran. Following Donald Trump’s victory in the 2016 US presidential election and his adoption of aggressive stances vis-à-vis Iran, the already fragile Iran-US ties, forged during the Obama administration under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), faced uncertainties. Trump’s withdrawal from the JCPOA in 2018 exacerbated the tensions between the two countries, bringing them to the brink of a full-scale war. Trump’s primary objective in withdrawing from the deal and adopting hostile positions against Iran through a strategy of maximum pressure was to achieve an agreement aligning with the interests of the United States. He pursued his ideal agreement in line with the slogan "America First" and making America great again. For Trump, considerations such as ideology, international agreements, and even global public opinion held no significance. The main question addressed in this study is what factors influenced Trump’s aggressive foreign policy towards Iran. Trump’s aggressive foreign policy toward Iran reveals the motivations underlying his aggressive and hostile behavior toward Iran. The findings of this study are based on Mearsheimer’s offensive realism theory and an analytical-descriptive approach to examining Trump’s personality traits. The conclusion demonstrates that Trump’s aggressive foreign policy towards Iran was shaped by internal factors encompassing the roles and personalities of Trump himself, the Department of State, the Treasury Department, the National Security Council, Congress, think tanks, media outlets, and pro-Israeli lobbies. External factors such as the role of Israel and Saudi Arabia, the European Union, China, Russia, and most importantly, Iran’s regional conduct also played a significant role. Through the integration and overlap of offensive realism and Trump’s personality analysis, this study seeks to provide a better understanding of Trump’s aggressive foreign policy toward Iran.

China's foreign policy, as one of the emerging powers of the international system, is affected by several factors. Different theoretical approaches have studied some decision-making components in China's foreign, but what has been neglected is the role of China's political identity in shaping the foreign policy of this country. China, by combining its identity values from the past to the present, tries to pursue a peaceful rise strategy in accordance with contemporary identity norms in the international system and not to reintroduce its power base as a disruptive player in the current situation. China's macro narrative of self and other was developed based on ancient and modern identity foundations. Therefore, the foundation of China's foreign policy is social identity and collective identity. China is trying to apply adaptability and flexibility to its international identity and system in its foreign policy behavior. China's macro narrative of self and other was developed based on ancient and modern identity foundations. Therefore, the foundation of China's foreign policy is social identity and collective identity. China is trying to apply its foreign policy based on adaptability and flexibility to the identity and international system. This article answers the question of what impact the identity components of China's foreign policy have had on its political behavior towards the Islamic Republic of Iran from 2000 to 2022? In response to this question, based on the descriptive-analytical method and using the holistic constructivist theory, it is hypothesized that changes in China's foreign policy identity towards Islamic Republic of Iran have led to its foreign policy being regulated based on peaceful economic development and playing a role as a peace-loving trade actor

From a geopolitical and geostrategic point of view, Iraq is located in a bottleneck and faces unique geographic restrictions in accessing open waters and international rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates are the main source of water needs of this country, which originate from Turkey. The Tigris and Euphrates watershed is one of the most important watersheds in the Middle East.
The dispute over the manner and amount of exploitation of the three coastal countries (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) which resulted from the disintegration of the Ottoman government, has a long history.
Turkey has built 14 large dams on the Euphrates tributaries and 8 large dams on the Tigris tributaries by implementing the Gap project. Following Turkey's exploitation of the Atatürk Dam (Turkey's largest dam) in 1992, the issue of "environmental security" has been one of the most important concerns of affected countries, especially Iraq.
Following the exploitation of this big dam and 13 other dams, as well as the construction of three dams by Syria, the Euphrates flow to Iraq has decreased by about 90% in recent years.
Ilisu Dam (Turkey's second largest dam) is built on the Tigris River, and if the capacity of this dam is fully utilized, the natural flow of the Tigris to Iraq will decrease by 56%.
With the completion of the Gap project, Turkey will be able to control more than the average annual flow of natural flows in the Tigris and Euphrates in this country. Turkey's dam constructions have led to widespread problems in various dimensions in the region and affected countries, especially Iraq, due to its location in the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates watershed and the environment.
The purpose of the research is to explain the effects of Turkey's dam construction on Iraq's national security.This research is important because after Iraq and Syria, Iran is the third country affected by Turkey's dam construction because internal and external factors affecting Iraq's national security for reasons such as long border, cultural, historical, religious commonalities, economic exchanges and significant commercial and political and security interests have similar and extensive effects on Iran's national security.
Iran has vital interests in Iraq, and no country is as influential as Iraq in terms of securing Iran's interests and national security, therefore, a threat to Iraq's vital interests is a threat to Iran's vital interests.
The research has tried to answer the main question that Turkey's dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have had on Iraq's national security and the hypothesis of the research is based on this axis that Turkey has controlled the sources of power production through extensive dams on the branches of the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates and developed policies with the aim of strengthening and perpetuating the "geopolitical position" in the course of interaction and conflict with beneficiary countries of Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq, should use economic, political and security issues as a means of pressure in negotiations and the manner and extent of exploitation of the mentioned rivers. Turkey's dam building policy on Tigris and Euphrates is considered as an independent variable and Iraq's national security is considered as a dependent variable.
This research is of a qualitative type, which analyzed the data and explained the topic with a descriptive-analytical method and applied approach. Information gathering has been collected using library resources and scanning documents, books, articles, media and electronic resources.
The lack, change and destruction of environmental elements are among the most important factors that threaten the life and survival of human societies and governments. Mastery over water resources is mastery of an element that has a vital and strategic role.
Water has a significant role and importance in the environment, sustainable economic development, cultural-social development, political-security stability and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Therefore, the competition of the governments to acquire, exploit and dominate the common water resources due to the vital role and strategic importance of water has created the ground for conflict and conflict between the stakeholders. Since the 1960s and following Turkey's extensive dam constructions on the Tigris and Euphrates, water leverage has been used as a tool to exert pressure against Iraq.
The problems caused by the water shortage crisis in combination with factors such as the decrease in precipitation due to climate change, the destruction of vegetation and forests, soil erosion due to the decrease in humidity, air pollution due to the change and destruction of environmental elements, and the devastating consequences of three wars in the last four decades. , Iraqis' indiscriminate exploitation of rivers, lakes and wetlands in the agricultural, industrial and urban sectors, pollution of water resources and exhaustion of the water storage and transmission network, the process of destruction of natural ecosystems and the destruction of environmental elements of this country, accelerating and has intensified and the health, livelihood and security of the residents of the affected area have been jeopardized to a significant extent. The location of this country in the lower reaches of Tigris and Euphrates is a geopolitical bottleneck and a factor for threatening this country.
Turkey, Syria and Iran have superior geopolitical advantages over this country due to being located upstream of the rivers entering Iraq. Environmental elements have a transboundary nature, therefore, managing and controlling challenges requires bilateral, regional and international cooperation. Environmental security is related to water security, food security, job security, sustainable economic development and in the macro dimension with the interests and national security of countries and the power of governments in the national, regional and international arenas. Considering the five parts of Bozan's theory, the military, political, economic, social and environmental power of Turkey has increased against the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates, especially Iraq. Based on Homer Dixon's theory, three factors: environmental destruction, population increase and unequal social distribution of resources due to lack and change of environmental resources and six factors: climate change due to the emission of greenhouse gases, destruction of Ozone layer, destruction and reduction of agricultural lands, destruction of  forests, reduction and pollution of fresh water sources and reduction of fishing due to destruction of fisheries following widespread climate change, the possibility of conflicts turning into violent conflicts between Turkey and the countries affected by Tigris and Euphrates with this country, between each other, especially Iraq and Turkey, has been strengthened in case of lack of understanding, agreement and constructive interaction. According to Mackinder's theory, the use of power generation resources using natural (energy resources), human and environmental factors (dam construction) has achieved the goal of Turkish hegemony to a significant extent. Based on Ratzel's theory, Turkey has strengthened its national and regional power and vital space against the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates, especially in the face of Iraq. Blocking the natural flow of the international channels of the Tigris and Euphrates is an existential threat, and the demand for Iraq's natural and historical water rights in order to preserve survival, manage and reduce the harmful consequences of this threat is that the emergency measures of the policy makers of this country, regional countries, regional and international organizations and Institutions defending human rights and environmental rights and the United Nations are effective.

Tourism competitiveness holds significant importance in economic development. Enhancing competitiveness can lead to increased market share and economic growth in the tourism sector. Numerous studies have analyzed the determinants of tourism destination competitiveness. This research examines how tourism competitiveness in Iranian cities contributes to the country's economic development.The purpose of this research, on the one hand, is the link between the two concepts of competitiveness and the indicators used for measurement, and on the other hand, studies related to tourism competitiveness models and economic growth resulting from the presence of tourists. In terms of the nature of the research, the research method of the upcoming study is qualitative research, and in terms of the goal, it is developmental or applied in terms of methodology, it is analysis and copying tools, And the statistical population is used by experts and professors related to tourism competition and urban planning, and in the end, the analysis of information has been done by means of confirmatory factor analysis. The results obtained from these studies define a model in which the provision of heritage tourism resources with the provision of productive resources and the links between them are the elements that determine the capacity of an economy for production as a result of economic growth. The presented models have emphasized a set of related variables that indicate how they must be measured and evaluated. Even so, an increase in tourism activity contributes positively to economic growth, although how it does so, how much, as well as generalizing this contribution to the development of all countries or periods, are questions that remain. 

Based on this, the main problem of the research has been stated as follows: what are the concepts for creating competition between cities? Also, how can the government and the people solve the economic problems of society by using these competitions? On the other hand, how can actual and potential competition between cities lead to economic prosperity and solve other problems of cities and citizens? In this regard, Iran, as one of the countries whose economy is strongly dependent on oil, can move away from the oil economy by creating actual and potential competition between its cities, as well as changes in the texture of localities and the physicality of urban spaces to attract Tourists can promote  the economy caused by tourism.

the research method of the upcoming study is qualitative research, and in terms of the goal, it is developmental or applied in terms of methodology, it is analysis and copying tools, And the statistical population is used by experts and professors related to tourism competition and urban planning, and in the end, the analysis of information has been done by means of confirmatory factor analysis.

In this research, a new concept of the relationship between competitiveness, tourism, and growth has been presented in which the provision of hereditary resources, together with the provision of production resources and the links between them, are the elements that determine the capacity of an economy for production and as a result growth. The new conceptual framework of tourism variables, including the model, does not depend on demand factors. Instead, it directly focuses on production factors such as physical and human capital. Unlike previous models that measured tourism by tourism income or the number of tourists, this new model aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of tourism. (Lejárraga, Walkenhorst, 2010)This variable refers to the conditions of the territory, which motivates the offer of tourism in a geographical area. As shown in previous studies on measuring tourism competitiveness, what should be included in the conception of intrinsic resources of tourism remains an undefined question.

In general, it seems that in certain lands there is a series of elements that make those places attractive for tourists, which is related to culture, environment and climate. These sources are numerous, and some of them have been protected from interest over the past century, indicating that they are known as attractive elements for the reasons already mentioned. Therefore, from the measurement of those elements, it is possible to produce an index that includes only the elements related to culture, environment and climatic condition, with the previously shown tourism competitiveness measurement techniques, such as those applied in TTCI or CM. Several aspects should be considered when analyzing these relationships. Firstly, The number of foreign economic variables like public capital, private capital, and human territory are indicators of the competitiveness of destination tourism.The influence of production factors on competitiveness indicators is a direct result of economic growth. The second measure of tourism is usually income or the number of tourists, which involves connecting a demand variable with economic growth. In addition, the relationship between tourism and economic growth is influenced by other variables such as physical and human capital, as well as infrastructure. The study will be biased if these variables are not taken into account to explain growth. This research proposes that the relationships between tourism and territory can be viewed from the standpoint of the territory having certain inherent qualities or resources that make it attractive to travelers, rather than the influence of production factors. These Innate resources are known as inherited resources. The provision of those resources in a territory, along with the provision of production resources, such as private or public capital and human capital and their connection with each other, means the complementary or alternative relationships that exist between them, elements that determine the capacity of an economy to produce and thus grow.

Turkey's construction of dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has intensified the process of environmental degradation in large parts of the Middle East, especially Iraq and Syria.The full operation of the Ilisu Dam will further reduce the inflow of stagnant water from the Tigris, Euphrates and Arvand to the country and destroy the environment in the wider Middle East. Environmental damage due to the spread of dust emissions in large areas of Iran, especially in the west and southwest of the country is a serious threat to Iran's national security. This research is based on descriptive-analytical method and seeks to answer the question: What effects does the construction of the Turkish dam on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers have on Iran's national security? The research findings indicate that the problems imposed on Iraq due to having a long border and common interests in different dimensions, have similar and wide-ranging effects on Iran's national security. It is necessary for Iran and Iraq to adopt the same position towards Turkey due to having large-scale barriers, attracting the attention of other interested countries, and to persuade this country to respect the water rights of the affected countries on the manner and amount of use of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Turkey has taken maximum advantage of these rivers in the absence of the collective will of the beneficiary countries.

Iran's public diplomacy towards modern Iraq has included several programs. However, Economic programs and initiatives are among the programs that have been addressed less independently. Therefore, the purpose of this article is explanation the economic programs in the iran's public diplomacy in modern Iraq. The main question was that "What is the place of economic programs in the I.R.Iran's public diplomacy in modern Iraq?" Research findings showed that “Although the economic programs have not had an independent position in the public diplomacy of the I.R.I in modern Iraq, but, Their full and independent application will serve the goals of public diplomacy, the vast capacities of resources, actors and economic activities.” At the same time that due to some cultural and political sensitivities in the Iraqi society and on the other hand the needs of this country's economy, more attention and use of economic programs that are less sensitive is a double importance and necessity for Iran's public diplomacy towards new Iraq will have. In this regard, some programs such as the use of the "tourism industry" and "developmental aid" are more well-known, which of course have a Shia approach to some extent, and also have been of interest as cultural and political programs. Dealing with these matters under the title of economic programs of public diplomacy plays an important role in the maximum use of these capacities; Because this creates the opportunity to implement more dimensions of these programs and activates more devices in this field.

Despite the existence of many issues in the relations between the Russian Federation and the United States, the crisis of 2022 in Ukraine is one of the important axes that during the recent period not only caused Washington and Moscow to face each other again, but its scope has gone beyond the national territory and has become an important issue in regional interactions and International has made a converter, the authors of this study have tried to answer the question of what effect the components of strategic culture have on the behavior patterns of Russian statesmen with a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach. And the American in response to the crisis in Ukraine 2022? The hypothesis raised in front of the mentioned question points out that the conflict between the two countries in the Ukrainian scene can be considered strongly influenced by the cultural, value, geopolitical and historical foundations of the two countries, and based on this, war, resort to force, deterrence and strategy Meaning has been found. The findings of the research indicate that in the Ukraine crisis, the dream of great power and the return to the glory of the empire, geopolitical issues, negative attitude towards the intentions of rival activists, traditions related to the Orthodox Church and Russian nationalism, in contrast to the belief in the absolute power of the United States in the field of politics and International relations, and the continuation of the war until the unconditional surrender of the enemy have been placed

Energy diplomacy, as one of the branches of economic diplomacy, is very important in managing the transfer of energy resources, that is, countries knowing each other's energy policies can cooperate with each other by adopting appropriate policies and diplomacy. The main question of the current research is: How can the energy diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran affect the capacity to promote cooperation in Central Asia? The hypothesis that is raised following this question: with the purposeful and deliberate use of energy diplomacy, Iran can achieve regional and global cooperation and convergence, thereby increasing the attraction of foreign investment in the energy industry, and in addition to It achieves sustainable energy security in the regional context by reducing the threats in the production area and increasing the production level and as a result increasing the energy export. The results of the research show that the international sanctions against Iran and the isolation of this country by the United States in regional treaties and agreements, especially in the field of energy, can have negative effects on the relations of this country with Central Asia as well as the power have regional and influential (China, Russia, Turkey). The current research has chosen the descriptive-analytical method as its research method and collected data and information through the library method and through the sampling method.

Justice and Development Party's Given the geopolitical situation, Territorial geography Connecting to Europe and proximity to Russia and the Middle East On the one hand, and exploiting ideological issues, And historical and cultural commonalities on the other, Foreign policy development is pursued aimed at achieving regional hegemony, Access to energy resources and takeover of Middle Eastern markets, Which challenged both the existing order in the region and relations with Iran, So this article is trying to investigate AKP policies and their effects on Islamic Republic of Iran's foreign policy in the Middle East? This article has covered with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library and documentary information to investigate AKP foreign policy in the region. Research data show That the AKP is trying to do Emphasizing on ideological issues and taking advantage of the role of religion in expanding its influence in the peripheral areas, And on the other hand, it seeks to increase its relative power and increase its acting power in the Middle East Emphasizing structural and geopolitical features, That creates a kind of competition and conflict while working with the Islamic Republic of Iran And direct and indirect effects Both structurally and identically It has influence on Iran and its spheres of influence in the region.

This article will deal with the impact of US sanctions on Iran's economic diplomacy towards Russia, as one of the main players in the international political scene. The main question of the article is, what was the pattern of Iran and Russia's economic diplomacy during the years 2012 to 2020 due to the sanctions policies of the United States? Therefore, the hypothesis of the article is that the sanctions approach of the West and especially the United States towards Iran has led to the expansion of Iran's economic relations with Russia. The results of the research show that policies based on sanctions and pressure from the West have led to the foreign policy of c. A. From the beginning of the revolution, Iran should be designed based on looking to the East in different dimensions. This has more or less continued in Rouhani's government. The analysis of the data shows that this policy in the economic dimension is based on Iran's dependence on economic imports from Russia, rather than having a balance. Western policies have been implemented. This article, relying on the analytical-descriptive method and using library resources and using the conceptual framework of economic diplomacy, sought to answer the main question.

The purpose of the present research is to explain and clarify the factors and components effective on the U.S foreign policy against Iran during the presidency of Obama and Trump as a period replete with fluctuations. The research method was descriptive-analytic with respect to the systematic review of Obama's and Trump's behavior based on defensive and offensive realism. The U.S foreign policy would be explained based on its security approach to Iran's nuclear activities and regional behaviors involving components such as the character of Arabic-Hebraic lobbies and cabinet members. Obama's foreign policy against Iran relying on the approach of interaction and pressure (intelligent power) was successful whereas Trump's foreign policy failed with respect to its offensive nature and the gap among western countries. Therefore, it can be concluded that both of the presidents attempted to challenge the Islamic Republic of Iran's interests by creating political and economic crises and military threats in internal and external aspects. Obama could restrain Iran's nuclear activities by reaching a nuclear agreement but Trump by withdrawing the nuclear deal, not only could not sustain Obama's achievements but also almost failed to restrain Iran to provide the U.S national interests.

Cyber attacks are a global problem that now pose great threats to the world security. Every day we see cyber attacks around the world in such a way that currently no part of the world is immune to these attacks. Capacities and potentials that The cyberspace has brought about human society has led countries to exploit these capacities and potentials for their own political and economic purposes that this has disrupted global cybersecurity. The only thing that can help solve this problem in the world is the cooperation of States at the international level to strengthen their cyber security. In this study , the question which arises is that What is the need for states to work together to strengthen their cyber security? Using the descriptive – analytical method , this question has been answered that because all aspect of human life has got dependent on cyber technologies and such a level of dependence leads to the abuse of some states in carrying out cyber attacks on the vital infrastructures of states , it is necessary that in order to strengthen cyber security , states should cooperate globally.

Turkey, with its upstream position in the Tigris and Euphrates catchments, has built 14 dams on the Euphrates and 8 dams on the Tigris. Since the main tributaries of these rivers originate in Turkey, these dams have the ability to control almost all the annual flows of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the country. The construction of dams in Turkey has provided the ground for conflict between the countries affected by the international rivers Tigris and Euphrates with this country and among each other. The aim of this study is to explain the consequences of Turkish dams on the national security of the countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates. This research tries to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical method What implications has the construction of Turkish dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had on the national security of the countries affected by these rivers? Findings show that Turkish dam construction has weakened natural ecosystems by drying up large parts of the Mesopotamian wetlands and destroying the environment of the affected area by forming foci of dust formation, increasing disease, unemployment, smuggling, insecurity and expanding migration. Using its geopolitical position, Turkey has pursued its unilateralist and expansionist policies by controlling the vital and strategic resources of the Tigris and Euphrates basins, operating and playing a hydro-hegemonic role. Turkish dams have endangered the national security of countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Data collection was done by library method and with the tool of recording documents, books, media, articles and electronic sources

National culture includes all the thoughts, ideas, customs and feelings that people of a nation have learned from each other. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influential components of Iranian national culture on the power of Iranian regions in West Asia. The method of this research is based on a qualitative approach and content analysis method based on interviews and quantitative study based on a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 30 elites in the field of national culture, including: professors of Isfahan University and abroad, cultural centers and strategic managersBased on the conceptual model drawn in order to determine the relationship between items, dimensions and subject, the questionnaire coefficient questionnaire was developed and distributed, collected and analyzed in the expert community. Based on the results of factor analysis, 116 out of 119 indicators of the questionnaire had a factor load higher than 0.30 and was confirmed.According to Cronbach's alpha, for national culture questionnaire with national dimensions (0.950) and religious (0.960) equal to (0.972) and for regional power questionnaire with (8989) has been calculated and according to the coefficient values Cronbach's alpha, it can be inferred that the research tool has a relatively good reliability.

Iran and Turkey have a unique geopolitical and geostrategic position in the region. The Syrian crisis affected the regional equations and the relations of the countries of the region, including Iran and Turkey. The developments in Syria affected and changed the framework of relations between Iran and Turkey as a regional power. Therefore, the main question is raised, what effect have the developments in Syria had on the regional relations between Iran and Turkey in order to become a regional power? In this article, it is tried to investigate and analyze the dimensions of the above issue and question in the framework of regional power balance theory and using descriptive-analytical methods. The findings of the current research show that the developments in the Arab world, especially the developments in Syria, have intensified the regional competition between Iran and Turkey, in the form of the formation of regional and trans-regional alliances and alliances with the environment of Iran and Syria, Syria and Russia, which in one On the other side of Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Salafi groups were located. Also, Turkey's inability in this direction led to the promotion of Iran's regional position and the modification of Turkey's regional policy.

The important role of computer and the Internet and the services that these technologies provide to humanity have made the energy sector dependent on these new technologies. This dependence has led to risks for the energy sector, the most important of which is directing cyber-attacks . In the present study, a question has been raised, i.e., what is the need for states to strengthen the cyber security of their energy sector and what measures should be taken domestically and internationally? Using the descriptive-analytical method, the question has been answered that due to the increasing dependence of the energy sector on cyber technologies and the increasing number of actors and perpetrators of cyber attacks in the world, States need to strengthen their cyber security in their energy sector. What states can do at the domestic level includes increasing the security of domestic systems, recruiting reliable and specialized personnel, and developing clear and strict rules for cyberspace. At the international level, drafting a binding international treaty banning cyber-attacks on the energy sector is the most important measure that they can adopt.

The main purpose of tax policy is to finance governments, but sometimes we see the shortcomings of the tax system in the executive dimension. The pathology of tax policy in Iran indicates that most of the issues in this process are related to the implementation phase. The main question of the forthcoming research is what are the causal factors influencing the weak implementation of tax policies in Iran? Research participants were purposefully selected and data were collected using in-depth interviews with 33 experts. The data of this study have been analyzed using a combined method. The findings indicate that tax disobedience among taxpayers (tax evasion), lack of integrated economic and financial database, lack of access to taxpayers' economic information, multiple and political shifts for tax system managers, multiple regulations, tax directives and contradictions are among the most important causes of weakness in tax policy in Iran.

Just as a common identity plays an important role in shaping and facilitating economic interactions between countries, so do social and identity challenges like differences economic lifestyles, ethnic, racial, ideological and linguistic differences and Feeling hostile in the target country people, It make economic cooperations between them vulnerable. Public diplomacy is one of the tools of foreign policy that has an important impact on the identity of the audience and turning them into worthy friends for host country.However, this type of diplomacy is mainly conceptualized for achieve political goals.So the main question was,"What role does public diplomacy play in economic cooperations with the target country?The hypothesis was that "considering the role of common identity in foreign economic interactions and also the role of public diplomacy in creating an identity, the using this type of diplomacy in order to reduce different ideas affecting economic cooperation with the target country can play a role have an important role in maintaining and expanding the aforementioned cooperation.”Accordingly, maintaining and developing economic cooperations by reducing different economic, cultural and political ideas Including Reduce differences in economic school, economic lifestyle in the target country, reducing the impact of ethnic and religious gaps and Linguistic differences, also reducing the impact of political identity gaps, Like the feeling of alienation of the people in target country than Executor country, on bilateral economic interactions, are among the results of this study.This research is qualitative and the research method is descriptive-analytical. also, constructivist theory is used as a theoretical framework.

Iran and its sub-region, namely the Persian Gulf, are geopolitically at the east-west crossroads and the intersection of Heartland and Rimland regions, and in the new geo-economics territories are also at the center of the energy strategy ellipse which is among the three areas of energy consumption centers, namely Europe, China and India. But despite having these resources and a superior position, the Iranian government in recent decades has not been able to use this privileged transit position for economic development and regional cooperation. Therefore, the present study aims to show how the geopolitical and geo-economics transit of oil and gas in the Persian Gulf can affect advancing regional policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Explaining the geopolitical and geo-economics position of energy transit in the Persian Gulf can be examined by the Hartland-Mackinder approach and the geo-economics perspective of Edward Luttwak. Edward Luttwack also believes that in the age of geo-economics, the means and causes of the conflicts of the present century (21st century) become economic in nature and economic tools replace military purposes. In this transition, energy is the most important element in the geo-economics competition, so that geostrategic domains are determined based on energy logic.

Examining the potential of Persian Gulf energy transit to consumption areas shows that in the Indian subcontinent, cooperation in the field of energy can create mutual benefits in other areas, including the expansion of the south-north corridor, the development of Chabahar, and transportation between the two sides. In the Central Asian region, the energy transit of landlocked countries through Iran creates a sense of commitment of these countries to Iran and, an atmosphere of cooperation in other areas including the development of the south-north corridor. Iran will also contribute to the country's energy security through the potential of the peace pipeline and the possibility of connecting it to China, as well as the ability to connect two important energy fields in the Persian Gulf and Central Asia and participate in strengthening Central Asian transmission lines of energy to China. Regarding Iran-Europe relations, in case of de-escalation of tensions and establishment of regular relations between the two sides, the ground for expansion of economic and political cooperation, including energy transit and regional security, should be provided.

Research findings show that the connection between the Persian Gulf energy transit corridors and the surrounding important consumer areas will link the fate of energy and economic security of these countries to the fate of Iran. This will create strategic partners in the field of energy transit, upgrade the regional position, increase the coefficient of economic development and consequently increase the level of national security of Iran

the tendency towards regionalism has made the strategic Eurasian strategic position as a security position one of the most important regions. , The special strategic and economic that it has achieved is increasingly in the focus of attention of Russia, the United States and other regional and global powers. In recent years, Moscow, which seeks to revive its superpower, has relied on historical mentality, a doctrine outside, a neo - Eurasian approach, and a geopolitical discourse of beneficiaries in foreign policy to move its security strategy from a global to a strategic approach. It has become a region with a broad approach, thereby adopting a balanced strategy as its model of behavior to counter Washington's one-sidedness. Using the most advanced theoretical components in equilibrium theory, as well as the use of qualitative research methods and instrumental study tools, the present paper seeks to answer the question of what measures Russia can take within the framework of equilibrium strategy to counter strategic measures in the United States. Central Eurasia? The hypothesis that this question can be posed is that the Kremlin authorities, through the production of semantic systems, have tried to interpret the list of friends / enemies as a material interpretation and a continuous revision of the list of enemies to challenge Washington as a challenging activist. , Take geopolitical billing and strategic weight loss in the form of military, economic, as well as political and security strategies (Ukraine crisis).

Today, the absence of violence and war is considered as a negative, minimal and inadequate definition of peace, but the same basic and minimal ideal is not achieved by itself; Rather, it requires the talent and ability to understand the ugliness of violence and war, as well as the perception of the harmful effects of militancy by decision-making human actors in a critical situation. In the context of the severe lack of interdisciplinary research and the level of micro-analysis, this article raises the question, "How will the presence of genetic dysfunctions in political actors, including the dysfunction of genes affecting empathy, affect international peace?"

In this study, the content of library, laboratory and longitudinal genetic researches were studied by qualitative analysis method and finally interpreted by diagnostic methods of psychological dysfunctions.

 All the ethical principles of the research, such as fidelity, honesty and originality of the text were considered during the writing of this research.

Empathy occurs when observing or imagining emotional states in another creates common states in the observer. Given that the genes CNR1, AVPR1A and SLC6A4 are among the genes that are effective in the process of observation and the resulting perceptions, it was observed that if their function is disturbed, the human person faces a lack of empathy.

If in the genetic nature of any of the political actors, there is a dysfunction of expression of CNR1, AVPR1A and SLC6A4 genes, in the stage of "analysis and interpretation", they are incapable of mutual understanding and respect for differences, in the stage of "Decision-making" tends to denigrate, ignore the reaction of others, and design a win-lose game and In the "implementation" stage, it focuses on unilateral decisions in the international system and Makes difficult the ground for establishing and promoting international peace by interactions with lack of empathy.

Tehran-Baghdad economic relations in the post-ISIS period, by some social and identity challenges Like Arab and non-Arab issues, Shiite-Sunni challenges in the Sunni regions, the existence of Iranophobic ideas, differences in economic lifestyle, vulnerability Has been encountered. Therefore, given the importance of Iraq among the economic partners of Iran, reducing these challenges is very important for maintaining and developing economic relations between Iran and Iraq. Meanwhile, public diplomacy, which plays an important role in reducing identity gaps with foreign audiences, has been used mainly by Tehran to strengthen political and cultural relations with Iraq. Therefore, this study sought to answer the question, "What role does public diplomacy play in the iran's economic relations with Iraq?"Findings show that regulating the public diplomacy of Iran towards Iraq, In proportion to the existing social and identity challenges in the path of bilateral economic cooperations, Will have a positive impact on maintaining and developing bilateral interactions in this area. Accordingly, the preservation and development of Tehran-Baghdad economic relations by reducing different ideas and subsequently strengthening the common economic, cultural and political identity, by influencing the identity of the elites and the economic system of Iraq, Managing different business ethics and influencing the tastes of Iraqi consumers, reducing the effects of ethnic, religious and historical challenges on economic interactions, reducing the consequences of Iranophobia of rival countries on economic and trade activities, is including the results of public diplomacy to development of economic relations.This research is a qualitative research and the research method is descriptive-analytical.

One of the most important geo-political variables influencing the country's fate is the energy variable and one of the ways that Iran can increase its national security factor is to pay attention to foreign policy based on security and transit of energy (oil and gas). In the new geo-economic territories, Iran plays a vital role in the Middle East region in general and in the Persian Gulf in particular.  Therefore, the present paper aims to investigate the geopolitical and geo-economical role of Gulf energy transit on the National security of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Research findings show that in the geopolitical and geostrategic dimension, the Persian Gulf is the focal point of several important energy consumption domains, that from one side to Europe, Central Asia and the Caucasus, and on the other side to the east (India, China, Pakistan) and the ocean India is connected. If Iran is able to tie itself in these areas, energy security and, in a more in-depth look, their national interests and national security are tied to the security and national interests of Iran, and as a result these countries toward to a threat  of Iran's security and national interests,  become more sensitive and hard-core . From this geo-economics dimension, Iran is also the world's second oil and gas holder, and is capable of becoming one of the main partners and suppliers of energy in these countries, which it can increase the country's economic strength. Increasing economic power leads to national growth and development and is a factor in increasing the national power of the country in other dimensions, which results in the provision of national security in a positive way. This paper has analyzed based on the Copenhagen School of Theory (Regional Security set). The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection method is also a library method.

Increased use of silver nanoparticles in consumer products may have beneficial or detrimental effects on the structure of the human body and living organisms Since one of the target organs of silver nanoparticles in living organisms is the kidney, the kidney plays a key role in clearing the body of waste products and regulating homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of royal jelly on rat kidney tissue following the toxicity of silver nanoparticles.

24 adult NMRI mice were divided into 4 groups: control, silver nanoparticles (500 mg /Kg/day, gavage), royal jelly (300 mg /Kg/day, gavage) and silver nanoparticles with royal gel and treated for 35 days. Kidney tissue was evaluated by stereologic methods. Biochemical parameters of malondialdehyde, urea, creatinine and total antioxidant activity were analyzed by FRAP method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests and the difference was considered significant (p