majid karimpour reyhan

Urban creep can cause problems and changes in the area of large urban settlements and its area of influence. One of the most important problems of this phenomenon is land use change, which developers and developers use as an important tool in various national, regional and local levels. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of this occurrence of events. This paper examines the effects of urban creep on large settlements in Tehran (Islamshahr). In this research, the volume of 50 samples and the reliability coefficient of 0.73 was obtained, which showed the acceptable reliability. The validity of this study was confirmed through a penley of specialists and rural and urban experts and urban urban urban urban urban development. In the physical dimension, increasing the economic value of land and increasing the modalities has no effect and raising the level of transportation facilities in cities and villages in this field. In the economic and social dimension, improving economic welfare and social values of residents have the most influence and in management of change in management mechanisms and management processes and problems and problems of villages have the most impact on urban crawl. In order to have any relationship with each of the variables, Liser software, AGFI test model and Binomial order testing and Ratios testing are used. The results of the sig level in all variables, which is smaller than the alpha coefficient (0.05), concluded that environmental-physical, economic and social factors and management factors are the main factors affecting urban creep in Islamshahr.

Considering that housing, as the ossification of the rural body, plays an essential role in shaping the physical structure and identity of rural architecture, Its physical properties and structures play an important role in the level of spatial vulnerability of rural settlements because Iran is located in the main axis of the world earthquake belt and the consequences of a possible earthquake are extensive and pervasive according to the countrychr('39')s housing conditions. And in the destruction of rural housing in Iran in the face of natural disasters, earthquakes and floods in terms of extent, dispersion and density per unit time have a more effective role and Mallard city in Tehran province is one of the cities vulnerable to earthquakes in 1396 earthquake in this The city happened and some villages suffered material damage. Considering the above, the existence of housing poverty in rural areas of developing countries, including the country, today, improving and renovating these houses to give villagers access to better health and well-being, has become one of the most important improvement policies. One of the most important programs implemented in the field of housing improvement and modernization in developing countries is the approach to granting credit. The present study was conducted to investigate the status of rural housing improvement credits in Mallard County. The present research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of method is survey research. In the present article, by studying and reviewing the research literature, indicators and indicators that explain the subject were extracted and were compiled in the form of a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale. The statistical population studied in this study includes families living in the villages of Mallard County, officials of institutions and institutions related to the subject of the study. It is worth mentioning. In Mallard County, there are 62 inhabited villages and 1428 households benefiting from housing improvement credits, of which 302 households have been selected as a sample and a survey has been conducted with the heads of these households. In a part of the present study, a sample population of experts, professors and doctoral students in the field of geography and rural planning (20 people) was used to conduct a survey to determine the effective components on achieving a sustainable policy model of housing improvement credits. In the data analysis stage, two softwares, SPSS 1, Expert Choice and EXCEL, were used. The models used in the research are t-test, network analysis and Goler matrix. According to the field studies conducted in Mallard County, it was determined by the studied samples that despite the positive results of these credits, but in this regard, there are obstacles and problems that prevent the realization of a sustainable model in relation to housing improvement credits in the county. And has become nationally large. The results of the studies showed that most of the studied variables are far from the ideal state, And most of the villagers are determined from the administrative processes and especially the issue of providing a guarantor for obtaining a loan, time consuming to obtain a loan, disproportionate bank interest on loans with the income of villagers, insufficiency of loans received with the price of materials and construction in villages and ... Dissatisfied and there is not enough motivation to continue the project of rehabilitation and improvement of housing in the villages, Despite the positive effects of the project and the allocation of funds in recent years, the incompleteness of this project in many rural houses in the city indicates the existence of these obstacles and requires a review of the rules and processes set for obtaining loans by the authorities.

Nowadays one of the most important ways of smoothing the passenger traffic in metro lines is the variable pricing policies at different hours in order to distribute the demand and to reduce traffic peaks. The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between the need for variable pricing of public services and the distribution of demand at different times of the day (Case Study: Tehran Metro) respectively. The present study is an applied one and its method are descriptive – survey. The data is gathered from the library. The study population consisted of Metro Station of Imam Khomeini in Tehran during different times of the day and a questionnaire with good reliability and validity was distributed among the samples. The results showed that among all users of public transportation, distribution of demand at different times of day has significant relationship with variable pricing of metro.

Carbon absorption by plant tissues and sequestration in soil is one of the ways to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The cultivation of plants and proper management lead to increased biomass of native plants, increased photosynthesis level and carbon adsorption as well as increasing the amount of carbon input to soil.Roadside is among the areas having the ability to absorb carbon with a high ecological potential. The aim of this research was to measure the carbon storage in the sagebrush stands of the Eyvanakey-Garmsar roadside. For this purpose, 10 plots of 120 square meters were randomly established along three transects of 1,000 meters. In each plot, soil profiles were dug at the foot of the plants and the space between them, and soil samples were taken at three depths of 0-10 cm, 10-30 cm, and 30-50 cm in five replications. According to the obtained results, the total carbon sequestration in the soil profile was calculated to be 59.518 tons per hectare, and the total organic carbon stored in the aboveground and underground biomass of sagebrush was equal to 340.8 kg per hectare. To increase carbon sequestration in rangelands, the applied ecosystem management options must be based on three criteria including soil, biomass, and litter. Overall, plant cultivation in the roadside will result in reduced erosion and noise pollution as well as creating ecological corridor, landscape, and microclimate.