mandana amiri

The main goal of this study was to apply chemometrics techniques such as (ANOVA)-Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA), Response Surface Methodology (RSM), and Central Composite Design (CCD) to identify important factors in Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate (DSP) microextraction from plasma samples. This work proposes the pre-concentration and determination of DSP using a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) and spectrophotometry in combination with chemometrics approaches. ASCA as a multivariate statistical tool was used to more thoroughly analyze the influencing factors on DLLME and their interactions. By ASCA the diversity of the data matrix was divided into five levels for four variables: the major impact of each experimental component (dispersive and extraction solvent volume, amount of salt, and incubation time), followed by the impact of each second-order interaction. The significance of each factor or interaction effect was determined by a permutation test. The outcomes were compared with the results of the ANOVA approach to determine the ideal circumstances for measuring the trace amount of DSP. Under optimal conditions, a linear calibration curve with a detection limit of 0.071 µg/mL in the 0.1-5 µg/mL range was obtained.

Pelleting is done by adding inert adsorbents to change seed size and shape and improve seed yield and plant ability. This present study was conducted to investigate potato minituber pelleting (Agria cultivar) to improve some key potato traits in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2018-2019. Experimental treatments included 9 different combinations of Arabic gum or cellulose adhesive, zeolite or cocopeat fillers and chitosan with control treatment (without pellets). The studied traits were leaf number of leaves, fresh yield, dry matter yield of potato tuber, leaf stomatal conductance, tuber carbohydrate content, tuber density and chlorophyll content in leaves. The results showed a significant effect of potato minituber pelleting on traits such as Number of leaves, Fresh and dry matter yield of potato tubers, leaf stomatal conductance, tuber acidity, density and chlorophyll b content. Pelleting of minitubers with Arabic gum + zeolite + chitosan had the highest number of leaves and density of potato tubers it showed an increase of 50.88 and 15.9 percent, respectively to the control treatment. According to the results, the highest fresh yield and dry matter yield of potato tuber were obtained in the treatment of Arabic gum with zeolite, which showed an increase of 47.14 and 39.46 percent, respectively, compared to the control. The highest amount of leaf stomatal conductance was observed in the cellulose adhesive + cocopeat treatment combination, which resulted in a 70.21% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest amount of chlorophyll b in cellulose adhesive + cocopeat + chitosan treatment combination showed an increase of 42.7% respectively, compared to the control treatment. In general, in terms of quantitative traits, application of Arabic gum with zeolite along with chitosan led to the improvement of most morphological, functional and physiological traits.

study aimed to Evaluating the production of potato superolite tubers by applying different pelleting methods based on randomized complete block design with three replications Experimental treatments included 17 different combinations. The results showed, Pelleting of minituber with zeolite and soil soil application of triple superphosphate had the largest diameter of the main stem, compared to the control, it showed anincrease of 29.31 percent, pelleting the tuber with cocopeat and soil application of triple superphosphate had the highest plant fresh weight and plant dry weight, which showed an increase of 33.8% and 29.72%, respectively, compared to the control, the highest number and yield of potato superolite tuber was obtained in T14 treatment with an increase of 29.9 and 33.89% compared to the control, treatment (T1) led to an increase in chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, which compared to the control showed an increase of 21.92, 34.40 and 23.92%, respectively.The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in T13 which had an increase of 18.10% compared to the control treatment. The highest (fv/fm) was in T7 treatment Comparison with control treatment showed an increase of 21.29%.Treatment (T5) had the highest protein yield which had a 52.62% increase compared to the control treatment .In general, the results showed that the application of superabsorbent polymer and chitosan in tuber pelleting had good results in most traits. In addition, the use of zeolite with these compounds led to the improvement of most traits.Also, Potato tuber yield showed positive and significant correlation with most morphological traits.

This study aims at investigating the morpho-physiological responses of potato superelite mini-tubers to different coating treatments factorial experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University between 2018 and 2019. Experimental factors at four levels include mini-tubers filler (zeolite and cocopeat), superphosphate (soil and pellet application), chitosan, and superabsorbent with control treatment (without pelleting). Application of cocopeat with superphosphate leads to the highest average number of tubers per plant (8.36), fresh and dry tuber yield (18.23 and 3.88 tons per hectare), and biological yield (21.69 tons per hectare). The use of chitosan in mini-tuber pelleting decrease the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes (19.67% and 16.37%, respectively), increasing the activity of polyphenol oxidase (37.80%). Zeolite increase and cocopeat decrease the tuber protein percentage, compared to the control. This increase in protein percentage with increasing tuber yield leads to a 32.23% increase in tuber protein yield in zeolite application, compared to control treatment. The use of superphosphate in mini-tuber pelleting also increase the protein percentage, thus leading to a 30.30% increase in protein yield, compared to control mini-tuber. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first component, with which 35% of the changes could be explained, include the yield of protein, lysine, and methionine, and the second component, with which 25% of the changes could be explained, include the protein, methionine, lysine, and total nitrogen. Finally, the results show that the mini-tuber pelleting by superphosphate, zeolite, and superabsorbent have had significant additive effects on yield and quality traits.

Due to vital essence of medicine dosage monitoring within therapeutic range, a simple, rapid, high performance, sensitive and environmentally friendly electrochemical sensor was designed and used to diagnosis low concentrations of famotidine, a histamine-2 blocker, at pharmaceutical products and biological fluids. In this work, a simple, fast response and efficient voltammetic sensor was designed by using the functionalized dendrite-like gold nanostructures with 3-mercapto-propanioc acid (3-MPA/Au-DNSs). Electrochemical studies confirmed well the efficiency of the surface modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with 3-MPA/Au-DNSs on amplification of response signal in presence of famotidine in an applicable linear concentration range of 3.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−5 M. The limit of detection was evaluated to be 3.33 × 10−8 M (for S/N=3) under the optimum conditions. The modified GCE with 3-MPA/Au-DNSs was successfully applied in determination of famotidine in real samples such as human serum and pharmaceuticals with recoveries of 104.8 % and 100.90%, respectively.

In this work, a cobalt Schiff base complex (CoSB) immobilized at the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2‐NH2 nanoparticles was synthesized and characterized using different characterization techniques such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2/CoSB) was applied as a sensitive modifier in carbon paste electrode (CPE) for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen (AC) and chlorpheniramine (CP). The Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2/CoSB/CPE exhibited good electrochemical response towards the detection of AC and CP. In addition, an excellent separation between the voltammetric signals for these analytes at the surface of modified electrode was observed.  The suggested methodwas effectively employed for concentration variation studies of a mixture containing these drugs. The dynamic linear ranges of 5.0 × 10−7 to1.0 × 10−3 M and 8.0 × 10−6 to 1.0 × 10−3 M with detection limits 4.0 × 10-7 M and 5.0 × 10-6 M (for S/N = 3) were achieved for AC and CP, respectively. The performance of the presented electrochemical nanosensor was assessed by quantifying the two drugs in spiked human blood serum and in tablets.

In this approach, we demonstrate a very simple, easy and fast electrodeposition method to form nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) thin film which is able to catalyze the water electro-oxidation reaction. Cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis with Ni(OH)2 film in aqueous solution (pH 10.0) exhibited good catalytic current. The nickel oxide film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and voltammetric methods. The results shows that Ni(OH)2 film is a robust heterogeneous water oxidation catalyst which has been used in long time without missing efficiency. The effect of several parameters in electro-synthesize of nickel hydroxide such as the kind of nickel salts, supporting electrolyte, pH and electrodeposition time of nickel hydroxide were investigated on water oxidation efficiency. The film exhibits an overpotentials of 60 mV and 540 mV at the onset of catalytic current in borate supporting electrolyte at around 1 mA cm-2 and 10 mA cm-2 in pH 10.0, respectively. The catalytic performance of the material is demonstrated by long-term electrolysis at 1.1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) with a stable current density ~ 4.5 mA for pH 10.0 (for at least 5 h), and a Faradaic efficiency of almost 97% is obtained.

Hypertension is a chronic condition that might lead to renal and cardiovascular diseases. Previous clinical trials examining the effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure have led to conflicting results. The present study aimed to summarize the effect of cinnamon supplementation on blood pressure using a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled clinical trials.

To identify the eligible articles, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from inception until September 2019 for relevant articles. The risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane collaboration’s tool. A Random-effects model was applied to calculate the summary effects.

Totally, 11trials with 686 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The dose of cinnamon supplement consumption varied from 500 to 10000 mg/d. The meta-analysis revealed that cinnamon supplementation significantly decreases systolic blood pressure (SBP) [WMD (weighted mean difference) = -5.72 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI): -8.63 to -2.80; p <0.001, I2= 81.1)] and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (WMD= -4.06 mmHg, 95% CI: -6.68 to -1.44; P= 0.002, I2 = 88.6). Subgroup analysis suggested no significant reduction in DBP in subjects with diabetes (WMD= -2.015 mmHg, 95% CI: -4.55 to 0.52; P= 0.12, I2 = 72.3) and prediabetes or metabolic syndrome (WMD= -4.8 mmHg, 95% CI: -10.06 to 0.44; P= 0.073, I2= 92.5).

Cinnamon supplementation could be beneficial in lowering SBP and DBP in adults. Further studies with different doses are recommended to confirm the present findings.

There is growing evidence that the problematic use of mobile phone is an evolving problem. Although some studies have noted a greater prevalence in the Middle East, intercultural differences have not been sufficiently studied to date. The present study, therefore, aims at reviewing Iranian published studies on the problematic use of mobile phone in Iran. This study was conducted as a review study. For this purpose, we searched all published studies in this field that were conducted in Iran and reviewed all of the articles by studying the prevalence of the problematic use of cell phone in Iran, the adopted measuring instruments, the employed terms, predictors of the problematic use of cell phone, and the consequences of the problematic use of cell phone. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 47 articles were selected for evaluation. Among the problematic consequences, sleep disturbance was the most studied factor. Additionally, gender, feeling of loneliness, attachment stiles and age were mostly referred to as predictors. In addition, the reported prevalence varied from 0.9% to 64.5%, depending on the studied population and the measuring instruments. The diversity of reported prevalence rate of problematic use of mobile phone in Iran can be related to the ambiguity of the concept of “problematic use” and the diversity of the employed measuring tools. Thus, care should be taken in generalizing and interpreting the results.

Smartphone usage has increasing during recent years. Since its excessive use can have negativeconsequences, it is important to know how users use it and become dependent on it. This study was aimed atexploring how university students use their phones, how they depend on them, and the possibleconsequences of overusing them.

This study was conducted using a qualitative design and with a thematic analysis method. Datawere collected using 3 focus group discussions regarding experiences of using smartphones among 22smartphone owners who reported smartphone overuse. They were chosen through snowball sampling at aUniversity of Medical Sciences in Tehran (Iran).

Based on the analysis, the 3 categories of process usage (sub-categories: doing daily routines,information seeking, to take a picture or video, entertainment, academic work, making money, to escapereal-life, and passing the time), social usage (sub-categories: relationship with family, relationship withfriends, interact with the opposite gender, to be seen and heard, approval seeking, and free expression), anddisadvantages (sub-categories: interference with other essential activities, decreased face-to-facecommunications, overdependence, automatic use, loss of sense of time, stress, fatigue, sleep disturbances,physical inactivity, eye problems, high bills, and distraction) were developed.

In this research, participants mentioned various uses of their smartphones that enable them tomeet their personal needs and, in spite of the negative consequences of its overuse, cause them to continue touse it. Some uses seem to be affected by environmental and cultural conditions.

Poly-dopamine, inspired by biopolymers of mussels, is an adhesive catecholamine possessing low cytotoxicity and very good biocompatibility. In the present study, poly-dopamine nanoparticles (PDNP), as a biopolymer, were synthesized and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical methods. The drop casted PDNPs at the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE) shows a great tendency to form complexes with Cu(II). This fact was selected for determination of Cu(II) in water. Copper exists broadly in various oxidation states in nature. It is also as one of the most harmful pollutants in the environment due to its non-degradability, high toxicity and bioaccumulation and so determination of it is demanded. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was applied to clarify the interaction. The influential parameters affecting Cu(II) binding were optimized including adsorption time, pH, and stirring speed. In optimum condition, differential pulse voltammetry was exploited for analytical determination of Cu(II) in the ranges of 1.0 100 µM and 0.05 1.0 µM with the limit of detection 0.04 µM. The sensor ability for Copper determination in water samples was demonstrated.

The stressful resources have a significant impact on students’ mental health which may cause dysfunction in both educational and professional performances in military students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between students' stressful factors and psychological problems (stress, anxiety and depression) among Students at a military medical sciences university in Tehran, Iran.

This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 319 subjects from medical, pharmaceutical, nursing and health schools in a Military Medical Sciences University, who were studying at the university during the academic year of 2017-2018. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. Students Stressors Questionnaire (SSQ) was used to assess the sources of stress in the students and to assess the anxiety, stress and depression, the DASS-21 questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive and correlation methods and pathway analysis using SPSS-16 and Amos software.

Of the 319 students, 273 (86%) were male and 46 (14%) were female. The mean age of students was 22.32±1.97 years. 22.64% of students had severe to very severe stress, 34.27% had severe to very severe anxiety and 35.65% had severe to very severe depression. Three stressful resources, such as academic conditions, academic environment and graduation stresses had significant relationships (P≤0.05) with stress, anxiety and depression. The stressors of the dormitory environment had a direct relationship with stress and anxiety, but was not found with depression.

The existence of direct and indirect relationships between student stressful resources and psychological variables in medical students indicates the importance of controlling the types of psychological stress related resources associated with university education in order to manage mental health of students.

In this study, layer-by-layer deposition method by sodium alginate polymer and carbon nanoparticles were used for modification of glassy carbon electrode surface. The modified electrode surface was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The SEM images has been utilized to estimate the size of carbon nanoparticles on electrode surface which is approximately 47-57 nm. Gallic acid and ascorbic acid the antioxidant compounds naturally present in foods were determined with modified glassy carbon electrode using differential pulse voltammetry technique. The effect of. scan rate and pH parameters were optimized. In optimal conditions, using differential pulse voltammetry, the linear range for the concentration of gallic acid and ascorbic acid are 0.1-100.0 and 1.0-1000.0 µM and the limit of detection equal to 0.057 and 0.368 µM is estimated respectively. Finally, Gallic acid was determined in some herbs such as marjoram, thyme and mallow.

The adsorption processes of amlodipine onto hydrophilic carbon nanoparticles (Emperor 2000TM) are investigated. The significant increase in voltammetric responses for pre-adsorbed amlodipine compared with those for solution confirms high affinity of amlodipine to carbon nanoparticles (possibly due to π-π stacking interaction between aromatic rings of amlodipine and surface-sulfonated carbon nanoparticles). To obtain the optimum of adsorption conditions, the effects of pH, agitation rate, and adsorption time are investigated. Under differential pulse voltammetry conditions, the peak current for the oxidation of amlodipine shows two linear relationships with concentration in the range from 1000 μM to 10.0 μM and 10.0 μM to 10.0 nM. The limit of detection is estimated to be 1.0 nM. Determination of amlodipine in real samples such as human serum and commercial tablets is demonstrated.

In recent years researchers in human science have been interested in qualitative researches. Considering the qualitative research capabilities and its potential role in the development of psychology, this study evaluated the qualitative research conducted by Iranian psychologists. The present study is a systematic review. By Searching the Internet websites of Scientific Information Database (SID), Noormags, Magiran and Ensani, 21 articles in the subject of psychology, which had been conducted by Iranian psychologists, were identified and evaluated. The findings reveal that few details on methodologies and the research processes have been presented and in some cases, applying the qualitative method was not appropriate for the research questions. The phenomenological and the interview method have been mostly used. Although more than a decade has passed since the publication of the first qualitative study by Iranian psychologists, the number of articles with a qualitative approach and their quality are poor. Due to the role of this approach on the production and the development of psychology, it is expected that qualitative research will find its actual and desired position among researchers in psychology.

In this approach، functionalized carbon nanoparticles have been applied as modifier for determination of phenylephrine. The significant increase in voltammetric responses for pre-adsorbed phenylephrine compare with those for solution confirms high affinity of phenylephrine to carbon nanoparticles (possibly due to π-π stacking interaction between aromatic rings of phenylephrine and surface-sulfonated carbon nanoparticles). To obtain the optimum of adsorption conditions، the effects of pH، agitation rate، and adsorption time are investigated. Differential pulse voltammetry was applied for quantitative determination of phenylephrine. The dynamic linear range 8. 0×10-6-8. 0×10-5 mol L-1 and the limit of detection 9. 5×10-7 mol L-1 was obtained. Determination of phenylephrine in biological sample was performed successfully.

Otorrhea and granulation tissue in Canal Wall Down mastoidectomy (CWD) is the common problem in cholesteatoma removal and leads to many discomfort for both the patient and the physician. The main objective in CWD is creating the dry cavity, so the topical antibiotic and acetic acid in variable saturations are used for this purpose. In this study we evaluate the effectiveness of topical MMC and chemical cautery by acetic acid. Study population consists of 50 patients with cholesteatoma whom underwent CWD. All patient allocated randomly in two study groups, MMC and acetic acid. After 3 weeks, the first visit is planned, extension of granulation tissue and dryness of cavity are evaluated and topical drugs are used in blind fashion. MMC in 4% and acetic acid in 12.5% saturation are applied. Other visits are completed at next month and 3 months later. Both methods are effective in treatment of granulation tissue. In each group both treatment were effective too but MMC was more effective than acid acetic in the treatment of granulation tissue after 4 weeks. Based on our findings, it is clear that topical MMC is very effective in the treatment of granulation tissue and in CWD. It results in dry cavity much better than acetic acid without any complication.

This study has been designed to investigate the clinical association between gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and chronic otitis media (COM) in adults and also the role of GERD treatment on the outcome of COM surgery.In a randomized clinical trial, 58 patients with COM who were candidates for surgery were evaluated for GERD and divided in two groups; GERD posi­tive (case) and GERD negative (control) patients. The GERD positive patients were randomized to either receiving medical treatment for GERD or not prior to surgery. The surgical outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months after COM surgery in the three groups.Fifty-eight (26 males) patients were enrolled. Forty-two (72.4%) of these had GERD according to a validated questionnaire. Three months after surgery audi­tory recovery in GERD negative patients was significantly higher [16(100%)] than those suffering from GERD [28 out of 42 (66.7%)], p=0.008. The figures remained similar at six months follow up as well (100 % vs. 72.5% in GERD negative and positive patients respectively, p=0.002).In the GERD-positive group, 8 of 18 (44.4%) patients who did not receive GERD treatment before tympanomastoidectomy recovered after three months whereas, while 20 of 24 (83.3%) patients who received GERD treatment re­covered during this time (p‹0.001). At six months 44.4% of non-treated GERD patients had auditory recovery as compared to 95.5 % of those treated for GERD (p‹0.01).Our data show that the effect of GERD on the outcome of COM surgery may be considerable. On the other hand, treating COM patients for GERD medi­cally for two months before tympanoplasty improves the surgical outcomes. Therefore, we suggest that COM patients be evaluated for GERD before un­dergoing tympanoplasty and if GERD is present, they be treated medically for a couple of months before undergoing surgery.

In this approach، hierarchically structured cobalthas been applied as modifier for determination of acetaminophen. These nanostructures have been synthesized using a chemical reduction method. They were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrode exhibits an electrocatalytic activity toward oxidation of acetaminophen. The effect of pH and scan rate has been studied. Differential pulse voltammetry has been used for quantitative determination af acetaminophen. A dynamic linear range 1×10-3Mto 1×10-6M with a limit of detection 5× 10-7 M obtained. The modified electrode has been successfully applied for determination of acetaminophen in synthetic serum and commercial tablets.

Elevated levels of CRP are present among patients at risk for further first-ever myocardial infarction and stroke. It has been shown that after ischemic stroke, increased levels of CRP are associated with unfavorable outcomes. From 120 patients admitted to the emergency unit of our hospital with the diagnosis of stroke; CRP, D-dimer and ferritin level was measured and the patients were followed until discharge or death. CRP level was significantly different between the patients with TIA and stroke. D-Dimer level was also significantly different between the TIA & the admitted groups. Ferritin was not different between the prognosis groups. There was a correlation between CRP and D-Dimer (r = 0.381, p = 0.001), and also between CRP and ferritin (r = 0.478, p= 0.000). CRP is a useful adjuvant marker to determine the prognosis of patients with cerebro-vascular events admitted to the hospital, in both patients with stroke positive history and first-ever stroke.

In this research we report new complexes with the formula 5-(2-pyridyl)-2-(3,5-dinitro benzen)-1,3,4- oxadiazole ligand with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Cd(II). These complexes were synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic absorption and elemental analysis and physical properties. In these complexes the oxadiazole bidentate ligands links to the metal ion through the Npyridine and one of the Noxadiazole atoms. This result trials showed that stoichiometry ratio of L/M in primary material do not significantly depend on the products the ligand-to-metal ratio. The biological activity of complexes was studied on McCoy cell line. The biological data of antioxidant activity by these complexes on McCoy cells imply that complexes inhibit the McCoy viability. Morphological studies showed significant change of treated cell shape.

Although esophageal liposarcoma is an extremely rare tumor, liposarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Liposarcoma is currently classified into the types of well-differentiated, myxoid, round cell, pleomorphic and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Up to now only a few cases of esophagus liposarcoma have been described in the world literature. We describe a myxoid type liposarcoma of the esophagus in a 68 year old man presented with hoarseness and intermittent dysphagea to solid food. He had a huge mass in his mouth which was mobile with gag reflex. A barium swallow, esophageal manometery and CT scan of the esophagus have not clearly revealed the mass. After endoscopic surgical resection of the tumor the histological examination revealed a myxoid liposarcoma. Both the presenting signs and symptoms and the histology type are rare for such tumor. This case demonstrate a rare differential diagnosis of intermittent dysphagia as early diagnosis is so important in those tumors and should kept in mind them, although they are quite rare.

A ultrathin film (8- 19 nm) composed of carbon nanoparticles and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or CNP-PDDAC is formed in a layer-by-layer deposition process at tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates. Excess positive binding sites within this film in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7 are quantified by adsorption of indigo carmine. Characterization of film was performed by using spectrophotometry, atomic force microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, adsorption and solution redox systems. For the mixed redox system ascorbate – dopamine in 0.1 Mphosphate buffer pH 7 cyclic voltammograms suggest a rapid and selective temporary poisoning process which causes the ascorbate oxidation to be suppressed in the second potential cycle. This effect is exploited for the detection of micromolar concentrations of dopamine in the presence of millimolar ascorbate.

A ultrathin film (8- 19 nm) composed of carbon nanoparticles and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) or CNP-PDDAC is formed in a layer-by-layer deposition process at tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) substrates. Excess positive binding sites within this film in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7 are quantified by adsorption of indigo carmine. Characterization of film was performed by using spectrophotometry, atomic force microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, adsorption and solution redox systems. For the mixed redox system ascorbate – dopamine in 0.1 Mphosphate buffer pH 7 cyclic voltammograms suggest a rapid and selective temporary poisoning process which causes the ascorbate oxidation to be suppressed in the second potential cycle. This effect is exploited for the detection of micromolar concentrations of dopamine in the presence of millimolar ascorbate.

The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of symptoms of depression, general anxiety, obsessive compulsive and phobia in interictal phase among patients suffering from epilepsy. This cross sectional observational study was performed on 137 outpatients referred to neurology clinic of Imam Hossein hospital in 2004. All patients were in the interictal phase. Demographic and epilepsy variables and a questionnaire including items asking about depression, general anxiety, obsessive compulsive and phobia of SCL-90-R (symptoms check list-90- revised) was completed. Relative frequency of depression, general anxiety, obsessive compulsive, and phobia was 55.4%, 44.9%, 55.8% and 23.2%, respectively. Phobia symptoms were associated with lower educational level (p=0.029), unemployment (p=0.013) and older age (p=0.013). The symptoms of obsessive compulsive (p=0.041) and general anxiety (p=0.044) were associated with older age. Different psychiatric symptoms were not correlated with sex, amount of drug use, marital status and the duration of the disease or type of epilepsy. Our findings highlighted that depression and obsessive compulsive symptoms in the first grade and general anxiety and phobia in the second grade are among the causes of morbidity among epileptic patients. Psychiatric symptoms are suspected to be higher in older, unemployed, and less educated epileptic patients. A close cooperation between neurologists and psychiatrists is necessary in the approach to the patients with epilepsies.