فهرست مطالب maleki

The problem of divine essence and attributes is widely recognized as one of the most significant issues in theoretical and transmitted disciplines. Understanding the nature of God provides motivation for a deep connection with the absolute perfection, whereas worship based on ignorance is less effective in this regard. Consequently, the discussion surrounding God's essence and the characterization of its attributes holds great significance. In fact, the problem of divine essence and attributes can be categorized into three distinct areas: semantics, ontology, and epistemology. Regarding semantics, there exist multiple accounts. The attributes commonly referred to as the "seven attributes"—knowledge, power, hearing, seeing, will, life, and word—can be understood through mystical, philosophical, theological, and sharia perspectives. Furthermore, the ontology of attributes and their connection to the divine essence encompass various dimensions. One aspect involves the identification of the essence and attributes, which entails the rejection of the independent existence of the attributes. This viewpoint is shared among adherents of sharia, philosophers, and mystics. According to Ashʿarite theologians, including Fakhr al-Rāzī, the divine attributes are dependent on the divine essence, resulting in their distinction. On the other hand, Miʿtazilites purportedly assert that the essence serves as a representation of the attributes. Fakhr al-Rāzī himself holds distinctive perspectives, such as emphasizing the relational nature of knowledge and the intrinsic nature of the divine word. Additionally, in his definition of power, he includes the permissibility of both action and omission within the actions of a free agent. This article explores Fakhr al-Rāzī's viewpoints regarding the semantics and ontology of the essence and attributes.

The createdness and eternity of the soul is one of the important issues of soulology, which has been the focus of philosophers for a long time. Based on his intellectual principles and foundations, Suhrawardi considers the soul to be created. He believes that the soul occurs separately from matter at the same time as the material body. But the commentators of his thought, including Ibn Kammonah, did not accept his opinion and sometimes considered his reasons insufficient and incomplete. While considering others' statements about the createdness of the soul to be weak, Ibn Kammonah suggested an argument and sought to prove the eternity of the soul. Using the descriptive-analytical method and comparing the opinions of both philosophers, this article aims to clarify one of the angles of this debate and depicts the structural and practical differences between these two philosophers. Moreover, considering Suhrawardi's philosophical foundations, the present paper seeks to interpret his opinions and show that human souls existed before the world in the region of their cause and God in a general and collective way, and then they were created in this world in a partial and personal way.
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The relationship between Haades (Originated) and Ghadim (Eternal) has always been a challenging issue in philosophy, particularly for the monotheists with strong belief in non-changeability of the nature of the Necessary Being. Various schools of philosophy have explored many ways to find an answer to the problem. Imam Khomeini in his Taqrirat-e Falsafeh (Philosophical Statements) has reviewed solutions of various schools of philosophy. Hassan bin Abd al-Razaq Lahiji was a 12th century AH renowned scholar and the author of Misbah al-Derayah fi Sharha al-Hidayah (Light of Prudence in Explanation of Guidance). The book, available in manuscript, offers an exclusive solution. In this paper, we have reviewed viewpoints by Imam Khomeini and Mirza Hassan Lahiji, and while pointing to Imam Khomeini’s solution, we have investigated Lahiji’s solution. Restating Lahiji’s solution, the authors of the paper do not evaluate it as a perfect solution.

The issue of proving the existence of the necessary being and its names and attributes has always been one of the concerns of philosophers and theologians in the Islamic world and is one of the important matters in Islamic philosophy. Therefore, Islamic thinkers have proposed many arguments such as the argument of motion, the argument of soul, the argument of occurrence and the argument of the truthful to prove the essence of the necessary being. For the first time, Ibn Sina proposed the argument of the truthful in a number of his works, and philosophers after him offered interpretations of this argument with slight differences. An important feature of this argument is that it proves the essential nature by eliminating intermediaries. In other words, it goes from essence to essence. In this article, we seek to prove and reveal the semantic range and scope of this argument in relation to names and attributes, and to answer the question: Does the argument of the truthful have the ability to demonstrate names and attributes in addition to proving the divine essence or not? For this purpose, we first deal with the recognizability of attributes and the provability of essence and attributes. Then we will show that the argument of the truthful also proves the names and attributes of the necessary being. The important premise of this issue is that names and attributes are identical with essence.

The subject of evil and good is the most difficult problem in philosophy and divine religion and all religions acknowledge this, and no one has ever denied it. Hence, at first glance, the existence of evil appears in the figure of the order of being, and shows his filthiness; because evil is actually the opposite of goodness, and with the formation of evil among human beings, the structure of their lives becomes disoriented, and it damages human society. Philosophers and scholars have addressed this issue in two general terms. A group of scientists believe that this is a matter of the laws of nature, therefore, it must be studied according to the laws of nature, in this case, it must be seen as a material case. Another group interprets the phenomenon of evil in the universe with a religious and metaphysical view. In fact, they give a metaphysical reading of the existence of evil and link it somehow to the act of God. This article aims to, (incomplete)

Sustainable development is becoming an issue of critical importance in the past three decades in every respect, especially in architectural and urban design. Its focus was initially limited to the environment, but it gradually developed to encompass economic and social dimensions. There is a need to develop a clearer understanding of the social pillar of sustainable development. Accordingly, this paper’s focus is on social sustainability. The purpose of the research is to find out the effective indicators on improving social sustainability in housing. Initially, data collection was carried out through a literature review on the subjects related to the areas of urban planning, architecture, and residential environments. In the current study, the codes, themes and categories were obtained using content analysis techniques on the collected data. Through examining a broad range of references obtained from the results of the search, key candidate indicators influencing social sustainability, which appeared most frequently in the literature were identified and classified into five main components. Following the identification of the candidate criteria, the Delphi technique was used to validate the proposed framework. The study presented here comprised two questionnaire rounds sent to panel members. The experts were selected from people with substantial knowledge in the field of housing and residential neighbourhood planning and design. They were from a pool of academics in environmental design and residential design. The experts were asked to rank the importance of each indicator, to provide suggestions on how to improve the framework and to suggest criteria not listed. Following revisions resulting from the comments received from the first round, the respondents were also asked to repeat the assessment in the second round. The findings showed that the "physical desirability" and "social and cultural life" are the most significant aspects for improving social sustainability. Also, the indicators of "social security", "social participation" and "social interactions" from social and cultural life category were the most influential indicators with mean values of 3.675, 2.904, and 1.527, respectively. Based on the experts' opinion, "inclusive design", "pedestrian-cantered/ bicycle-friendly land uses", and "spatial diversity and liveability" from the physical desirability category were the most crucial indicators for social sustainability with mean values of 1.322, 1.300, and 1.252, respectively.

The intensity of sound in most industries and processes is a disturbing factor. Sound absorbers are a means of reducing noise. There are various types of sound absorbers with different designs and materials, but sound absorbers that can have a high absorption coefficient will be effective. The design of the manger sponge with fractal structure will be a good solution to this problem. Various factors such as composition type, step, and frequency affect this adsorbent. In this research, each of these factors was investigated and analyzed. The effects of the absorption coefficient and changes in sound level influenced by composition type, step and frequency factors were investigated and analyzed. Investigation of the step factor revealed that the amount of absorption coefficient in step 2 had better results compared to the step 1. The absorption coefficient in steps 1 and 2 were 0.3 and 0.38, respectively. Among the effective factors on the amount of absorption coefficient of manger sponge, the composition type was more effective. The results showed that the adsorbent with harder texture has a lower absorption coefficient and the adsorbent with a lighter texture has a higher absorption coefficient. Among the composition type used for this adsorbent, the sponge has a maximum absorption coefficient of 0.4 and MDF has a minimum absorption coefficient of 0.3.

Objective- Cutaneous wound healing is an essential physiological process consisting of the collaboration of many cell strains and their products. Initiation of new management for treatment of wound infections caused by multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus is required. The aim of the present study was to assess wound healing activity of Ferula assa-foetida loaded chitosan nanoparticle biofilm in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infected wounds in rats. Design- Experimental study Animals- Forty eight male healthy Wistar rats. Procedures- The animals were randomized into four groups of 12 animals each. In group I, the wounds were infected with MRSA and only treated with 0.1 mL the sterile saline 0.9% solution. In group II, the infected wounds were dressed with chitosan nanoparticles biofilm. In group III, animals with infected wounds were treated with 0.1 mL topical application of Ferula assa-foetida. In group IV, animals with infected wounds were dressed with Ferula assa-foetida loaded chitosan nanoparticles biofilm. Results- Microbiological examination, planimetric, biomechanical, histological and quantitative morphometric studies and determination of hydroxyproline levels showed that there was significant difference between animals in group IV compared to other groups (p = 0.001). Conclusion and Clinical Relevance- Ferula assa-foetida loaded chitosan nanoparticles biofilm could be useful for treatment of MRSA infected wounds in diabetes.

The reason for this study was the lack of a coherent work on the role of quantitative characteristics of hydrology and topography in determining the spatial distribution pattern of nomad camps in Iran. In this investigation, Kermanshah Province, in west of Iran, was studied. Quantitative hydrology and Topography indices of the province including Heterogeneity Index (TRI), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), Altitude, slope, slope direction, stream distance, ridge distance, spring distance, formation type, Topographic Position Index (TPI), Surface Relief Ratio (SRR), and Compound Topographic Index (CTI) were calculated. To determine the results, Pearson correlation and linear regression (for parametric data) and LOWESS regression (for non-parametric data) were used between hydrology and topography data and the camps’ area. Then, the type of spatial distribution pattern and spatial pattern type radius of the camps were determined for each one of the above-mentioned factors using Moran’s Autocorrelation Index and Ripleys’ K Function, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the TPI index (the steep slope landform) and the camps’ area. In sum, the first priority in determining the regular pattern of nomads in the Kermanshah Province considers two heterogeneity and slope indices, and the second priority is among the rest of hydrology and topography indices. The nomads’ almost identical choices in selecting location of their camps are dependent on access to non-jagged lands, flat lands, the places with more than 600 m distance from the ridges and less than 500 m from the streams and 2 km distance from the springs, special ranges of TWI, CTI and SRR indices, the altitude range of 1,400 to 2,000 m above sea level, and establishment in the Landform 3 range of the TPI index and limestone formation.

In this paper, an atomic force microscope is modeled based on non-classical nonlocal theory and nonlinear vibration of the system is analyzed and controlled. In this modeling, the Hamilton principle is used to derive the governing equation of Euler-Bernoulli nanocantilever based on the Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory considering Von-Karman geometric non-linearity. In the next step, using the Galerkin method, the governing dynamics differential equation of the atomic force microscope is obtained in the presence of attractive and repulsive van der Waals forces. The governing nonlinear equation is solved by employing multiple time scales method, and primary and secondary resonance of the atomic force microscope is studied. In this regard, the frequency response and excitation amplitude curves of primary, superharmonic and subharmonic resonances are plotted for different values ​​of the nonlocal parameter. Accordingly, it is shown that primary, superharmonic and subharmonic resonances of atomic force microscope are significantly affected by the nonlocal parameter. The results show that the use of nonlocal theory is a fundamental necessity for analyzing nonlinear vibrations of the atomic force microscope. Then, in addition to dynamic analysis, the chaotic vibrations are completely controlled and removed in the nonlocal model of the atomic force microscope by designing and implementing the robust adaptive fuzzy controller. For this task, the robust adaptive fuzzy controller which is considered as a powerful method of chaos controlling is used in the nonlocal model of atomic force microscope. The obtained results are used in the design and control process of the atomic force microscope.

The present study was carried out to identify and analyze the social factors affecting school phobia in children in three domains of personal characteristics, parental expectations for children's educational attainment, and human and physical factors related to schools. The research method was survey and the statistical population of the study was comprised of 545 parents of Tehrani elementary school students in grades one to three. The instrument included a questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 which showed the internal consistency of the measure. Based on the results, three factors, i.e., parental expectations for children's educational attainment, school personnel’s perception of students, and children’s experience of school environment are among the important factors associated with school phobia. More specifically, 20.2% of variance in school phobia variable is explained by the aforementioned factors. The most significant factors contributing to school phobia are parental expectations for children's educational attainment (18%), school personnel’s perception of students (1.3%), and children’s experience of school environment (0.9%), respectively.

Drought stress is one of the most important limiting factors for cultivation and production of grapes in the world and Iran. To study the effect of drought stress on some physiological traits of three cultivars, i.e. ‘Fakhri’, ‘Molaei’ and ‘Ghalati’, a factorial experiment in completely randomized design with three soil water potential treatments. i.e. -0.2 (control), -0.7 and -1.2 MPa was implemented in greenhouse conditions in 2016. In this study, non- grafted grape vines were placed in large 26-liter pots filled with a clay loam textured soil. According to the results of this study, both levels of stress had a significant effect on dry matter to leaf area ratio, cell membrane stability, chlorophyll, proline, and soluble carbohydrates concertation, leaf relative water content, catalase and peroxidase activities. Soluble carbohydrates concentration showed a significant increase of 47 percent compared to control (10.57 mg g-1 DM) in -1.2 MPa stress level. Drought stress decreased the RWC (2 Percent) and increased proline (9 Percent) and malondialdehyde (55 percent) concentration, the peroxidase (15 to 20 percent) and catalase activity (9 Percent). The highest and the lowest chlorophyll concentrations were observed in ‘Ghalati’ (1.63 mg g-1 FM) and ‘Fakhri’ (1.31 mg g-1 FM), respectively. In conclusion, ‘Ghalati’ cultivar had higher potential to withstand drought stress conditions than ‘Molaei’ and ‘Fakhri’ cultivars.

Theoretically, internship programs can utilize any one of the three known approaches: craft model, applied science model, and reflective model. The purpose of the current paper has been to show the developmental path of approaches to internship during the century-old history of Iranian teacher training programs. Perusal of the available documents reveals that initially the apprenticeship approach has been used for up to 70 years. Then the applied science approach is utilized, ever so inadequately. The use of the reflective approach is the hallmark of the Farhangiyan University charter, adopted since 2013. However, the data collected herein show that the present approach suffers from the lack of much characteristics expected from the reflective approach.

Plasjan sub-basin is located in the west of Gavkhoni basin between Isfahan and Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari provinces and has forest zones. Forest ecosystem has important roles such as runoff controlling, ecotourism and preparing wildlife habitat. Therefore, determination of land capability is essential for forest conservation, restoration and development through modeling of land forestry capability. To achieve this goal and to reduce the uncertainty in model preparation, a combination of multi-criteria evaluation and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process method was used. The criteria were determined according to the experts and reviewing the references, their weights were calculated using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process, the criteria and sub-criteria were standardized applying fuzzy and constraints by Boolean methods. The data layers were combined using a weighted linear combination model and a reclassification map was prepared to develop the land forestry capability model. Survey of the produced maps showed that areas with high potential for forestry activities were 9.6% of the total area and in accordance with the current distribution of forests which due to the appropriateness of evaluation criteria, were located in southwestern areas. The results of this study revealed that although the WLC method with high trade-off level was used, due to the relative limitation of some criteria such as high lime content, high slope and elevation and low temperature in some areas, 77 % of the Plasjan area is moderately and less suitable for forestry activities.

Relocation project of Roudbar village of Behshahr County in Iran was implemented in 2009, due to the construction of Gelevard dam and the risk of flooding. It had many consequences for the rural people. Considering the importance of research, this study aimed at exploring these rural people's problems of the relocation. It was conducted in a census method through questionnaire (n=92), the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by faculty members of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development Department and then, using Cronbach's alpha measurement (α=0.89). Results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that lack of physical-infrastructural considerations, environmental non-compliance in the construction of the new village, poor social performance of new settlements, change in access to important areas, problems related to the economic situation of the rural households, poor residential performance of the new settlements were the most important problems, estimating by 52.46 percent of the cumulative variance.

One of the most important underlying factors for the development of any country is the existence of an efficient and appropriate network to meet the transportation needs of that country. Rail transport plays an important role in the economic development of a country; therefore, the evaluation of rail performance is one of the important issues in the rail transport industry of the country. The main objective of this research is to determine the appropriate model for assessing the performance of the rail transport network of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The present research is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of applied purpose and as a method of implementation. The statistical population of this research includes the railways of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The network data envelopment analysis has been used to assess the performance of the railway areas. Based on the results obtained in 2014, North East 2 ranked first and in 2015 and 2016, the East region was ranked first. In addition, the average efficiency of areas shows that in the period of 2014-2016 the eastern region had the best performance and the northern region had the worst performance.

Since validation of the electromagnetic parameters of manufactured or purchesed ferrite materials is the first step in designing and implementation of the diffrent ferrite-based devices in communication systems, ferrite characterization is verry important. in this paper an algorithm is simulated and implemented which is based on the minimization of an objective function. the objective function's parameters are the reflection and transmission coefficients of the ferrite in a rectangular wave guide.in compairsion with other works proposed method only needs to the amplitude of the reflection and transmission coefficients to estimate the parameters of ferrite materials. This makes the implementation easy and eliminates the problems associated with phase calibration and sensitivity. The proposed method is simulated for a nickel ferrite and experimentally tested on SL-470 ferrite sample and the results have been compared with the manufacturer's catalog.

One of the applications of composite materials in the oil and gas industry is to repair worn metal pipelines. Calculating the strain energy release rate of the first failure mode is an important criterion for testing the bond strength and predicting the failure of these types of structures. In this paper, the rate of strain energy release during crack growth in bonding a composite patch to a steel substrate is investigated. In this regard, using the theory of elastic beam first, a new method is proposed to calculate the thickness of the metal and composite for Unlike Double Cantilever Beam (UDCB). This is due to the fact that the standard for experimental test procedure of strain energy release rate (ASTM-D5528) is for symmetric double cantilever beams. In this study, samples are fabricated from composite consisting of unidirectional fiberglass/ epoxy resin with harder in the upper and steel in the lower half of the beam. After sample fabrication, the strain energy release rate of UDCB and Asymmetric Unlike Double Cantilever Beam (AUDCB) are calculated experimentally. In addition, for the separation of first and second failure modes in symmetric and asymmetric samples, finite element simulation based on the virtual crack closure technique is presented. This analysis is to qualify the accuracy of the proposed equation for the thickness of unlike beams to achieve the first failure pure mode of symmetric samples. Also, it calculates the contribution of the first and second modes of failure in the strain energy release rate of AUDCB samples.

Legumes have dual symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia. AMF are obligate biotrophs, known to play an important role in ecological processes. Legumes root forms nodules in symbiosis with rhizobia, which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. A factorial complete randomized block design with three replications was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Four levels of nitrogen (0, 2, 6 and 10 mM as nitrate), in Newman and Romheld nutrient solution were applied to the pots containing 1.5 kg sterile sand. Surface sterilized seeds of clover plants (Trifolium repens L.) were sown in pots and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) and/or Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifoli. The control plants were left un-inoculated. The pots were daily irrigated with nutrient solution possessing the nitrogen levels. Clover plants were harvested after 12 weeks of growth and Shoot and root dry weights, root mycorrhizal colonization, nodule weights and numbers, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in shoot and root were determined. The highest amount of phosphorus was observed in mycorrhizal treatment at 0 and 2 mM nitrogen levels. At all levels of nitrogen, the presence of fungi increased the amount of root phosphorus. At all levels of nitrogen, the presence of bacterium significantly increased the amount of shoot nitrogen. The highest amount of shoot potassium (64.4 mg.pot-1) was recorded at 2 mM nitrogen and non-mycorrhizal root and the highest amount of root K (19.02 mg.pot-1) was seen at 2 mM nitrogen and in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus. The highest amount of shoot dry weight (4.46 g.pot-1) was recorded in the mycorrhizal plants treated with 2mM nitrogen. The rhizobial inoculation had pronounced effects on root mycorrhizal colonization. By increasing nitrogen level up to 6 mM, the root colonization increased and the highest root colonization (34.1%) was achieved in this treatment. The highest increase in number and fresh weight of nodules were obtained in co-inoculated plants. In the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, the number and fresh weight of nodules increased by 26.44 and 20.98%, respectively.

Using alternative fuel vehicles is one of the ways to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels which have many negative environmental effects. An alternative fuel vehicle needs special planning for its refueling operations because of some reasons, e.g. limited number of refueling stations, uncertain refueling queue times in the stations, variable alternative fuel prices among the stations, etc. In this paper, a new problem as refueling an alternative fuel vehicle on a given path is formulated to minimize the cost of refueling and waiting times in the stations for refueling operations, simultaneously. To be more close to real-world situations, the waiting times are considered as intuitionistic fuzzy numbers in order to reflect uncertainty as well as hesitation due to various uncontrollable factors. To cope with the uncertainty of the problem, an intuitionistic fuzzy chance constrained method based on credibility measure is proposed to convert the fuzzy formulation to a crisp model. In order to tackle the bi-objective crisp formulation, a new interactive fuzzy solution method is proposed. A computational study on a real case from Turkey shows that the performance of the presented method is either better or the same as the approaches of the literature.}

Pulicaria gnaphalodes has various biological activities and is used as an herbal plant in traditional medicine. The major components of the aqueous extract of this plant are flavonoids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds which could be a good candidate for dyeing of wool fibers. In this study, the aerial part of Pulicaria gnaphalodes plant was extracted and used for the coloration of wool yarns. Firstly, the chemical components of the Pulicaria gnaphalodes extract were identified using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). After that, the effect of dyeing procedure parameters such as mordant concentration, pH of dyeing bath, dyeing duration, and dye concentration was assessed on the color characteristics of the dyed yarn samples. The results and observations indicate that the un-mordanted and alum mordanted dyed samples have a yellow color and their hue angle value is located between Huemax= 89.11° and Huemin=76.49°. The obtained yellow shade at the optimized dyeing condition presented a considerable good washing and light fastness. In addition, the aqueous extract of aerial parts of Pulicaria gnaphalodes presented an inhibitory effect against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria.

Triticum boeoticum wild wheat is a remarkable gene pool to environmental stress resistance. It is one of the most valuable species of the Triticeae tribe for improving wheat cultivars to moisture-stress. This research was carried out to assess the changes and responses of different traits of 10 accessions of Triticum boeoticum under non-stress and imposed moisture stress conditions in 2015 and 2016. Most traits were significantly affected by accession (A), water treatments (WT), and A×WT interactions. The accessions showed a high-level of genetic diversity for all traits, except peduncle weight. The accessions Tb5 and TB3 with the highest amount of economic yield per plant (EYPP) and water use efficiency (WUE), were less affected by the imposed moisture stress, while accession Tb6 with the maximum amount of water use (WU), main root length (MRL) and some phenological traits, were the most affected. The traits of WUE and main stem weight (MSTW) showed the highest and the traits of excised leaf water retention (ELWR), MRL and WU showed the lowest alignment with EYPP, respectively. The ability of producing assimilates (by increasing biological yield per plant and MSTW) and the ability of faster assimilates-remobilization into grains (by increasing harvest index and WUE), has been a neglected aspect of breeding wheat program under drought stress. In other words, the ability of a genotype to produce more assimilates and allocate it to grains (by increased BYPP and WUE, respectively) instead of belowground-traits, will result to increase EYPP. For example, the Tb6 ecotype, due to the allocation of more assimilates to underground parts, had little grain yield. While the traits of WUE, BYPP, seed number per main spike, seed weight per main spike (SWPMS) and main spike weight (MSPW) showed a positive and significant (P<0.01) correlation to EYPP, the traits of ELWR, MRL, day to heading and day to anthesis, had a negative and significant (P<0.05) correlation with yield. Generally, a high amount of WUE, MSTW, SWPMS, MSPW and peduncle weight; with a low amount of ELWR, phenological traits (except grain filling period), MRL, WU, and root to shoot dry weight ratio (RDWSDW) were suggested for the improvement of grain yield. SWPMS and MSPW were two main-components of grain yield in the favorite accessions (Tb5 and Tb3). Tb5 and Tb3 may have value for breeding wheat better adapted to moisture stress conditions in future.

In this paper, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by a co-precipitation method at room temperature with and without magnetic field during the synthesizing process. Their magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) instrument. VSM was used for studding the paramagnetic properties of the nanoparticles and the effect of the magnetic field on the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. The results showed that the sample synthesized in the presence of magnetic field has the saturation magnetization value as about 42 emu/gr. The saturation magnetization value for the synthesized sample in the absence of magnetic field is about 64 emu/gr. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed the low crystallinity for the synthesized nanoparticles in the presence of magnetic field in comparison with synthesized nanoparticles in the absence of magnetic field. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the chemical bond formation of the magnetic nanoparticles. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the morphology of the nanoparticles. The reduction of saturation magnetization value and the crystallinity of nanoparticles can be related to the magnetic dipole orientation by the magnetic field during the synthesizing.

Herein, the optical properties of CdS and Carbon quantum dots QDs for the first time under gamma irradiation was studied. The CdS QDs were synthesized by a rapid, facile and low cost microwave assisted method and carbon QDs extracted from orange juice by hydrothermal method. The samples were exposure by gamma ray with source of Co-60 within 0-20 kGy. The results showed that gamma irradiation suppress the photoluminescence PL intensity of QDs. A linear relation between PL intensity and logarithmic dose of gamma was found for the matrixed CdS QDs deposited top of glass. The initial size of CdS QDs was indicated about 3.4 nm by transmission electron microscopy TEM. For water-soluble CdS QDs and powdered carbon QDS, PL intensity was decreased as dose of 20 kGy gamma irradiation. These results shows that the luminescent nanostructure can be a new candidate for dosimetry.

Damages due to subsidence such as destruction of watering system and agricultural fertile soil, wells increasing, damage to the roads, bridges and high ways and disordering in the water and gas supplying usually are irreparable and costly. As a huge amount bench marks of height network of Iran are placed in the subsidence area, changing their heights is a challenge for NCC. In this study, a new application of displacement map produced by interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique in height datum determination in the subsidence area of Tehran, Qom and Isfahan provinces is introduced. Leveling observation of these areas is confirmed this application of InSAR.