فهرست مطالب malek kiani

Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) have been considered as a strategic key towards elimination of measles and rubella. This study aimed at identifying the coverage of vaccination in target population children.
The study was carried out in South-East of Iran on a total of 6838 randomly selected children. Information was collected by trained interviewers using a validated questionnaire. The data was analyzed through descriptive statistics (i.e. frequencies and percentages) and 95% confidence interval.
Overall, 98.7% of children were vaccinated during SIAs campaign. Vaccination cards were available for about two-thirds of the participants at the time of home visits while 95.3% of them reportedly received an immunization card. Refusal to vaccinate (31%), not informed (24.2%), children being sick (22.4%), and travel (20.2%) were the main reasons for not vaccinating children (n = 86) during the campaign. The main sites for vaccination were school (46.5%) and health centers (46.4%). Fever (44.8%) and severe pain at the injection site (36.2%) were reported as the most frequent complications by the study participants. Prevention of measles and rubella (66.6%) and health staff recommendations (31.4%) were the main vaccination incentives.
To sum up, Supplementary Immunization Activities (SIAs) are a good approach towards high coverage of immunization and attain measles and rubella elimination.

Fertility pattern is influenced by economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors. Sistan and Balouchestan province has the highest household size and total fertility rate in Iran. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fertility pattern and determinants of the desired number of children among rural and urban women in Zahedan, Sistan and Balouchestan province, Iran in 2015.
In this cross sectional study, 160 urban and rural couples were evaluated in Zahedan. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, including demographic information, fertility pattern, and family planning details. Chi square, independent t test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data. Binary logistic regression test was used to determine the association of different variables with the desired number of children.
Coverage of family planning programs was significantly lower for rural women, compared to their urban counterparts. In addition, the percentage of unsafe delivery was higher in rural women. The mean desired number of children was 3.18 ± 1.7 for urban and rural women and 3.56 ± 1.19 for their partners. As the binary logistic regression analysis showed, preference for a male child and Balouch ethnicity were significant predictors of the desired number of children for women and their partners (P Fertility pattern and determinants of reproductive performance can vary in different populations. Sistan and Balouchestan province has the lowest coverage of reproductive health programs and a high unsafe delivery rate. Therefore, reproductive and pregnancy health programs should be supplemented, parallel to policies concerning population growth.

The Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a single strand, linear RNA virus, is one of the most important hepatotrope agents worldwide. At least 6 distinct genotypes of HCV and more than 50 subgroups have beendetected. It has been demonstrated that HCV genotypes vary in their distribution, which may indicate the route of acquisition and affect the clinical outcome and response to therapy..
This study investigated the distribution of HCV genotypes and their relationship to risk factors in Zahedan, the capital of Sistan and Balouchestan province, in southeast Iran.
Patients and This cross-sectional study enrolled all patients with positive or indeterminate anti-HCV tests who were referred to Zahedan university of medical sciences (ZAUMS) educational hepatitis clinics. To determine viral infection and analyze genotypes,the study applied nested polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)..
The study found that 72 patients, 43 males and 29 females, had documented HCV infections. Age’s ranged from 20 - 75, with a mean of 48. The largest number of patients had the 1a genotypes (41 patients = 56.9%), followed by 3a (25 patients = 34.7%), and 1b and 4a each of them (3 patients = 4.2%)..
The study showed that genotypes 1a and 3a are the most common genotypes in patients with chronic HCV infection in Sistan and Balouchestan province, in southeast Iran..

Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. This disease is neglected as a major public health problem because it is not a fatal disease. More than 20000 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases are reported annually in Iran. Based on Iran health ministry statistics, incidence rate in Sistan and Baluchestan province was 14 - 36 /100000 in 2011..
In this study, we tried to evaluate the incidence trend and epidemiology of CL in Sistan and Baluchistan province to provide better interventions..
Patients and This was a historical cohort study on population covered by Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. We evaluated all coetaneous leishmaniasis epidemiological data from April 2008 to March 2014..
During our six years study, we observed a significant decreasing incidence trend. Totally, 2863 CL cases were registered. Risk of disease in men was 1.4 times more than women and in rural areas was 2.9 times more than urban. Most patients were in age group below 5 years. Main CL centers were around Zahedan city and around Chabahar city and Konarak city..
Decreasing trend during recent six years reflects a partial success in leishmaniasis control, but update data regarding geographical CL distribution can guide our intervention effectively..

Several hundred thousand people are infected with Vibrio cholera every year worldwide, with a case fatality rate over 2%. Periodic cholera outbreaks are of important health issues in Iran, especially in Sistan and Baluchistan province..
In this study, we evaluated cholera out breaks and related factors, during 2010-2013, to improve controlling the disease in this province..
In this study, all epidemiologic data about patients with Cholera, during 2010-2013, were evaluated. Afterwards the environmental determinants and management indices were assessed..
The largest outbreak occurred in 2013. The incidence rate was significantly higher in men than women (RR = 2.8), in foreign immigrants than the Iranians (RR = 44.1) and in rural population than the urban population (RR = 26.2). The major part of patients, especially the first cases, lived in areas with poor sanitation like immigrant camps or remote villages and did not have access to sanitary water..
Problems like poor sanitation and sanitary water access limitation, in rural and remote areas and also in immigrant camps necessitate allocating more resources, better inter-institutional cooperation and more intense border travelling control in this province..

Sistan and Balouchestan province is one of areas in Iran that have the highest malaria incidence. We have tried to investigate the epidemiology of malaria in this province. In this study, we evaluated epidemiological data of all malaria cases from April 2008 to March 2011 in this province. In our study plasmodium vivax was the most type of malaria. Malaria incidence was more in men and rural than female and urban. 22.7% of all cases were foreigners. Malaria incidence has had two picks. Malaria control interventions should be focused on high risk group and based on incidence peak.

Measles is one of the main causes of death among children, especially in developing countries. Although over 30 years have passed since the availability of measles vaccine; it is still uncontrolled in many countries.In Iran the highest incidence of confirmed measles cases have occurred in Sistan and Baluchistan province.. This study was conducted to determine demographic and epidemiological characteristics of measles cases in order to improve strategies to eliminate measles in this province..Patients and All suspected and confirmed measles cases from April 2006 until March 2011 were evaluated in this province.. Overall 456 suspected cases of measles were reported. 19.7% of cases were reported clinically positive, and positive test ratio was 56%. During our study measles incidence rate had increasing trend. The most incidence cases have occurred in spring and summer and the most cases have occurred in 1-4 years age group. Chabahar city has had the most confirmed cases. About measles vaccination history, 56.4% of all reported cases never vaccinated before.. Improving vaccination coverage and more accurate control of the cold chain can reduce probable outbreaks of measles and also it is proposed to expand health services in the eastern border to health control of immigrants..