فهرست مطالب maliheh nikandish

Ocular trauma is an important cause of preventable morbidity, and accounts for half a million cases of monocular blindness worldwide.

This study conducted to evaluate the profile of ophthalmic emergencies in a tertiary educational hospital during the “Nowruz” holiday 2019 in Birjand, Iran.

This cross-sectional survey included all patients visiting the eye-related Emergency Department during “Nowruz” holiday 2019 in the Valiasr Hospital of Birjand. The demographic information and clinical findings, such as presented complaints, the diagnosed eye disease, and the need for hospitalization were recorded. Descriptive statistics (i.e., frequencies and percentages) were calculated.

In the study, 86 patients with a mean age of 42.9 years were enrolled. The number of male subjects was more than female patients (60 (69.8%) and 26 (30.2%), respectively). The most presenting complaints were foreign body sensation (34.9%), followed by red-eye (30.2%) and ocular pain (11.6%). The most frequent diagnosis was corneal metal foreign body (24.4%), followed by conjunctivitis (16.3%) and ocular trauma (10.5%). All patients with penetrating injuries were younger than 12 years. Five patients (5.8%) needed hospitalization and surgery. Approximately, half of the patients were not considered as true emergency case.

In holidays, work-related injuries were the major causes of referral to eye emergency ward with the worse prognosis for children. Therefore, special educational prevention programs to care children should be provided for their parents.

Application of topical tacrolimus in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is considered as an alternative to steroids. Due to the low aqueous solubility of the drug, preparing a solution of the drug has got particular importance. In the present study, tacrolimus eye drop was prepared using cyclodextrin, as a drug solubility enhancer.
To improve the aqueous solubility of tacrolimus, 5 types of cyclodextrins called α, γ, hydroxypropyl (HP)-β, HP-γ, and sulfobutyl ether (SBE)-β-cyclodextrin (CD), were used. After phase solubility studies, the most appropriate cyclodextrin was selected to prepare tacrolimus eye drop. For eye drop preparation, phosphate buffer (pH=7.4), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers (viscosity increasing agent), methyl paraben and benzalkonium chloride (preservative agent) were used together with cyclodextrin-tacrolimus complex.
α, HP-β, and γ-CD had the most effect on aqueous solubility, respectively. These 3 types of CDs, respectively increased the intrinsic solubility of tacrolimus174, 160, and 102 times. Taking this into account, α and HP-β-CD were chosen to prepare a soluble form of tacrolimus. In the eye drop formulation containing CD-tacrolimus complex, methyl paraben and HPMC, remarkably reduced the drug solubility while there was not a critical change in the solubility of tacrolimus in the case of CD-tacrolimus complex, buffer, HPMC or PVA and benzalkonium chloride.
It is possible to prepare tacrolimus eye drop (0.05%) using cyclodextrins.