فهرست مطالب majid asghari

In Persian medicine, to select medicines based on their quality in terms of warmth, coldness, dryness, and moisture, the criterion of quality is used. Unlike single drugs, the quality of combination drugs is not mentioned in the books. In order to comply with the rules of treatment and reduce the side effects, it is necessary to determine the degree of quality of the drug. This study is the first step in calculating and evaluating the degree of quality of the three most widely used compound maturative drugs (Monzej) in Persian medical clinics.

The maturative drugs commonly used are derived from the Tooba Pharmacopoeia. To select the compound Monzej, consultation with the Tooba Pharmacopoeia was conducted, and their quality degree (combinative Mizaj) was determined based on the guidelines presented in the pharmacopoeia. Subsequently, each combinative Mizaj was explained accordingly.

for "Nozj" of each of the causative agents of the disease, changes in the consistency should be made by the Monzej. These changes are dependent on the quality of the Monzej, hence, the Monzej of each humor must have a certain quality. In this study, the yellow bile Monzej was at the first of the second degree of coolness and at the first of the first degree of moisture. The black bile Monzej was at the end of the first degree of warmness and at the first of the first degree of dryness, whereas the phlegm Monzej was at the end of the second degree of warmness and at the end of the first degree of dryness.

By assessing the degree of quality in combination drugs, it becomes feasible to select the suitable medication based on various factors including age, gender, geographical location, climate, as well as individual strengths and weaknesses. This approach safeguards patients with severe illnesses and fragile constitutions against drug-related side effects.

Cow's milk has the most valuable micronutrients and has been a source of human energy since the Stone (Neolitic) Age. It has been described as the most nutritionally complete food in scientific texts. However, in recent years, there have been perceptions of threats of milk consumption. In this review study, the viewpoints of Iranian traditional medicine regarding cow milk and a comparative study with modern studies have been discussed. In traditional medicine, cow's milk has a moderate to warm nature (Mizaj) and is composed of three cheesy, fatty and watery components. It is the most suitable milk for human nutrition, especially children and the elderly. It is beneficial for intestinal and internal wounds and used in the treatment of some diseases such as constipation and skin diseases, lung diseases, obsession, forgetfulness and brain atrophy. Relieving pain and treating infertility are other uses of this food. Today, many studies have demonstrated the effects of consuming cow's milk in prevention of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and diabetes, as well as osteoporosis and even some cancers. The results of this study showed that the compounds and some preventive and therapeutic properties of cow's milk, which have been proven in modern studies, have also been mentioned in traditional medicine texts. On the other hand, it seems that the reason for many perceptions about threats of cow milk consumption is lack of attention to genetic differences and physiological and social needs of humans and the balance and interaction between nutrients.

The semiology of liver dystemperament can help in predicting susceptibility to some diseases and improving the treatment process of the liver or general disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the wet liver dystemperament concept in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM) based on a hybrid concept analysis.

The literature review of this qualitative study focused on evaluating 11 major academic textbooks from the 3rd to 19th century and some databases. In-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were conducted with 16 ITM experts with a minimum of five years of clinical experience and maximum variations in terms of gender, age, and clinical experiences for empirical data gathering. Data were analyzed with MAXQAD10 and conventional content analysis.

In this study, wet liver dystemperament was classified into three main themes of systemic, local, and Para-clinical symptoms and 10 categories.

This manuscript explains wet liver dystemperament as a disorder in general temperament and determines more important diagnostic criteria.

Objective (s):

In Persian Medicine (PM) diabetes mellitus is known as a dystempramental diseases (Su-e-mizaj) and is divided into two main types, hot and cold. Achieving agreed diagnostic criteria among PM experts for standardizing such criteria for identification of ‎two types of diabetes and its management is essential. This study aimed to examine diabetes mizaj criteria via consensus of PM physicians.

This was a cross sectional survey and conducted by the Delphy method. Diabetes mizaj symptoms was collected from PM literature, and patient and PM experts interview. Sixteen PM experts were requested to evaluate quantitative and qualitative value of these symptoms during 3 rounds of Delphi.

Based on the results of third round; thirst, touch condition of hand and kidney, impressibility of air and food and face puffing, were considered as major criteria and urine color and smell and face and eye color were considered as minor criteria for identification of diabetic children Mizaj or Su-e-mizaj

This study extracted the agreed criteria for determining the diabetic children Mizaj. These criteria, can be used to diagnose, different Su-e-mizaj of hole body and organs and so two types of diabetes (hot and cold) in diabetic children. Quantifying the intended criteria might lead to more exact diagnosis of the patients’ mizaj.

Atherosclerosis is the basic pathology of most cardiovascular diseases which are the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. Recently, inflammation in the arterial wall has been proposed for the initiation of atherosclerosis although there is no specific anti-inflammatory treatment for atherosclerosis. Persian medicine (PM) with at least 7000 years of practice background may help in atherosclerosis management. The aim of this study was to describe atherosclerosis according to the teachings of PM to find better methods for its management.

To this end, several data were searched, including current medical literature and published articles on PM, as well as Avicenna’s main medical textbook, the Canon of medicine for creating the hypothesis of the mechanism of atherosclerosis in PM.

Avicenna has implied Waram in the arterial wall. The features of Waram in PM accommodate inflammation, and Waram in the artery is compatible with atherosclerosis. The natural history of atherosclerosis is highly similar to humoral evolutions in Waram. PM has a wide range of therapeutic drugs and treatment plans for warm, and many of the applied drugs in this regard have documented anti-inflammatory effects in the current medicine. New risk factors for prevention and new treatment modalities are recommended based on this hypothesis.

The new hypothesis that emerged from PM for atherosclerosis is compatible with the newest hypothesis of the mechanism of atherosclerosis in current medicine. Moreover, PM introduces new preventive and treatment modalities for atherosclerosis which is unknown in current medicine and their application may reduce disease burden and mortality of atherosclerosis-related diseases.

Massage therapy has been used since ancient times for many diseases. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of massage therapy on the symptoms and complications of diabetes mellitus (DM).

Three electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched from January 1, 2000 to May 13, 2018 using relevant keywords, followed by identifying all relevant randomized controlled trials. The study design, interventions, controls, primary outcome measures, follow-up, and main results were extracted and methodological quality was evaluated using the Jadad Scale by two authors independently.

Significant results were obtained, including a decrease in blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels while an improvement in neuropathic pain and diabetic foot ulcer in the related articles.

From this review, massage therapy can affect the clinical and laboratory symptoms and complications of the DM. However, various conditions such as the quality and quantity of pressure and duration, as well as the number of sessions, the type of massage, and the psychophysical state of patients can change the results of massage therapy.

Different benefits of various herbal medicines in decreasing blood sugar have been reported in different clinical trials so far. Considering the growing tendency toward these combinations and the booming market, inappropriate advice is growing accordingly. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the effects and possible complications of such combinations on health status and blood glucose control.

Two 38-subject groups were formed and a 12-week treatment program was administered for both groups. The inclusion criteria were failure to control blood glucose with two oral medicines, unwillingness to inject insulin. The medicine was prepared in capsules by Booali Company. Each capsule weighed 750 mg and contained nettle leaf 20% (w/w), berry leaf 10% (w/w), onion and garlic 20% (w/w), fenugreek seed 20% (w/w), walnut leaf 20% (w/w), and cinnamon bark 10% (w/w) all in powder.

At the beginning of the study, there was no significant difference between the subjects regarding the evaluated parameters, but after the intervention, the level of glucose was significantly lower in fasting (P=0.0001) and 2-hour postprandial(P=0.002) levels. The level of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (P=0.0001) also decreased from 0.33±9.72 % to 0.20±8.39 %. Finally, the level of insulin resistance reduced from 1.9±4.1 to 1.4±2.6 (P=0.001) after consuming herbal medicine.

According to the results of the current study, the herbal combination was effective in controlling blood sugar, and considering the reduction of HbA1c by 1.31 %, it seems that the herbal combination is an effective medicine to treat diabetes.

One of guilty pathologies in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is ectopic fat accumulation in organs like pancreas, liver and skeletal muscles due to fatty acid’s bad digestion. This situation corresponds much with a spectrum of illnesses named the Soo ul Qinya & Estesgha in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM). We renamed and redefined the concept as “The Bad-Anbaasht Syndrome” meaning bad-deposition. One of its basic treatments mentioned is thermal-therapy which interestingly also shown to benefit T2DM in recent studies. We designed a novel protocol named SINA therapy to treat T2DM including sauna’s benefits but reducing its side effects and then performed an animal pilot study. Five Wistar rats made diabetic by high fat diet and low dose streptozotocin, were treated daily by month long SINA 1.2 treatment protocol (1 cc Oxymel gavage and then 30 min thermal therapy in 37 ̊C dry sauna incubator). Weight and blood glucose were measured at beginning and at the end. Although Mean weights increased significantly from 296 to 321 (paired T test, p = 0.022) but surprisingly the mean blood glucose lowered significantly from 200mg/dl to 127mg/dl (p = 0.049). According to results of this pilot study, SINA therapy 1.2 is probable to have benefits in treatment of T2DM, but yet needs further experimental and clinical evidence.

Although thermal therapy is recently suggested as a safe promising adjuvant therapy for insulin resistance and diabetes, its combination with oxymel has been claimed more effective by Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM). This study was to examine the effect of thermal therapy plus oxymel on insulin resistance and Langerhans islands in diabetic rats. This experimental study was performed in the Experimental Animal Unit of Qom University of Medical Science in Iran in 2018. Sixty-four male rats were divided into 8 groups (using block randomization): four Normal (Nl), Diseased without treatment (D), Oxymel (OXM) and Sauna (Sauna) groups and one major SINA group (oxymel plus sauna) subdivided into four groups of different intervention frequency of 1 (SINA1d), 3 (SINA3d) and 5 days (SINA5d2m) a week for 8 weeks and 5 days a week for 4 weeks (SINA5d1m). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet (milk butter) and low-dose streptozotocin. Measurement of serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid profile, and glycosylated hemoglobin and histological examination of liver, pancreas, heart, and kidney was done at the end of the study. The count of Langerhans Islands significantly increased in the groups of SINA3d (6.25 ± 0.94), (P = 0.05) and SINA5d2m (7 ± 0.36), (P = 0.008) in comparison to the D group (4 ± 0.44), and cell organization became nearly normal, but serum insulin and glucose levels did not change. On the other hand, despite the high-fat diet, lipid profile and histological findings did not support fatty deposition and insulin resistance context. Sauna-oxymel combination (SINA) therapy, which was derived from TPM philosophy to increase systemic and pancreatic blood perfusion, was shown significantly effective in inducing regeneration of Langerhans Islands, but owing to the lack of adequate ectopic fat accumulation, its effect on insulin resistance and beta-cell functions remain uncovered. More suitable studies are needed to approve or disapprove the idea

Liver dystemperament is one of the main concepts of Iranian Traditional Medicine. However, the significance of its diagnostic criteria is not clear. The purpose of this study is to determine the major and minor diagnostic criteria of liver dystemperament in Iranian Traditional Medicine. This study is a qualitative study based on a hybrid model or a combination of theoretical and empirical studies. At the theoretical stage, 11 books of the main texts of Iranian Traditional Medicine were reviewed and scientific databases were searched by the keywords "liver" and "temperament" (mizaj) in Persian and English. Then, in order to examine the diagnostic method and the importance of each of the criteria, a semi-structured face-to-face interview was conducted with 16 traditional medicine specialists. The data were analyzed through conventional content analysis. Then, the significance and diagnostic priority of each of the symptoms were assessed through a discussion group featuring 10-12 professors. In this study, six major criteria and six minor criteria were identified for hot and cold dystemperament and eight major and ten minor criteria were identified for wet and dry liver dystemperament. This study is the first study to assess the importance of symptoms from the viewpoint of traditional medicine specialists and can be considered as an important step forward in integrating the methods of traditional Iranian medicine in terms of diagnosis and treatment. Further studies, as well as validation of the proposed diagnostic indicators and tools for liver dystemperament, are recommended.

Massage is one of the ancient therapeutic methods, which has been considered and used by all nations. In the past, massage has been used to maintain health and treat diseases, that has continued until the present time. This review study was performed with the purpose of achieving applications and mechanisms of current and traditional massages. Google Scholar and PubMed Databases, were searched to find out the mechanisms and applications of popular massages and software of Teb Jame (version 1), was used to investigate and search references of Iranian traditional medicine. In this study, 75 articles were obtained from the databases and the contents of 19 books of authentic Iranian medicine books were used and notated. The current massages of tactile massage, classical massage, connective tissue massage, and manual lymphatic drainage therapy, were studied and traditional massages of Tuina, Abhyang, and Dalk, were evaluated and compared with them. The results of this study showed that the mechanism of current massage exists in the traditional massage, but traditional massages have their own special mechanisms based on their medical philosophy. Different types of massages have their own special applications. Dalk can be a comprehensive approach for non-drug prevention and treatment due to its capability to adjust all ages and all temperaments.

One of the most commonly used concepts of Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) is movement and stasis of the body fluids, which has not yet been independently studied. In this article, ITM contents have been re-studied on this concept, and according to the dispersion of the content, classification and its therapeutic benefits have been mentioned. In this library research study, the contents related to “movement and stasis of the body fluids” have been collected from ITM textbooks and recent academic papers. In the traditional medicine references, movement and stasis of the body fluids has been discussed in a scattered manner under most of the topics and headlines of ITM. Seasonal changes, foods, medications, and severe physical and mental changes can be mentioned as important factors in movement and stasis of the body fluids. In existing literatures, some signs have been noted, which help to understand the movement or stasis of fluids or specific humor. On the other hands, movement or stasis of the fluids, which the most important of them are the four humors, can lead to physiological or pathological outcomes. The aforementioned issue is one of the most widely used concepts in ITM, which has not been scarcely discussed. Understanding the etiology of body fluids movement and stasis, its sign/symptoms, results, and complications, not only help to identify the causes of a large number of diseases, but also can help to maintain health and prevention of diseases. Moreover, this issue can be effectively and actively used in the treatment and control of treatment side effects.

Research is considered axis of each progressing and scientific development. Scattered studies without any logical plan won’t lead to the desired results. Research prioritization in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) is more necessary because of limited resources and manpower.This study was conducted in four phases with Delphi’s pattern of study. At the first stage, it was consulted from TIM departments at universities in Iran about research priorities. Conclusion of these priorities due to scoring to them was sent for 160 experts and assistants of traditional medicine, in two phases. For the last step, results of previous steps and conclusion of two phases of scoring were reviewed by the outstanding masters of TIM. The result was categorized, concluded and then presented in table form.81 topics were determined as research priorities after the conclusion of all comments. These topics are categorized in 4 areas. 3 topics in the area of “Hefz-al-Sehhah” (Maintaining the health), 12 subject in the area of “effective factors on sustainable development of Traditional Medicine”, 3 topics in “Basics of TIM “ and 65 subjects in the field of “diseases”.It is proposed that the arrangement of research priorities be considered in “Hefz-al-Sehhah”, “effective factors on sustainable development of Traditional Medicine”, “Basics of TIM” and “diseases” consequently. We recommend that research groups in the proposed areas to be formed, designing a research strategy for each area by sequential studies to achieve definite goals. It is suggested that research policy-making entities in the field of TIM and also related scientific associations, use these research priorities as the basis for moral and financial support.

Hakim Abdul Hamid was born in Dehli in 1908. At the age of 14, he was in charge of a drugstore which was inherited from his father. He devoted all his life to serving people and maintaining ethical values and religious beliefs with upright piety and austerity. He always pursued two main (a) scientific introduction and promotion of Islamic-Iranian traditional medicine as well as introduction of traditional medical treatments to the international audiences, and (b) establishment of educational research institutes to properly instruct the new generation. In 1964, he undertook to establish the Hamdard National Foundation aimed at treating impecunious patients, developing traditional medication, and offering educational and welfare services to cultural institutes in India. Hakim Abdul Hamid paid a particular attention to edification and education of proficient sages and philosophers. In 1997, he was conferred the honorary membership of the Iran Academy of Medical Sciences.

Inflammation is a protective response against invading foreign agents and necrotic tissue, which can cause tissue damage. In this research, anti-inflammatory effect of Marhame-mafasel ointment consisting of Arnebia euchroma L. and Matricaria chamomilla L., was investigated. In this study, 72 male rats were divided into three groups, including control, inflammation, and inflammation-treatment. For induction of inflammation, injection of formalin into animal’s paw, xylene into ear, and acetic acid into peritoneum, were performed. To assess the degree of inflammation, Evans blue leakage into legs, ears and peritoneal fluid were measured following its injection into heart. To assess the inflammation of the foot, foot diameter measuring method was used. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. The Significance Level Was Considered p<0.05. In the assessment of foot inflammation, the comparison of the mean absorbance of Evans blue in the inflammation-treatment group (0.046±0.0048) showed significant difference from the inflammation group (0.084±0.0032) (p<0.05). Also, the comparison of the mean foot diameter in the inflammation-treatment group (0.0771±0.015) had significant difference from the inflammation group (0.1503±0.017) (p<0.05). In the peritonitis, the mean absorbance of Evans blue in the inflammation-treatment group (0.186±0.019) was significantly lower than the inflammation group (0.237±0.029) (p<0.05). In ear inflammation, the use of Marhame-mafasel ointment caused no reduction in inflammation. Based on the results of this study, application of the Marhame-mafasel ointment decreases inflammation in the rat foot. In addition, its systemic absorption reduces Peritonitis.

Abul-Hasan al-Tabari was a 10th century Persian physician born in Tabaristan. He was a creative and innovative physician who avoided emulating treatments without investigating and examining them. Tabari was an encyclopedist and had a holistic view to medicine. Investigation of the views of this great Persian scholar indicated that his scientific and moral characteristics contain: paying adequate attention to philosophy and medical ethics, citing other scholar's works, attention to the necessity of clinical and hospital training, emphasizing indigenous therapy and scientific and responsible treatment with medical faults and discovery of Sarcoptes scabiei. Tabari has written valuable articles on different medical sciences; however, he is especially famous for authoring the al-Mualajat al-Buqratiya (Hippocratic Treatments) - an important medical encyclopedia. Several of Al-Tabari's succeeding scholars and physician have referred to the al-Mualajat al-Buqratiya in their medical articles. The aim of this study is further introduction of this great physician and assessment of his theories and key works.

HESA-A is a natural compound with herbal-marine origin that its therapeutic effects have been proved in cancer. The present study investigated HESA-A drug effect in an inflammatory model in rats. In this study، four groups of rats were used with a sample size of six in each group. These groups were negative control (distilled water)، positive control (methylprednisolone) and treatment groups (HESA-A at dosages of 150 and 225 mg/kg). On the first day، the drugs were injected intra-peritoneally to rats. After thirty minutes، paw volume was measured by plethysmometer and immediately، formalin solution was injected subcutaneously into the hind paw of rats. After an hour، inflamed paw volume was measured. In days 2-8، the inflamed paw volume was measured and immediately drug was injected intra-peritoneally. In this study، comparing of the HESA-225 and control groups and also HESA-225 and HESA-150 groups، indicated significant differences in days 2-8. The mean volume of rats paw in HESA-225 group was significantly less than HESA-150 and control groups (p<0. 05). In addition، a significant decrease in the mean volume of rats’ paw was observed in methylprednisolone group as compared to control group in days 3-8 (p<0. 05). The HESA-A drug has a chronic anti-inflammatory effect following intraperitoneal administration.