فهرست مطالب mahsa larijani

The Covid-19 epidemic has become a socio-medical problem worldwide, affecting many people, including children. The aim of this study was to investigate the life experience of children with Covid-19. Children have experienced short- or medium-term hospitalization due to the severity of the illness. To achieve the purpose of the research, he has used a qualitative method with a phenomenological interpretive approach. For this purpose, semi-structured and in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 infected children, and purposive sampling method was used to select them. Findings from the study were divided into three main categories: pre-infection (virus ignorance and difference in significance), intra-infection (delayed admission, increased pain experience, increased fear and increasing discomfort), and post-infection (exacerbation of isolationism). Requirements of health, social stigma, subjective feelings of powerlessness, feelings of psychological insecurity due to news-media coverage, psychological breaks, maternal focus, and skepticism about divine justice were categorized and described. According to the research findings, effective models such as rehabilitation, especially physical and emotional-psychological rehabilitation, should be used to alleviate, moderate, compensate and repair the adverse effects of Quid-19 in affected children so that their lives can be improved. Return to normal and pre-experienced state.

The aim of the study was investigating the factors affecting the attitude towards spouse selection among female students at University of Tehran. The data were collected through a survey using researcher-designed questionnaire. The statistical population comprised female students from various faculties at University of Tehran, across undergraduate, master's and doctoral levels. The sample size was determined to be 400 individuals using Cochran's formula, and the sampling method employed was simple stratified random sampling. The findings showed that the desire to friendship between boys and girls and the extent of social networks usage are the strongest predictors of attitude towards  spouse choice among students. Subsequently, factors such as family engagement, aspiration for gender equality, educational background, and age were also play a crucial role. The study suggests enhancing self-awareness and decision-making skills to youth, and to train families to understand the needs of the younger generation, thereby bridging the generational gap. Emphasizing their agency, responsibility, and selectiveness is also recommended.  Furthermore, reforming spouse selection patterns can strengthen family foundations, increase childbearing desire, and improve the national demographic trends, as any rise in fertility and childbearing in Iran occurs within the family context.

The institution of marriage has undergone significant changes in recent decades, and the way of spouse selection have evolved accordingly. This research aims to examine the factors influencing young people's attitudes toward choosing a spouse. Understanding these factors is crucial for facilitating a more appropriate spouse selection process, particularly in Iranian society where childbearing occurs within the marital framework. Therefore, family stability is also a necessary prerequisite for childbearing, making the examination of spouse selection methods key to successful marriages and life stability. Awareness of these factors is valuable for professionals in spouse selection training or marriage counseling, as well as for strengthen family foundations, increase childbearing desire, and improve the national demographic trends.

The current study focuses on the factors influencing spouse selection attitudes among female students at the University of Tehran. Data were gathered through a survey using a researcher-designed questionnaire, targeting female students across various faculties and academic levels. A sample size of 400 was determined using Cochran's formula, with stratified random sampling method. This cross-sectional survey is applied research aimed at collecting data through structured questionnaires in 2018. The reliability of the Likert scale items was verified using Cronbach's alpha.

The study examines the relationship between independent variables (age, education, gender equality, family interaction, friendships, and social media use) and the dependent variable (attitude toward spouse selection). The Pearson correlation coefficient confirmed significant relationships between all independent variables and the dependent variable. Multiple linear regression analysis was utilized to assess the combined impact of these variables.
The analysis revealed that friendships and social media use are the strongest predictors of spouse selection attitudes, followed by family interaction, gender equality, education, and age. The findings suggest that as female students age and their education and social media use increase, so does their modern attitude toward spouse selection and autonomy in choosing a spouse. Conversely, increased family interaction correlates with decreased autonomy. Collectively, these variables account for 58% of the variance in spouse selection attitudes.
In summary, the research findings revealed that:The higher the level of social media usage, the greater the individual's inclination toward autonomy in spouse selection.
Individuals with less family interaction tend to have a stronger inclination toward autonomy in choosing a spouse.
The more individuals prefer friendships with boys, the more inclined they are to choose their own spouse.
A stronger inclination toward gender equality correlates with a higher preference for autonomy in spouse selection.
Individuals with higher education levels tend to have a greater inclination toward autonomy in spouse selection.

The study identified key factors influencing spouse selection among female students, highlighting the role of social media, family interaction, friendships, gender equality, and education level in determining autonomy in spouse selection. Educating young adults about these factors can improve their decision-making regarding marriage. Universities are strategically positioned to offer educational programs on decision-making, spouse selection, and marriage readiness. Given that fertility and parenting in Iranian society are contingent upon marriage, informed spouse selection is pivotal for family stability and increased fertility.
Recommendations include providing self-awareness and decision-making training to young individuals, especially in universities, and educating families to understand and support the younger generation's desires, thereby bridging generational gaps and enhancing agency, responsibility, and autonomy. Such measures can strengthen families, encourage parenting, and improve the national demographic trends, as fertility and parenting increases in Iran occur within the family context, with marriage being a prerequisite for childbearing. Making informed choices thus contributes to family stability and, ultimately, to increased fertility.

The reduction of women's desire to be fertile and the importance of having children at the level of replacement fertility is one of the most important topics that we needed to explain and analyze the factors affecting it. The purpose of the current research was to study the relationship between the feeling of social security and life satisfaction on the desire to have a second child.

The research method is a survey that, in order to achieve the objectives of the research, using Cochran's formula, 384 people from Tehrani citizens were selected as a statistical sample by cluster random method. The research tool was a questionnaire, which was analyzed using Spss software.

The results of the research show that the desire to have children as a dependent variable is at an average level. Also, the findings showed that the desire to have children is higher among women than among men. According to the explanatory findings, the feeling of social security (0.34), life satisfaction (0.22) and socio-economic base (0.16) have an effect on the desire to have children, respectively.

The findings of the research show that the desire of couples to have children at the replacement fertility level is dependent on social variables such as a sense of security, satisfaction with life, and social and economic base. Therefore, in addition to the economic facilitation program, social factors that shape negative attitudes should be considered. He paid special attention to having children

The present study seeks to describe the experience and understanding of suicidal ideation and the emerging world in soldiers. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. The target population of soldiers was serving in 2020, which was done by targeted sampling and snowball sampling due to military sensitivity, and the name of the special barracks was avoided. After interviewing 8 soldiers, the answers of the people were saturated. Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews, which used continuous conflict, continuous observation, and progressive mentality in the interview to assess the validity and reliability of qualitative data. In the analysis stages, we reached 2 main categories and 7 sub-categories. The categories of purpose and motivation, fear, loneliness and separation from the family were subordinated to the main category of individual level. The categories of sense of compulsion, humiliation, mismatch of status, lack of financial and emotional support were included in the main categories of the level of action. The results showed that there are conditions and issues in military service that initially give rise to suicidal ideation and the continuation of these issues leads to suicide attempts. Studies show that some things are unlikely to change, but things like problem-solving skills training, changing the way laws are enforced, localizing soldiers' admissions, and finally changing attitudes toward soldiers can reduce the suicidal ideation that is a prerequisite for suicide.

Feeling lonely is one of the most important issues in old age that affects the mental health of this population And it can cause complex social and psychological problems for the elderly. Perception and experience of loneliness and the actions of the elderly in cyberspace to address this feeling are among the less researched topics Which can identify and understand the needs and risks facing the growing population of the elderly.The present study, by adopting a phenomenological approach, qualitatively studied the feeling of loneliness in elderly women in Tehran and using the in-depth interview technique, reflected the lived experience of 22 elderly women who were selected using purposive sampling with maximum diversity.The main research questions regarding the perception of loneliness in older women were how to deal with loneliness and use cyberspace to adapt to loneliness.The findings of this study show that older women interpret the feeling of loneliness in the form of two main categories of unpleasant feelings and desirable feelings. From the participants' point of view, unpleasant loneliness is interpreted with the central categories of feeling lonely with anxiety, loneliness with disengagement, loneliness with dysfunction and loneliness with physical illness, and pleasant loneliness in the form of leisure and satisfaction with Loneliness means. Respondents cite the reasons for adopting virtual actions to adapt to feeling lonely in the categories of facilitating interactions, entertainment and reducing negative thoughts and feelings, acquiring knowledge and experiences related to life, updating and keeping pace with progress and modernization, .

The aim of this study was to study the lived experiences of young people from the challenges of the family formation process the Pre-Coronary and Post-Coronary .The research approach was qualitative and performed using interpretive phenomenological method. Participants in the study were married young people before and after the Corona. The sampling method was targeted and snowball. After interviewing 20 people (10 married before Corona and 10 after Corona), people's responses were saturated. Data collection was performed using semi-structured interviews. To assess the validity and reliability of qualitative data, continuous engagement, continuous observation, progressive mindset, and a steering committee were used to evaluate and execute the interview plan. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis method based on the model of Brown and Clark (2006). In the analysis stages, 5 main themes and 12 sub-themes were obtained. The findings were coded in the form of 5 main themes in the form of individual and attitude dimensions, economic dimensions, cultural dimensions and social and communication dimensions and structural dimensions; Pre-Corona sub-themes include "Concerns about choosing the right spouse", "Individualism", "Feeling insecure", "Adaptability", "Lack of life skills training “and "Lack of career planning and economic well-being", respectively. have been; In the time of Corona, the challenges of the youth in the form of sub-themes "concern for livelihood", "ambiguous and unpredictable future", "lack of economic security", "de-ritualization", "lack of crisis skills training “and "lack of control “"Economic problems “has been interpreted. A comparison of the challenges in this period shows that from the perspective of the respondents, the lack of economic security, worldview and vague future and adjustment in customs during the Corona period have added to the past challenges of the youth.

An introduction to research in family sociology in Iran has been written by Abbas Abdi with the aim of studying the evolution of the family and emphasizing the research dimension of the family. The purpose of this article is to examine the various dimensions of this book with a critical approach that is based on the conventional pattern of critical essays. The findings of the present article show that the criticisms of the book are in informal, structural and content areas, the most important of which include the lack of objective examples of claims and theories, lack of up-to-date sources, poor demographic analysis and lack of focus on topics such as the Ethics roots of the family and so on. Accordingly, this article, focusing on the formal and content dimensions of the work and relying on research citations, has tried to add to the richness of the book’s topics.

Social indifference is one of the most important factors affecting the social order of societies. Ignorance and disregard for social realities will lead to an increase in crime. Passive behavior not only prevents crime from happening, it also facilitates the process of committing it. The purpose of this study is to provide a sociological explanation of the causes of apathy as a social issue. The study is conducted in terms of quantitative and survey method. Statistical population is women over 18 years of age in Mallard. The sample size is 384 people. Samples were classified by stratified random sampling. According to the results of Pearson correlation test, research findings show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of individualism, ineffectiveness, and distrust and social indifference. The results of multivariate regression showed that in the context of indifference, 35% of the dependent variable can be explained by independent variables, and the indifference of the variable has the most influence on the individualism variable with a beta coefficient of 0.388. Accept.

 Prostitution is the action that one provides sexual services for earning money, sleeping places or other desires that are agreed with customers. The definition of prostitution and the way it is dealt with varies depending on the social, cultural and legal context in different countries. Prostitution is considered a criminal act in Iran, due to its criminalization, we face with a lack of reliable information and adequate studies as well as the strategies that women usually adopt for this challenging experience in their lives. Existing literature considers prostitution as one of the societal issues that is complex in terms of the reasons and contexts, and is mainly motivated by poverty, deprivation, inevitability and addiction. But the topics such as the meaning of prostitution for prostituted women, the misguided ways for them and the manners to achieve these goals are neglected. This study attempts to study the phenomenon of prostitution based on the narrative of women and beyond the stereotypes and categories that exist. The study aims to answer these question: what is the meaning of the act of perpetrating their act? On the other hand, what techniques or strategies do they use to adapt to the individual and alleviate the stresses of prostitution? This research is important because it is a novel study of how the practice of prostitution is organized by its underwriters, given the confidentiality of its practice.  

The present study is a qualitative study and the approach used in this research is the grounded theory (foundation data) that employs a set of systematic procedures to develop a theory based on induction and movement from the whole to the phenomenon. The statistical population of this study consisted of 17 prostituted women for understanding the act of prostitution and its related strategies through the grounded theory approach. To increase the validity of the research, we have exploited previous research too, to confirm the findings of the present research. To increase the research reliability, not only interviews have been recorded, but they have been monitored by the respondents themselves during interview process.  

The findings of the study show that participants have defined their activities in terms the way they address livelihood and support problems. The viewpoints of these women were that prostitution is an answer to addiction problem, livelihood problems, poverty, inadequate support networks and homelessness. They have equipped to sexual capital, recklessness, adventure, dare and courage, and lack of commitment, and disobedience which are all facilitators of the act of prostitution. The participants have been encountered with physical and psychological violence several times so they try to protect themselves from the cycle of harm and have used individual and group strategies for reducing the harm. In addition, theses ways include: to be adaptive, deviant, and outgoing, thereby reducing the pressures of prostitution or achieving other goals. In sum, the findings of the research in the context of the central category of ‘prostitution as despair and helplessness’ illustrate the theoretical model of this type of activity. Research findings in the context of this central issue include factors that explain the context of these street women, and show how street women experience prostitution and come along and justify it.

 Awareness of citizenship rights for women can provide a sense of belonging and more effective participation in society. The community-based police can also work with service providing approach for citizens to absorb the citizens' participation to achieve citizenship rights. This article studies the social factors affecting the awareness of citizenship rights among women living in Shar-e Rey City.

 In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of procedure, it is considered as a survey study. The population of the study consisted of women over the age of 20 years old in Shahr-e Rey and a sample of 384 individuals was questioned. The data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.71 to 0.87 for different variables) and analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient.Findings and

 The research showed that "attitudes towards globalization", "social capital", "communication and information tools and media" and "socio-economic base" have the most impact on awareness of citizenship rights. The results of regression test also showed that all of these variables in the standpoint of independent variable have explained 62% of the amount of changes in dependent variable.

The present article aims to study the life line of women undergoing methadone treatment, using qualitative research method and phenomenological interpretation studies. Hence, in-depth interviews have been conducted with 15 women at the Drop in Center (DIC). In this study, the life line of womens was studied in two periods before and after consumption. Findings of the research show that five main categories of anomy in the family, living in deviation- oriented families, marital crises, victimization experiences and attempts to heal and curiosity and adventure have been formulated in the study of the pre-consumption life of women. Which shows how women are on the trail of drug use. Research findings also show that women interviewed in describing their course of life in post-use period have narrated several narratives of narcotic effects on their lives, whose effects on their lives in the four main categories of consumption And physical and mental transformation, consumption and increase sexual relations, the collapse of the family and decrease social status. which can Provides rich information on the identification and understanding of the causes of substance use in women, as well as the conditions for the release and the way of rehabilitation and treatment from substance use.

The present study attempts to investigate the social integration of prisoners via a grounded theory approach. It is aimed to explain a model for successful social integration of female offenders. In this qualitative study, the data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 women who had a record in the Welfare Services Organization, and all of whom have had previous experience of being in the prison. Then, using a grounded theory approach, the data were analyzed and coded. The exploratory findings of the study show that various factors contribute to the formation of the core category, that is, “social integration as a move towards the normalization of life and social adaptation” of women; and other contextual factors such as personal characteristics, being supported and not rejected by the family and access to capitals are significant too. Moreover, intervention factors such as maternal motivation, empowerment and rehabilitation of women, and not using drugs influence the process of social integration. Analytical findings indicate that the strategies and solutions for social integration of women have two categories of environmental appropriateness and sanitation, and the development of social networks. Ultimately, all these factors and strategies contribute to satisfaction from life, adaptability and social organization, or in other words, social integration of women.

Today, the presence of women in the social and public spheres has become more . As culture is a dynamic phenomenon and is not constant, it can be understood by understanding the patterns of cultural change, In order to manage and organize it, Cultural Engineering is an effective instrument for planning and managing cultural change.
This article, focuses on the presence of women in the community at three levels of ideal culture, existing culture and target culture,
This article is a descriptive article which has been obtained by using qualitative method and documentary study techniques and analyzing the content of lecture presentations
This article is a descriptive article which has been obtained by using qualitative method and documentary study techniques and analyzing the contents of paneling speeches titled Cultural Engineering, the presence of women in the community. It states that at the current status of the existing strengths of women's presence Increasing education, increasing scientific, economic and entrepreneurial activities; weaknesses include increasing the role of multiple demands, consumerism, value and attitude conflicts, opportunities including the role of women in the social sphere in the constitution and the words of the Supreme Leader and, ultimately, Threats include the women's identity crisis, the rule of patriarchal attitudes in society, the deviations of women and so on Their employment issue. Ultimately, strategies for reaching target culture include attention to changes in society, consensual policy, interactions of different institutions, non-neutralization of activities and government oversight

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of ICT in the educational process and the process of teaching high school students in schools, and the process of integration and acceptance in schools, which was done through a case study. Through a case study has been done. The statistical population of the study is all managers, teachers and technology administrators working in the high schools of Tehran. In order to conduct research, six high schools in the city (four state high schools and two non- profit high schools) were selected from the high, the middle and lower region of the city, and semi- structured deep interviews were conducted with 34 staff members in the schools And analyzed using open, axial and selective coding .Findings from deep interviews indicate that respondents have highlighted the potential of information and communication technology in education, reform of educational structure, facilitation, guidance, communication and design and production tools. In the process of technology integration, at macro level, smart intelligence, school equipping, incentive support, specialist training, content creation, and conversion training based on exam must be considered. At the middle level, the type of school seems to be a way of managing and employing teachers in the process of integrating technology. At micro level, the process of integrating ICT into the teaching process of teachers has been analyzed and interpreted in such categories as acceptance, implementation, matching and inventiveness.

Introduction and Problem Statement: Education is one of the mediums¡ which shapes the development-oriented man. So one of the aims of education is providing life-skills trainings for students to achieve abilities needed to play an effective role in society. But education in Iran seems to have problems to realize this aim and deliver people fit to contribute properly to the development of the country. Jamali’s research (1392) shows that high school textbooks do not focus on training citizens with various skills such as critical thinking¡ communication and responsibility skills¡ and although there are cases in which some developmental concepts are offered but they¡ in effect¡ only increase their memorized information and not internalized knowledge. One of the ways of getting rid of these problems and implement Intended Programs with a focus on developmental literacy is the use of ICT in the educational processes in schools. In this research¡ we study the articulation of developmental literacy with its social¡ cultural¡ scientific¡ environmental indices in Intended Programs of Iranian education system¡ and see into the barriers to equip the students with such literacy. Finally we embark upon the capabilities of ICT in order to achieve this goal.
Theoretical Framework: As we all know in the qualitative research there is no obligation to start with specific theory as a theoretical framework¡ nevertheless approaches have been taken into consideration in the analysis of research data; they include post-structuralist approach which addresses deep analysis of the learning; Bourdieu and Passeron’s who consider school as an institution through which the social order is reproduced ¡and in a critical approach¡ Ilich is cited who believes that the school system transfers a large part of learning¡ while a major part of knowledge is learned from outside school. He believes there should be a device to monitor and add on the demands¡ also a network of human communication in order to comply with the outside world. Freire''s critical view also is exploited that suggests an education based on dialogue¡ a dialogue which enables the individual to understand¡ shape¡ and solve the issues within his environment.
the method used in this research is qualitative which can lead to a rich and deep information for the researchers. In this study¡ two techniques have been applied. For the analysis of Intended Programs¡ documentary approach¡ and to collect the attitudes of people toward education and its problems in-depth interviews have been used. The interviewees in this study were principals¡ teachers and high schools IT officials¡ who were chosen through purposive sampling: six boys and girls high schools within three different districts in Tehran. For the analysis of the sstatements we did coding.
The study of documents dealing with the goals of education system in Iran indicated that there is some developmental training in major topics¡ but the main problem is that these goals are not operationalized and achieved in reality. The results of this study regarding the content of textbooks are as follows: 25 persons of those who were interviewed confirmed the presence of social literacy textbooks¡ 5 persons confirmed cultural literacy¡ 25 persons environmental literacy and¡ 15 persons scientific literacy¡ in the content of school textbooks . But all interviewees stated that the content of the books were merely conceptual and did not affect the attitudes and behavior of the students.
Respondents considered the inefficiency of the content of textbooks to be due to the following factors: 1- high volume of the books¡ 2- inappropriate structure¡ 3- a lack of tentative test¡ 4- university-entrance-exam oriented education¡ 5- marginality of life skills¡ 6- quantitative assessment; and¡ 7- superficiality of learning. The majority of respondents (30 people) stated that the major obstacles to developmental literacy are 1- university entrance exam¡ 2- mere memorization of certain courses¡ 3- overemphasis on earning high scores during the study. These elements overshadow and sideline developmental literacy and social¡ cultural¡ and environmental skills.
Suggestion: a solution to overcome these problems can be through ICT-based education. IT has the potential not only to shake the traditional structures but also to re-form the education and training processes which were up to recently difficult to realize through classic ways; radically new programs can be implemented¡ and teaching methods and evaluation processes can be changed. ICT can convert knowledge base¡ training can be delivered in virtual space¡ the role of the teacher will be changed as a guide. The classrooms¡ and principals functions¡ and teachers as the only source of knowledge¡ will change completely--also the content and quality of education.

Feminism method is view that reveals women’s experience and challenges about gender inequality and male knowledge production.This view doesnot express particular method but identifies womens’s world and their experience with epistemological and ontological perspective and relying on qualitative research.This paper uses feminism critical attitude from quantitative methods and discusses about subject and object, objectivity, politics and power in social sciences. Furthermore talk about elements of research on women’s issues and feminism methodologhy, techniques of collecting data, role of reasercher and felexibility in the reaserch process by providing examples of research..The problem of feminism claims include failure to challenge objectivity, lack of clear method, problem of validity and reliability, bias and genderism and lack of quality among reasercher and responsive in field and exaggerate problems and aspects of disaster of women’s life.