majid delshad

In this study, optimal energy management is presented by considering the uncertainties of renewable energy resources (RER), probability loads such as electric vehicles (EVs), energy market interaction uncertainties, and demand response (DR) algorithm based on a robust optimization method. The energy hub (EH) is distributed in the microgrid (MG) structure, and then the MG / EH topology is created. A robust optimization algorithm and alternating direction methods of multipliers (ADMM) are utilized to program multi-objective functions and optimization problem-solving methods. The local controller is responsible for distributing energy optimally in EH based on customer information, power generation units, storage devices, and energy market interactions. On the other hand, the central controller in the MG platform is responsible for optimal energy distribution considering DR programs execution based on the loads and price elasticity due to the uncertainty of the energy carrier price. In addition, the suggested model aims to minimize the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions cost. The results show that the suggested method is efficient in optimal energy distribution, and it reduces the GHG and operation cost by 15.4% in the presence of DR programs. The proposed approach is presented in two scenarios with/without DR programs and compared with other methods.

In this paper, a step-up converter with very high voltage gain and low input current ripple for photovoltaic systems is presented. One of the main features of the converter is not using coupled- inductors and increasing gain by using switched-capacitors, so the volume and weight of the converter has been greatly reduced. The auxiliary circuit has provided zero voltage switching conditions for the main and auxiliary switches, and due to the low number of elements, the efficiency of the converter has been significantly improved. The input current ripple of the converter is very low, which makes it easy to track the maximum power point from the photovoltaic cells. Due to the increase in gain and decrease in voltage stress on the switches, it is possible to use switches with lower RDS(on), and conduction losses are subsequently reduced. Also, due to the complementary function of the switches, the design of the control circuit is simple and the control of the converter remains as PWM. The converter is simulated in PSPICE software with a power of 110 W and an output of 330 V, and finally a prototype is made of it, and the laboratory results confirm the simulation results.

The current research introduces an enhanced buck converter. The introduced converter improves the performance of similar converters thanks to causing lower switch voltage stress, higher efficiency and fewer number of elements. To make use of low voltage MOSFETs with a smaller ON resistance, using multiple switching strategies would reduce the voltage stress across the switch and thus allow them to be used. This study compares the performance of the proposed converterwith the similar converters. The gate pulses are similar in the proposed converter, so the control is very simple. Input voltage is divided between the blocking capacitors at the input and as a result, the voltage stress on the switches is lower than the input voltage. So, the converter can be designed with MOSFETs with low drain-source resistance. Also, the voltage gain is reduced in comparison with the conventional buck converter. Furthermore, output power is shared between two switches which results in better heat dissipation. Also, it is possible to implement the proposed converterusing a single magnetic element. Therefore, the total number of components in comparison with similar converters is reduced. The results show that the introduced converter technically performs with lower switching losses and increased overall efficiency discussion of operating modes, as well as converter design and test results shall be provided. Step-down DC to DC converter

A single-switch DC-DC high step-up converter is presented in this paper. There are soft switching conditions in the proposed converter for switching on and off time, which increases efficiency. In order to increase the gain, two coupled inductors have been used, and the leakage inductance of the coupled inductors has been used to create a soft switching condition, and the minimal auxiliary element has been used in the proposed converter. In the proposed converter, only one switch is used, and the condition of the converter is no different from a basic converter in terms of the control circuit. Therefore, the converter does not need to design a new control circuit. The auxiliary circuit added to the converter with a minimal element, provides soft switching conditions for the switch at turn-on, under zero current and at turn-off, under zero voltage, which, in addition to increased efficiency, the circuit has a simple structure. Therefore, the innovation of the paper is to present a switching converter high step-up soft without imposing an additional switch and with a low number of elements. The proposed converter is simulated after full theoretical analysis at 400 W output power, which shows the efficiency of 97.2 percent, in addition to proving the theoretical analysis. Also, the prototype of the converter is made and the experimental results obtained prove the theoretical and simulation results.

In this paper, an interleaved high-step-up converter with a new auxiliary circuit has been presented, so that the auxiliary circuit provides switching conditions at zero voltage for the main switches, and the auxiliary switch itself operates as switching at zero current. On the other hand, the auxiliary inductors are coupled with the main inductors and the energy of the auxiliary circuit is effectively transferred to the output. Due to the high gain of the converter, the voltage stress on the main switches is low. Also, due to the short time the auxiliary switch is on, the circulating current in the auxiliary circuit is not high and does not impose noticeable losses to the converter. Also, all converter switches have a grounded source, and there is no need for an isolated drive circuit. The proposed converter has been fully analyzed and to prove the circuit theory analysis, a sample of it has been simulated in PSPICE software.

In this paper, a new non-isolated soft switched DC-DC converter with high step-down conversion ratio is proposed. The proposed converter consists of two switch cells that their inputs and outputs are cascaded. This converter provides ultra-high step-down conversion ratio and due to all semiconductor devices are soft switched, switching losses are reduced, also reverse recovery losses of diodes are reduced because of ZCS turn off condition. The duty cycle of proposed converter is much larger than step-down converter and therefore does not have the problems of the converter with a narrow duty cycle and since no auxiliary switch is used to achieve soft switching, the control circuit remains simple. In this paper, the convertor operating modes are discussed and to verify the performance of the converter a 50W prototype with 100 kHz switching frequency, 100V input and 16V output is built. The converter efficiency is measured and the peak efficiency is 94% also the conducted electromagnetic interference peak in the proposed converter is reduced by 6dBµv.

In this paper, an interleaved fly-back-forward boost converter with a new auxiliary circuit was presented. An auxiliary circuit with a low number of elements provided zero voltage switching conditions to turn the switches on and off; besides, the energy of the transformer leakage inductance was properly absorbed by the auxiliary circuit and prevented voltage spikes on the switch. Furthermore, the third winding in the auxiliary circuit not only transfered the energy of the auxiliary circuit to the output but also caused a complete discharge of the snubber capacitors of the main switches in the resonance process. This auxiliary circuit could be expanded, and the number of auxiliary switches did not increase with the addition of converter branches. The performance of the proposed converter was fully analyzed, and a 120 W laboratory prototype was implemented to demonstrate its correct operation. The results showed a 6.5% increase in the efficiency compared with the converter without an auxiliary circuit.

In this paper, a new interleaved step-up converter with leakage inductances energy recovery is presented. The auxiliary circuit in the proposed converter not only provides zero voltage switching conditions for all switches, but also the leakage inductance energy of the coupled inductors is recovered and also helps to increase the voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress of the switches. Therefore, the converter does not need passive clamp circuits to control voltage spikes on the switches. Also, all switches do not have capacitive turn-on losses in the switches. On the other hand, the output diodes operate under zero current switching and do not have the reverse recovery problem. The converter is also controlled by pulse width modulation, and since the auxiliary switches are turned on in complimentary with the main switches, they do not have a complex control circuit. The proposed converter has been completely analyzed and to confirm its correctness, a 100W sample of the converter has been made and its practical results have been presented.

In this paper, a zero-voltage switching step-down converter is presented, which uses the technique of coupled inductor and series capacitor to reduce the voltage gain. Therefore, the voltage stress on the switches is reduced. The auxiliary circuit has the minimum number of elements, on the other hand, the auxiliary switch is also switched under ZV, and the reverse recovery problem of the freewheeling diode is also solved. The energy of the leakage inductor is discharged to the capacitor C and is properly transferred to the output. As a result, the capacitor C not only absorbs the energy of the leakage inductance, but also causes a further decrease in the voltage gain. Since the switches are operated complementary, it is easy to implement the control circuit. The simulation results show an increase in efficiency by 4% compared to the hard switching counterpart. Also, to confirm the correctness of the theoretical analyzes of the proposed high step-down converter, a 50 W practical prototype has been made.

The DC-DC converters are one of the most widely used power electronics infrastructure in the modern systems including renewable generations. With development of DC-DC converters, the control system of the DC-DC converters role is becoming more and more. To this end, model predictive control (MPC) is known as one of the potential solutions. Although MPC is an easily implemented control system, it needs a high computational complexity due to the dependency on solving an iterative optimization problem. To overcome this problem, this study develops an artificial intelligence-based on one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) based MPCs. While 1D-CNN benefits from the inherent strong feature extraction/selection capability and lower computational complexity than other deep methods, it still cannot properly track the dynamic changes due to fixed weights during the training process. Thus, this paper integrates the dynamic weighting training process and proposed dynamic weighing 1D-CNN for the implementation of intelligent MPC for the DC-DC converters. The numerical results show an efficient performance of the proposed system and also verifies the superiority of the proposed method in comparison with the conventional MPC and several state-of-the arts shallow and deep-based MPC for the DC-DC converters in terms of the total harmonic distortion (THD).

The increase in demand for high voltage boost features such as solar cells and fuel cells has increased the inefficiency of the traditional boost circuit due to the high duty ratio. In this paper, to supply the output voltage of renewable energy sources and overcome their low voltage, a highly boosted interleaved sepic converter without coupled inductor is proposed. The proposed converter has various advantages, which can be mentioned in reducing the voltage on the converter switch and providing switching conditions at zero current for switches and diodes. Also, the implementation of the control circuit is simple, and the input current ripple of the converter is very low. The analysis and relationships of the converter design are stated, and it is simulated in the PSPICE software. To check the correctness of the design, a sample of the converter has been implemented in the laboratory. The results of the laboratory sample confirm the theoretical analysis of the converter.

In recent years, metropolises around the world have seen a declining trend in the air quality index. Much of this pollution is related to public transportation. Upgrading public transportation can be a way out of this impasse. Due to environmental concerns, it is recommended to switch from conventional diesel buses to electric buses, which have several benefits in terms of reducing pollution, noise and fuel. In this paper, a high power induction switched reluctance motor used in a city electric bus is studied. The stator and rotor structure of this electric car is non-segmental. The structure is such that a short magnetic flux path is created in the rotor and stator core. As a result, high torque is produced with low losses. Since the electric motor has a very high power, it therefore requires a large amount of permanent magnets, so it is desirable that the electric motor in the electric bus does not have a permanent magnet. Here is a three-phase induction switched reluctance motor with a power of 220 kW, with 6 stator poles and 4 rotor poles. A two-dimensional finite element model is designed and its magnetic analysis is performed. The flux path, torque and efficiency of the induction switched reluctance motor are calculated and the results are presented.

One way to increase the voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress on the switch is by utilizing coupled inductors. However, a major drawback of this technique is the occurrence of voltage spikes on the switch, which are caused by the discharge of energy from the leakage inductance.This paper proposes a zero current switching step-up converter to mitigate the voltage stress on the switch resulting from the high voltage gain of the converter. This enables the utilization of switches with lower drain-source resistance, leading to a more affordable price. The converter's auxiliary circuit requires minimal elements and does not require an additional switch, resulting in a straightforward control circuit. Another advantage of the converter is the transfer of energy from the auxiliary circuit to the output. Various operation modes of the proposed step-up converter have been investigated, and the converter's behavior has been simulated using PSpice software. To validate the accuracy of the analysis and simulation results, an 80W prototype has been implemented.

Design and optimization of high-power electric machines for the use of electric vehicles is one of the important issues today for the development of green technologies. Engines required for electric vehicles must have a power of more than 50 kW and must also produce torques of more than 200 Nm. The motors currently most commonly used in electric vehicle propulsion are permanent magnet synchronous machines. Due to the many problems of using permanent magnets in electric machines, the use of non-magnet electric machines such as switched reluctance machines have received much attention. Double stator switched reluctance machine is one of the newest types of these machines. Recently, another new type of electric machine called induction switched reluctance machine has been introduced for the use of electric vehicles. In this machine, the rotor conductors act like a magnetic shield by deflecting the magnetic flux, preventing magnetic field lines from passing through the rotor body. In this paper, a double-stator switched reluctance machine and an induction switched reluctance machine are considered and their properties are extracted by finite element method. The simulation results including torque profile, torque density and efficiency are presented and compared. Finally, the best topology for electric propulsion is proposed.

In this paper, an interleaved high step-up converter with a simple auxiliary circuit is presented. The proposed auxiliary circuit has the coupled inductor with the input inductors of the converter and provides zero voltage switching conditions for the main switches of the converter. On the other hand, auxiliary switches and diodes of auxiliary circuit operate under zero current condition and therefore do not impose significant losses on the converter. The auxiliary circuit is modular and can apply to more phases of the converter. Therefore, the converter can be easily designed for very high power applications. The proposed converter uses the cross-coupled inductors technique with series lift capacitors to increase the voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress on the main switches. Also, leakage inductance energy can be easily absorbed by the clamp capacitors and helps to increasing the voltage gain. The proposed high step-up converter has been analyzed in detail and a practical prototype has been implemented at 100W. The experimental results confirm the correctness of the operation of the circuit and the theoretical analysis.

In this article, a multi-output DC-DC converter is introduced with the integration of super lift Luo converter, sepic, and boost topology. The proposed single-input multi-output converter simultaneously generates step-up voltages in its three outputs. The proposed non-isolated step-up converter with a simple structure, using a switch and low voltage stress on the switch is introduced for the application of renewable energy. Circuit theory analyzes are presented in the continuous conduction mode and evaluated by the simulation results. The control of the proposed 110-watt converter, along with providing output control for input changes, has been investigated. The efficiency of the converter is about 91% in full load; to confirm the superiority of the converter, the efficiency of the proposed converter has been compared with the similar multi-output converters.

Today, due to increasing trend in fossil fuel price and environmental concerns, use of electric vehicles (EVs), which are mainly capable of connecting to the distribution network, has grown. The electronic power converter that connects the EV battery to the grid, it makes it possible to use the EV when connected to the distribution system (connected to charging stations or connected at home and even connected when parked in parking lots) to mitigate network harmonics. Due to distributed nature of EVs in power grid, to implement the aim mentioned above, we must execute distributed power line conditioners (DPLC). In this paper, with investigate active filters distributed in the network and present a grid connected EV model for harmonic studies, to their DPLC has been addressed. For simulation, IEEE 13 Node Test feeder is used, that The results confirms the applicability of the proposed model for grid harmonics filtering.

This paper investigates the closed loop stability of the SEPIC converter using an optimal PID controller; In this model, the parameters are adjusted using the Gray Wolf Multi-Objective (MOGWO) algorithm. The Gray Wolf Multi-Objective Algorithm is a random evolution-inspired random algorithm that has been widely used in recent years as an optimization technique in power electronics. The state mode average method has been used to model and achieve the transducer-based system transfer function. Therefore, the MOGWO-based PID controller has been studied and implemented in the system to enable the converter stability to be evaluated and compared with conventional PID controllers. To evaluate the stability of the system, various performance parameters such as overtaking percentage, peak time, settling time and peak size have been considered. The impact response of the closed-loop system is obtained by simulation in MATLAB. The performance of the model is evaluated to perform a general comparative analysis of the system.

A new interleaved high step-up converter with Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) is proposed for operation in this paper. The main advantages of the proposed converter are low input current ripple and low voltage stress on the power switches, high efficiency, low total component count, and eliminating reverse recovery problem of power diodes. Due to the soft switching operation of the switches and diodes in the converter, the efficiency has been enhanced. Also, the switches do not have capacitive turn on loss due to ZVT operation. The proposed converter uses only one power switch to provide ZVT conditions for all switches and the clamp capacitor transfers its energy to the lifting capacitor, which causes increase in voltage gain of the converter. Because of the interleaved structure, the converter has a low input ripple current and this advantage makes it very suitable for solar applications. The proposed converter is analysed and a 580W prototype is made to verify theoretical analyses.

In this paper, a new soft switched non-isolated high step-up DC-DC converter is proposed. An auxiliary circuit with minimum number of elements is added to the converter to provide the soft switching conditions for all the semiconductors solving the reverse recovery problem of the diodes, and reducing the conduction and the switching losses of the power switches. Moreover, there is only one magnetic core used in the converter decreasing the copper resistance; thus, the power losses and the electromagnetic interference of the converter is reduced so the efficiency of the proposed converter compared to the conventional hard switched boost converter, is improved. Further, in order to adjust the output voltage of the proposed converter to the desired value under the load variations, a PI controller has been applied to the output of the proposed converter and its operation is simulated by MATLAB. In order to verify the theoretical analysis of the soft switching operations, a 250W prototype is implemented and its experimental results are provided.

In this paper, a ZVS interleaved flyback converter with two transformers is presented, which consists of two active clamp flyback converters and the main switch of one converter acts as an auxiliary switch of another converter. This converter has less auxiliary elements and less voltage and current stress compared to similar soft switching interleaved flyback converters. The introduction of a new auxiliary circuit for soft switching, in addition to increasing efficiency, minimizes the number of added semiconductors. Also, another advantage of this structure is the applicability of the provided auxiliary circuit to other isolated converters. The soft switching conditions in this converter are created by the auxiliary circuit in such a way that the converter switches turn on and off under ZVS conditions and the converter diodes turn on and off under ZCS conditions. The efficiency of the proposed ZVS interleaved flyback converter at full load is increased by 5%. Another advantage of the proposed converter is that the Q2 switch, in addition to providing zero voltage switching conditions for the Q1 switch, it also transmits energy and increases the density of the converter power and reduces the current stress. The converter is thoroughly analyzed and a 300W laboratory prototype is made to confirm its correct operation and practical results are presented.

In this paper, a high step down converter with a synchronous rectifier is presented, so that both the main switch and the rectifier switch operate under soft switching condition. Since the proposed converter gain is much lower than the conventional buck converter, it does not have the problems of these converters such as narrow duty cycle, high voltage stress and high switch current, etc. In the proposed converter, the voltage stress on the switch is reduced, so a switch with lower drain-source resistance (RDS(ON)) can be used and the conduction losses are reduced. On the other hand, because the diodes of the circuit are switched off under zero current switching condition, do not have the problem of reverse recovery. Switching losses of the switches are also greatly reduced due to operating under zero voltage switching conditions. The proposed converter has been thoroughly analyzed and a practical 120 W prototype has been made to prove the correctness of the circuit analysis.

In this paper an interleaved boost converter is introduced which has a high voltage gain and lower switch voltage stress than a conventional boost converter and has a different structure. Where only one group of active clamp circuits is required to provide both phases and absorb the energy of leakage inductance of the coupled inductance. The main switch and clamp switch are switched on and off during all switching transitions under ZVT, which reduces switching losses. The rate of reduction of the output current of the output diode is controlled by the leakage inductance, thus reducing the reverse recovery problem of diode. This converter is suitable for high frequency and power in high voltage applications. The proposed converter fully analyzed and operation modes are described. The converter is simulated with PSPICE software and the simulation results confirm the theoretical analysis.

n this paper, a novellossless snubberis introduced that provides ZVS conditions forbothOn and Off instant of converter switches. On one hand, the energy of the snubberis optimally transmitted to the output so that no significant losses are imposed on the converter. Since the converter diodes are switched off as ZCS, the reverse recovery problem is reduced. Inthis paper, the proposed snubbercircuit is applied to a conventional boost converter and an 80W sample is constructed in the laboratory to prove the performance andtheoreticalanalysis. Furthermore, in order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed snubberon the reduction of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), the EMI value of the boost converter with the proposed snubberhas been compared with the conventional boost converter, which shows a decrease of 10dBμV.

Incremental converters are nowadays widely used in new energy systems because new energy systems such as photovoltaic, fuel cell, etc have low output voltage and need to be increased to the desired level to connect these systems to the global electricity grid; DC-DC converter converters have played a prominent role, but these converters have to incur significant losses to the system and, on the other hand, operate under the input-to-output variations, so the switchers were considered soft switches. In this study, a non-isolated booster converter with soft switching voltage gain-raising technique was designed. This converter has a switch that is controlled by the Pwm signal. The benefits of this converter include reduced switching losses, simplicity of operation, provision of soft switching and low voltage stress; an active clamp is used to provide soft switching for multiple voltage elements and back cells to maximize gain and input. The converter used an auxiliary branch to increase the gain instead of using the output inductor at the input, and in addition an inductor was used as a filter inductor to reduce the input ripple. This converter has six states. The switches are switched on under zvzcs and switched off under zvc conditions.