فهرست مطالب majid safavi

Electronic contracts are a type of contract in which the interaction between the parties in concluding the contract can be done through various electronic tools such as electronic mail, a computer program or by two electronic agents that are programmed to recognize the formation of the contract. But what is important about these contracts is the law governing these contracts, which has become a challenge.

The present research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method.

Findings and Conclusions: 

The basics of electronic contracts include the sovereignty of the will between the parties, speeding up and facilitating the conclusion of the contract, the additionality of the electronic contract, the absence of physical presence, the principle of consent of the electronic contract and its international aspect. The changes resulting from communication and information technology and as a result of the emergence of the phenomenon of virtual space have caused that the former communication factors either do not exist or, if they exist, are not in the same sense as before. As a result, the concept of communication factors such as the time and place of contract conclusion, the place of residence of the parties has been challenged.

Violation of contractual obligations is referred to as contractual liability, and in contractual liability, the harmful action is often in the form of omission, such as delay or non-fulfillment of the obligation or breach of execution. If as a result of the delay or non-implementation of the contract and the breach of the contract by one party, the other party suffers damage, the violator must compensate it. This issue has been considered not only in domestic regulations but also in the International Sale of Goods Convention. Based on this, in this article, we will investigate what the meaning and concept of damages for delay in the implementation of contractual obligations is, and what position does it have in Iran's legal system and the Convention on the International Sale of Goods?

The present research was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method.

If the breach of contract caused by the non-fulfillment of the obligation or the delay in the fulfillment of the obligation by one of the parties to the contract causes damage to the other party, he has the right to claim and compensate for the damage. This right to demand damages is separate from other compensation methods such as forced execution and termination of the contract. Regarding the conditions of damages for delay in the implementation of contractual obligations in Iranian law, attention is paid to such things as proof of fault, foreseeability and establishing the relationship of causation. From the point of view of the Convention on the International Sale of Goods and the principles of international commercial contracts, the purpose of compensation is to put the injured party in the position of performing the contract, and on this basis, the "theory of full compensation" has been accepted, according to which, the injured party, in addition to the losses incurred, He can also claim any benefits he is deprived of.

The subject of civil liability arising from Internet communications includes violation of privacy, right to be forgotten, possible crimes arising from Internet communications, violation of civil rights and many human, financial and moral damages, the realization of civil liability depends on the fulfillment of its elements such as Loss is a harmful act and a causal relationship. Therefore, without fulfilling any of the aforementioned pillars, the guarantee cannot be considered as arranged. In some respects, claiming damages and methods of assessing the moral damage caused by internet connections can also be one of the important issues, which unfortunately, there is no single procedure in this regard. As a result, the pillars of civil liability arising from internet communications in the EU, contrary to Iranian law, have other pillars such as predictability of damage and moral and material damage in Iranian and EU law can be compensated and methods of compensation for material damage to The form of guardianship and in case of moral damage will be compensable in the ways determined by the court. In general, in the present article, considering the library studies and the importance of how to claim damages and the rules and principles governing this type of liability in Iranian and EU law, it can be stated that the existing laws and regulations in this field in Iranian law. Unlike the European Union, it is not comprehensive.

Regarding the laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it should be said that they are also derived from Islamic jurisprudence. Article 4 of the constitution stipulates that all civil, partial, financial, and economic laws and regulations must be in accordance with Islamic principles. Therefore, in order to accept any new law (even in the form of accepting international treaties), those new laws must be presented in accordance with Islamic standards and set aside in case of conflict with the rules of Islamic jurisprudence. (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women) is an international treaty to which the United Nations has strongly insisted on the accession of states. If states accede to the convention, their domestic laws will be overshadowed and governments will commit to change their laws. Since women do not enjoy a status commensurate with their dignity in the world, as well as in Islamic countries, as well as in the Islamic Republic of Iran, correcting the status of women requires a written charter in which the desired status is outlined. In this study, considering the generalities presented, we examine the effects and dimensions of Iran's accession to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and describe the issue in a descriptive-analytical manner using library studies.

The purpose of this study is to explain the elements of electronic contracts in Iranian and American law with emphasis on the discussion of time and place of conclusion; What is the current law and time and place of concluding electronic contracts in Iranian and American law? The present article is a descriptive-analytical study using the library method. The results of the study indicate that there is a law in American law known as "USITA" for the enactment of contract law, as well as the "uniformity of computer information transactions approved". The main purpose of this law is to make the transaction of computer information products purposeful and disciplined. The scope of application of this law is "agreement to produce, modify, transmit or certify computer information or computer information rights". And this law is a reflection of the latest developments regarding electronic transactions. This set of commercial regulations has established rules for concluding contracts in order to promote the principle of freedom of contract and to facilitate commercial and commercial practices. Iranian law does not have a specific provision for determining the law governing electronic commercial contracts. This law, as the most important regulation in the field of e-commerce, does not have a specific provision for determining the law governing electronic contracts.

In the present study, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner, using library resources and texts with the aim of "examining the responsibility of the United States of America due to economic sanctions against Iran", it was based on the legal principle that if a government Damage to other active subjects of international law, or an international obligation being ignored by one of these subjects and causing a violation of an international obligation. These subjects can raise the issue of liability and violation of an international obligation of the aggrieved state by raising that behavior. Pull forward. The results of this study show that the US government's unilateral sanctions against Iran have been unilaterally imposed outside the resolutions and regulations of the UN Charter and are contrary to international and human rights standards, as well as violating bilateral agreements and commitments, including the 1955 MOU. , The Algerian Declaration of 1981 and the Borjam Agreement 2016, which caused material and moral damage to the Islamic Republic of Iran and the right to life, health and well-being of the people and patients who violated Iran and is liable for damages under US law.

One of the main genotoxic drugs used in bladder cancer chemotherapy is cisplatin. While it is applied in most types of cancers, resistance to cisplatin is wildly common. In order to overcome drug resistance, it is necessary to determine a predictive marker. This study was conducted to provide basic data for selecting and designing a gene profile for further cohort and RCT studies in the future to improve response to treatment in bladder cancer. The expression levels of ERCC1, MLH1, MSH2, and CTR1 mRNA were determined in the tumor tissue using real-time q-PCR. Progression-free survival (PFS) was analyzed in term of the level of genes expression. The results revealed that the level of ERCC1 mRNA expression was higher in the recurrence (R) group compared to the no recurrence (NR) group. Moreover, the PFS time was increased in the patients with an ERCC1 expression level of below 1.57. The level of MLH1 and MSH2 mRNA expression was lower in the R group compared to the NR group; therefore, PFS time was increased in the patients with MLH1 and MSH2 gene expression levels above the cutoff point. While the level of CTR1 mRNA expression was higher in the R group versus the NR group, the PFS time was longer in the patients with CTR1 expression levels of below 1.265 compared to the patients with high levels of CTR1 expression. It can be concluded that the level of ERCC1, MLH1, MSH2, and CTR1 mRNA expression may be associated with PFS time as possible therapeutic targets for decreasing cisplatin resistance.

Almost 50% of infertilities are associated with males and among them 30to 50% are idiopathic. Empirical treatments are used in idiopathic male infertility, yet not enough scientific evidence is available for the application of such remedies. date palm pollen (DPP) is one of the drugs suggested for such patients in Iranian traditional medicine (ITM).
This study was performed on a 35-year-old male patient with idiopathic infertility. He previously had severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and was under medical supervision at Yas hospital of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences from August 2016 to February 2017, where he was treated with DPP at a dose of 3 g twice daily, for three months. The second semen analysis was carried out after a quarter of the treatment period, followed by re-analyses after one and three months of finalizing the treatment period. The results obtained showed impressive improvement in the quality of semen parameters. Within six months, the initial values of normal morphology (1%), total motility (3%), progressive motility (0.0), and sperm concentration (0.1 million) increased to 20%, 60%, 10%, and 10 million, respectively.
The results of this study indicate that the drug may be operative in improving semen parameters in such patients, and more clinical studies are required in this regard.

Stress urinary incontinence is a common medical problem among women. The urethral closure complex and/or the supportive mechanisms are responsible for incontinence in the majority of patients. Several surgical procedures with different degrees of invasiveness and outcomes have been reported to treat the problem. Although most of these procedures are reasonably effective, a general trend towards the study of natural and biocompatible tissues is emerging over popular synthetic materials. Here we report our experience of autologous adipose-derived stem cells transplantation into the periurethral region as a new method of stress urinary incontinence treatment. Ten women with symptoms of stress urinary incontinence were treated by injections of autologous adipose-derived stem cells into the periurethral region via transurethral and transvaginal approach under urethroscopic observation. This report presents the short-term outcome of the patients. The outcome measured by pad test results, ICIQ-SF scores, and Qmax. The mean age of the participants was 45.8±8.7 years. Urinary incontinence significantly decreased through the first two, 6 and 24 weeks after the injection therapy. The difference was significant in pad test results (P

Preoperative Gleason score (GS) obtained from Trans Rectal Ultra Sonography (TRUS) is the most common grading system to evaluate the appropriate treatment for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. But this method showed upgraded and downgraded results in comparison to Gleason score obtained from radical prostatectomy. The current study aimed to determine clinical or pathological variables to reduce the differences between biopsy and radical prostatectomy Gleason scores.Through retrospective review of 52 patients with radical prostatectomy, this study examined the correlations of preoperative Gleason score with age, prostate volume, PSA level, PSA density, digital rectal exam findings and percentage of positive core needle biopsies across two groups, including patients with preoperative GS≤6 (i.e. group one) and patients with preoperative GS≥7 (group two). The discordance between biopsy GS and radical prostatectomy GS was observed to be 52% in the current study. Among patients with preoperative GS≤6, prostate volume (P=0.026), PSA density (P=0.032) and percentage of positive core needle biopsies (P=0.042) were found to be significant predictors for upgrade. There was no significant predictor for downgrade in patients with preoperative GS≥7. Findings of this study revealed that in patients with preoperative GS≤6, smaller prostate volume, higher prostate density and higher positive results of core needle biopsies were associated with theupgrade of GS. Therefore, it should be considered when selecting treatment modalities among these patients.

To investigate whether EPCA-2 (a prostate matrix nuclear protein) can be a more helpful marker in prostate cancer diagnosis.
176 patients enrolled in this study had abnormal prostate specific antigen (PSA) or digital rectal examination and were candidates for prostate needle biopsy. Blood samples were obtained from each patient prior to biopsy and the samples were frozen for EPCA-2 measurement. Patients diagnosed with cancer were assigned to the case group and those with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) were included in the control group. Univariate and multivariable analyses were done to assess the relationship between different independent variables with cancer diagnosis. The diagnostic power of EPCA-2 for cancer was estimated at different levels of PSA according to the ROC curve.
The mean(± SD) age of cancer cases was 70.33(± 9.02) years while it was 63.34(± 9.47) years for BPH cases (P 10 (P 10 ng/mL.
EPCA-2 has the power of differentiating BPH from cancer in prostate cancer suspects. This suggests that EPCA-2 can be helpful in diagnosing prostate cancer and can be a preventive test to avoid unnecessary biopsies considering PSA and age of the patient.

Early diagnosis of endometrial cancer in younger female patients has good prognosis and better survival because of lower stage and lower grade. Endometrial cancer should be diagnosed early at lower stage because of signs and symptoms of patients. We report on a usual case of endometrial cancer that was miss diagnosed because she insisted on the protection of her hymen and virginity.

We report a usual case of endometrial cancer that was miss-diagnosed because the patient insisted on the protection of her hymen and virginity. A 32-year-old virgin female did not permit a general gynecologist for endometrial biopsy or curettage, to protect her hymen and virginity; the patient had stage IV endometrial cancer.

In conclusion, patients with persistent signs and symptoms should be considered for endometrial cancer especially patients with high risk factors: nulliparity, late menopause, obesity, diabetes mellitus, unopposed estrogen therapy, tamoxifen therapy, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, Lynch II syndrome, etc. However, the most important issue for patients with persistent symptoms and risk factors for endometrial cancer in highly religious countries is obtaining a document for the gynecologist that endorses patient virginity.