فهرست مطالب mansouri

 The loss or dysfunction of bone tissue that observed after bone tumor resections and severe nonunion fractures afflicts 200 million people worldwide. Bone tissue engineering is a promising approach to repair osteoporotic fractures.

 In this paper, polycaprolactone (PCL)/magnesium oxide (MgO)/graphene oxide (GO) nanofibrous scaffold was fabricated by electrospining method, and its biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on this scaffold were evaluated and compared with pure PCL nanofibrous scaffold.

 SEM analysis, DAPI staining and MTT assay were used to evaluation biocompatibility of PCL/ MgO/GO composite scaffold. In addition by ALP assay and proteomic approach, osteostimulatory effect of electrospun composite scaffold was investigated and the expression level of osteogenic markers including Runt-related transcription factor cbfa1/runx2 (runx2), collagen type I (Col1a1) and osteopontin (OPN) in MSCs seeded on PCL/MgO/GO composite scaffold was determined and compared with pure PCL scaffold. Then, RT-PCR technique was used to validate the level expression of these genes.

 The obtained results showed that adhesion, viability and ALP activity of MSCs on PCL/MgO/GO scaffold considerably enhanced compared with pure PCL. As well as proteomic and real-time analysis illustrated the expression of osteogenic markers including runx2, Col1a1 and OPN increased (>2-fold) in cells seeded on PCL/MgO/GO composite scaffold.

 It was concluded that MgO and GO nanoparticles could improve the biocompatibility of PCL scaffold and enhance the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

 The thesis is one of the most important parts of the teaching of medical students and postgraduate student’s education. Thesis supervision is creating a learning agreement between students and supervisors and clarifying the roles of students and supervisors.

The success of students in acquiring research experience is one of the main goals of the thesis, and students’ satisfaction assessment is one of the most important challenges of that. So, this study was conducted to determine the satisfaction of postgraduate students and Residentss of Iran University of Medical Sciences from directing and supervising theses.

In this descriptive-cross sectional study, 250 Medical Residents and Postgraduates Students from different steps of thesis conducting were questioned. Data ghathering instrument was the PREQ standard questionaire that it’s validity and relability was confirmed. The data was analysed with use of SPSS21. The questionnaire examined six domains of the thesis. Kruskal-Wallis test for data analysis and Mann-Whitney test for comparing of means differences was used.

In this study, 56.5% of postgraduates and 63.8% of medical residents expressed their satisfaction from the thesis supervision. There was no significant difference between the mean satisfaction scores in all domains in both groups. Supervisor professor, development of research skills, and thesis test earneed the most satisfaction score; and providing conditions and fields of thinking growth, infrastructure and facilities domains acquired the lowest satisfaction score.
Discussion and

Findings showed the satisfaction level of both groups was relatively desirable. As regard that Significance difference was observed between proposal confirming, providing conditions and fields of thinking growth, development of research skills and clarifying of criteria, and goals with students’ satisfaction, attention is needed to increase the skills and enhance the ability of students to conduct independent research, in the early years of postgraduate education.
Keywords: Postgraduate Students, Resident, Satisfaction, Thesis Supervision.

Summary Metropolitan underground tunnels is increasingly used these days. Besides, Iran has strategic importance in the Middle East meanwhile risking always military attacks of hegemonic countries and local terroristic activities. Concerning the mentioned points, it is crucial to investigate and analyze such structures under explosive loadings. This research focuses on the most critical scenario of damage distribution in the tunnel covering cause by TNT explosion. Moreover, the effects of soil overburden height as well as the amount of explosive material is studied on the maximum stresses and deformations created in the covering of twin tunnels under 4 explosive loadings of 15, 30, 45 and 60 Kg TNT. At the end, the effect of soft soil rehabilitation is assessed on the improvement of tunnels covering response under explosive loading. Introduction Chio et.al (2006) studied the response of underground structures subjected to the explosion through nonlinear analysis [5]. In 2006, Gui et. al investigated the effects of ground surface explosion on the tunnel of Taipei Shongsan airport. Two dimensional solution of the problem by Gui et. al has been in the line of its simplification [6]. Lui has focused on the effects of explosion in New York subway. The conducted numerical investigations have been mainly two dimensional. The researchers mostly believe that plane strain assumption in the modeling is dramatically conservative in the explosion issue. Methodology and Approaches In this research, soil and tunnel have been subjected to the inside ground explosive loading in tri- dimensional form using ABAQUS6-11-1 finite element software. The explosive loading has been estimated through empirical relations of compression applied to the underground structure due to the explosion. Besides, the soil has been simulated by Druker Prager and the tunnel covering by Concrete Damage plasticity behavior models. Here, the effects of different parameters are investigated on the responses of twin tunnels under explosive loadings. Results and Conclusions The brief results of this investigation are as follows: 1- Increasing in the overburden height will cause the reduction of stresses and deformations in the covering of tunnels; 2- The most critical scenario of damage distribution in the tunnel section is in the overburden height of 10m under 60Kg TNT of explosive loading; the highest width of created crack is 91mm. the highest the height of soil overburden is, the more the created damage is in the tunnels covering under internal explosion; 3- The strength and stiffness of the ground should be rehabilitated in the soft soil surrounding the tunnel. The maximum stress is reduced for 44% with increasing the thickness of tunnel surrounding soil for 1m; 4- The maximum stress created in the tunnels covering is reduced by increasing the stiffness of soil. This reduction in the stress response is stopped in the status of increasing the thickness from 3m to 4m. 5- The stresses created in the tunnels covering are reduced with increasing the soil stiffness. The maximum stress remains approximately in a constant range in different values of soil strength.

As grow as the data-intensive applications in cloud computing day after day, data popularity in this environment becomes critical and important. Hence to improve data availability and efficient accesses to popular data, replication algorithms are now widely used in distributed systems. However, most of them only replicate the static number of replicas on some requested chosen sites and it is obviously not enough for more reasonable performance. In addition, the failure of request is one of the most common issue within the data centers. To compensate these problems, we, propose a new data replication strategy to provide cost-effective availability, minimize the response time of applications and make load balancing for cloud storage. The proposed replication strategy has three different steps which are the identification of data file to replicate, placing new replicas, and replacing replicas. In the first step, it finds the most requested files for replication. In the second step, it selects the best site by consideration of the frequency of requests for replica, the last time the replica was requested, failure probability, centrality factor and storage usage) for storing new replica to reduce access time. In the third step, the replacement decision is made in order to provide better resource usage. The proposed strategy can ascertain the importance of valuable replicas based on the number of accesses in future, the availability of the file, the last time the replica was requested, and size of replica. Our proposed algorithm evaluated by CloudSim simulator and results confirmed the better performance of hybrid replication strategy in terms of mean response time, effective network usages, replication frequency, degree of imbalance, and number of communications.As grow as the data-intensive applications in cloud computing day after day, data popularity in this environment becomes critical and important. Hence to improve data availability and efficient accesses to popular data, replication algorithms are now widely used in distributed systems. However, most of them only replicate the static number of replicas on some requested chosen sites and it is obviously not enough for more reasonable performance. In addition, the failure of request is one of the most common issue within the data centers. To compensate these problems, we, propose a new data replication strategy to provide cost-effective availability, minimize the response time of applications and make load balancing for cloud storage. The proposed replication strategy has three different steps which are the identification of data file to replicate, placing new replicas, and replacing replicas. In the first step, it finds the most requested files for replication. In the second step, it selects the best site by consideration of the frequency of requests for replica, the last time the replica was requested, failure probability, centrality factor and storage usage) for storing new replica to reduce access time. In the third step, the replacement decision is made in order to provide better resource usage. The proposed strategy can ascertain the importance of valuable replicas based on the number of accesses in future, the availability of the file, the last time the replica was requested, and size of replica. Our proposed algorithm evaluated by CloudSim simulator and results confirmed the better performance of hybrid replication strategy in terms of mean response time, effective network usages, replication frequency, degree of imbalance, and number of communications.

Traditional DEA models do not deal with imprecise data and assume that the data for all inputs and outputs are known exactly. Inverse DEA models can be used to estimate inputs for a DMU when some or all outputs and efficiency level of this DMU are increased or preserved. this paper studies the inverse DEA for fuzzy data. This paper proposes generalized inverse DEA in fuzzy data envelopment analysis.

Nowadays, because of low financial ability of some of the buyers, saving natural resources and preventing unnecessary waste of energy and materials to produce new products, second-hand products have attracted extraordinary attention. Therefore, markets are divided into two parts, which are markets of new and second-hand products. Manufactures try to give peace of mind to customers regarding their products in order to capture more share of markets and customers satisfaction. An important factor in providing customer's peace of mind is warranty. This issue becomes more important regarding the second-hand products. Since customers are usually unaware of the product's past performance, dealers consider warranty and upgrades for these products until the customer does not doubt toward buying the product. Considering warranty and upgrade have the cost, make to increase the product's sale price, and make to increase the complexity of the model as a result, making decisions in such an environment is too complex also considering upgrade action will make to increase the second-hand product's reliability during the useful life of the product. Warranty period can be considered one-dimensional or two-dimensional. But because the dealer seek to calculate exactly the expected cost and the expected number of the product's failures during warranty coverage then warranty should be considered two-dimensional and the dealer calculates the cost of expected number of the product's failures during warranty coverage and adds it to the sale price of the product. Therefore, Upgrade action has increased the sale price of the second-hand product on one hand, has decreased the expected failures number of the product and the cost of these failures on the other hand. In this paper, an upgrade action carrying out on the product right before transferring to the customer, warranty is considered two-dimensional, as well as the expected cost of upgrade action and warranty coverage is calculated. At the end, a numerical example and sensitivity analysis is presented.

Laboratory animal models are an important part of test design. Certain conditions such as microbial contamination in diets of these models could affect the results of experiments. One of the most important routes that predispose to contamination is generated through feeding of laboratory animals. This study aimed to show the effect of gamma irradiation in reducing bacteria concentrations, crude nutrient content, and concentrations of some minerals and trace elements in laboratory animal diets. Large-sized pellets with 10–15 mm diameter (commonly used for rats and hamsters) and small-sized pellets with 3–5 mm diameter (used for rabbits and guinea pigs) along with skimmed milk powder (SMP) as a food additive were exposed to gamma irradiation with different doses ranging from 3 to 30 kGy. The total microbial contamination and any possible changes in some mineral nutrient composition and the crude nutrient content were determined pre- and post-irradiation. Our data revealed that 25 kGy in pelleted diets and 18 kGy in SKM had superior effects in the reduction of bacterial contamination with little change in crude nutrient content and minerals and trace elements in nutrient requirements of laboratory animals. According to the results, gamma irradiation had minimal effects on crude nutrient content and the concentrations of some minerals and trace elements of laboratory animal diets, and it also eliminated bacterial and fungal contamination load. By using gamma irradiation, this method could yield a favorable outcome in controlling microbial contamination of animal diets.

The hydrological sector is one of the most important and fundamental natural sectors in catchments. In order to evaluate the behavior of this sector under different conditions, it is essential to model hydrological processes. One of the aims of conducting hydrological studies is to determine the relationships between rainfall and runoff. Since it is not possible to measure all quantities required for the runoff analysis in the catchments, it is necessary to select a model which has a simple structure and a reduced number of parameters that can accurately simulate the runoff caused by rainfall. In this study, classification of hydrological models and the results of several models used in different case studies have initially been investigated. Furthermore, some of the information associated with several rainfall-runoff models have been noted. In the next step the model evaluation criteria and comparison of the selected models according to these criteria for the final model selection has been offered. Finally, the choice of the best model has been provided. According to the capabilities and limitations of each model, by considering the necessities and objectives of the considered rainfall-runoff model in each catchment, the appreciate model can be selected. Although it is better to select the lumped models because of their simplicity of structure and minimal required data and ease of use, it is better to select the semi-distributed models. Since semi-distributed models are in a position between the high simplicity of lumped models and the extensive required data by distributed models.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of urea as additive on reduction of formaldehyde emission and internal bonding strength (IB) improvement. Experimental boards were made using wood particles and urea formaldehyde adhesive. Pressure (25.26 kg/cm2), temperature (200 ˚C) and press time (7 minutes) were considered as constant factors. The wood particles with urea formaldehyde resin were pressed in three levels (8, 9 and 10 wt%) and urea additive at five levels (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wt%). Urea powder as additive was added in the two forms: to the particles and to resin solution. Test specimens for formaldehyde emission and IB were prepared from experimental boards following standers AS/NZS 4266.16 and EN 326-1, respectively. Formaldehyde emission was determined according to the Japanese standard desiccator method. In this study, the concentration of the formaldehyde gas reached the E2 class. The results showed that the reduction of urea formaldehyde resin decreases the release of formaldehyde from particleboard. In addition, the results illustrated that by decreasing the percentage of the urea additive in particleboard, both formaldehyde releasing also the formaldehyde emission ere reduces. Furthermore, IB was increased (higher than standard) by adding urea powder to resin solution. The presence of urea at the surface of the wood chips prevents the formation of good connections between adhesive and wood particles.

Inadequate hole cleaning can lead to many problems in horizontal and directional wells. In this work, we tried to investigate the cutting transport phenomenon by an experimental directional drilling simulator, considering the differences between the operational and experimental conditions. The inclination, fluid type (water, foam, viscous, and dense), rotary speed (0 and 110 rpm), nozzle bit size (4, 6, and 8 mm), and stabilizer location (8 and 95 cm from the bit) were included in the tests as the main parameters. It could be concluded that the nozzle size and the stabilizer position influenced the hole cleaning time. In vertical wells, by decreasing the nozzle size from 8 mm to 4 mm, the hole cleaning time was increased. The presence of stabilizer reduced the cleaning time, and optimizing the stabilizer position reduced the probability of cutting bed formation in all inclinations. Finally, a third polynomial equation was fitted between the dimensionless mass and the dimensionless cleaning time.

Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) work as a message transfer agent against biotic and abiotic stresses such as salinity. For studing the effect of JA and SA on growth, physiological and photosynthesis changes of tomato under salinity stress, a factorial experiment, based on completely randomized design, was performed in the Research Greenhouses of Isfahan University of Technology. Treatments were different salinity levels (S0= control, S1= 100 mM, S2= 150 mM and S3= 200 mM), different levels of JA (JA1= control, JA2= 1 mM and JA3= 2 mM) and SA (SA1= control and SA2= 10 mM) with 3 replicates. Results showed that SA decreased fresh and dry weight of the shoots in S0 and increased in S3. In S1 and S2 salinity levels, high concentration of JA (JA3) decreased fresh weight of the shoots. Addition of JA increased the Plant antioxidant activity in S0 and S1 and decreased it in S2. The antioxidant activity and prolin content were increased at low levels of salinity and JA and SA application. But, the effects were not significant at high salinity levels. Generally, it seems that using JA and SA at low levels of salinity, which change the photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, was more effective than high salinity levels. Also, lower concentrations of JA was more effective than higher concentrations

In this study, an analytical method based on energy balance equations has been presented to investigate the effects of rifling dimensions on the axial and angular velocities of the bullet. In this method, gun barrel has been considered as a control volume system that maximum pressure due to the detonation of explosive provides its input energy. Also, bullet velocity can be obtained using the calculation of absorbed energy terms by the system like energy due to friction between rifling and bullet along with taking into account the inner ballistic effective parameters. The obtained results of the presented model revealed that rifling twist-rate and barrel length are two important parameters which influence bullet velocity. Increasing these two effective parameters resulted in increasing bullet velocity over a particular range of values and after that has no important effect on bullet velocity. Comparison of the obtained theoretical results with previous experimental and numerical results in the literature showed a surprising agreement.

In this paper, we investigate the aeroelastic behavior of double-sweep metal and symmetric composite layup wings. Various strategies have been proposed to suppuration of instability such as using the composite materials in structure. The wing is considered as a cantilever beam with 3 degrees of freedom of bending/ bending/ torsional. For aerodynamic modeling, the quasi-steady and unsteady flow theory in the time domain is used based on the Wagner function and the process of calculation of the flutter velocity is provided in form of software code. Finally, the effect of the ratio of length of the isotropic on the total length of the wing as well as the swept angle of the composite section on the flutter speed have been investigated. The results show that with increasing the length of ratio of the metal part to the total length up to 0.9, the speed of instability increases and after that position, it decreases. Also, negative sweep angle of the swept part of wing increases the speed of instability than the positive sweep angle of the composite part. The results show the best angle of fiber is 30 degrees in range of negative sweep angle, having the highest speed of instability. Also, studies show that with increasing the negative sweep angle from -90 to 0 degrees at different angles of fiber, the speed of instability decreases till to -20 degrees of sweep angle and, then, increases slightly. With increasing the sweep angle from 0 to 80 degrees at different angles of fiber, the speed of instability decreases.

In this study the experimental study was performed to determine the scour hole dimensions due to falling jets at the downstream of storage reservoir. The geometry of the scour hole depend to many parameters such as outflow discharge of gates (Qj), medium diameter of sediment (D50) and the confluence angle of jets at horizontal plane ( . In this study the effect of these parameters were investigated. Water jet falls from pipes with circular section and diameter of 1.25 inch into the downstream pound. The drop height was 95 cm. The downstream pound filled with 20 cm of non-cohesive sediments with medium diameter of 1.7 mm, 3.2 mm and 6.75 mm.  Experiments were carried out with different discharges at the range of 1.32 to 5.14 l/s. The results of this study shows that for all experiments a scour hole created at the downstream of the reservoir and with increasing discharge the scour depth (ds) increased. The sensitive analysis of the proposed general equation showed that when jet discharge, sediment diameter and the confluence angle of jets at horizontal plane (  changed ± 20%, the relative scour depth changed 12.33, 6.23 and 34.03 %, respectively.

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of azo-dye acid orange 10 was investigated using titanium dioxide catalyst suspension, irradiation with ultraviolet-C lamp and bismuth vanadate under visible light of light-emitting diode lamp. Response surface methodology was successfully employed to optimize the treatment of acid orange 10 dye and assess the interactive terms of four factors. The characteristics of catalysts were determined by field emission scanning electron microscopes, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimum values of initial dye concentration, initial pH, irradiation time and catalyst dose were found 11.889 mg/L, 4.592, 12.87 min, and 0.178 g/100 mL for ultraviolet/titanium dioxide process, respectively, and 10.919 mg/L, 3.231, 320.26 min and 0.239 g/100 mL for visible/bismuth vanadate process, respectively. The removal efficiencies obtained for acid orange 10 were 100% and 36.93% after selecting the optimized operational parameters achieved for titanium dioxide and bismuth vanadate, respectively. The highest efficiency was achieved by the use of ultraviolet/titanium dioxide system, while a low acid orange 10 removal efficiency was obtained for the synthesized bismuth vanadate using the co-precipitation method. Thus, it seems necessary to increase the photocatalytic activity of bismuth vanadate in combination with titanium dioxide to remove acid orange 10 dye in subsequent studies.

Water quality parameters of Kaj and Sendegan rivers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were assessed for rainbow trout culture. For Kaj and Sendegan rivers, 6 and 5 sampling stations were selected, respectively. The water samples were collected once a month from May to October (2015) and were sent to laboratory for assessing: Nitrite, Ammonium, Soluble Phosphate, BOD5, COD, TSS, TDS, Cu, Zn, Hg, Cl-, organophosphate toxins, pH, Malachite green and EC. The Nitrite concentration in Sendegan River (0.106 mg/l) was equal to standard (p>0.05) and in Kaj River (0.079 mg/l) was lower than standard (p<0.009). The soluble Phosphate concentration was higher than standard (p<0.0007) in the studied rivers (0.162 and 0.152 mg/l for Kaj and Sendegan, respectively). Measured TDS for Kaj (225 mg/l) and Sendegan (335 mg/l) rivers were higher than standard (p<0.03 and P<0.0001, respectively). BOD5 and COD concentrations were lower (p<0.0001) than its standards for two rivers (2.67 and 5.56 mg/l for Kaj River and 2.16 and 4.22 mg/l for Sendegan River, respectively). Amount of Malachite green in the last station of Kaj River was 0.003 mg/l (p>0.05) and in the last station of Sendegan River was 0.065 mg/l (p<0.05). The EC of Sendegan River (562 µs/cm) was higher than standard (p<0.0003). Other parameters in the both rivers, were lower than the standard (p<0.0001). Generally, water quality of Kaj and Sendegan rivers were not suitable for rainbow trout culture.

The purpose of this study was to identify the Fusarium species associated with selected medicinal plant species of Lamiaceae and Asteraceae in Kerman, the second-largest province of Iran. The plants showing wilting/rotting symptoms as well as asymptomatic plants were collected from main medicinal plants reservoirs and production areas. Fusarium species were identified based on morphological characteristics as well as subsequent sequencing of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α gene. The following species were identified: F. oxysporum, F. solani and F. nygamai from Achillea wilhelmsii (Asteraceae); F. solani, F. proliferatum and species of F. tricinctum species complex from Teucrium polium (Lamiaceae); F. solani, F. proliferatum and species of F. tricinctum species complex from Ziziphora tenuior (Lamiaceae); F. solani and a species of F. tricinctum species complex from Thymus carmanicus (Lamiaceae); F. redolens, F. brachygibbosum, F. proliferatum, F. tricinctum species complex, F. compactum and F. equiseti from Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae); and F. solani and F. proliferatum from Ziziphora cliniopodiodes (Lamiaceae). For the first time, the pathogenicity of Fusarium nygamai on Achillea wilhelmsii as well as F. redolens and F. brachygibbosum on Mentha piperita were confirmed in this study.

Sunlight sensing for maximum illumination, providing initial position and delays of PV panel, design of an adequate control unit for minimal consuming servo motors are the main challenges of solar tracking systems. That is the objective of this paper to design and implement an automatic control for directing maximum solar illumination to a photovoltaic (PV) panel. The proposed prototype dual axis solar tracker panel is used to optimize the conversion of solar energy into electricity by orienting the panel toward the real position of the sun, at a cost of mechanical complexity and maintenance need, for the best efficiency. In hardware development, two geared DC servo motors are pulse width modulation (PWM) controlled by a drive unit moving the panel using four light dependant resistors (LDR) to provide analog signals processed by a simple and low energy ATMEGA328P microcontroller with Arduino. For the software part, after data processing, a C++ programming controls two DC servo motors to position light sensors in the most favorable direction, where solar panel and sensors will be perpendicular to the sunlight

In this study, an optimization technique is performed to obtain the unknown heat source distribution in order to produce the known temperature and heat flux distribution over the design surface. The medium is considered non-gray, absorber-emitter and non-scatter in radiative equilibrium. Discrete ordinate method is used for solving the radiative transfer equation. In order to consider the nongray calculations, both the spectral line-based weighted sum of gray gases approach and the gray model are implemented. The inverse problem involves the minimization of an appropriate objective function which is minimized by the conjugate gradient method. Some examples are presented to prove the ability of the approach for achieving the desired thermal conditions. Although the gray model is a low-computational-time method, the present outcomes showed that using this method results in enormous error. Compared to the gray model, accurate results could be only achieved through using the spectral line-based weighted sum of gray gases model which is a powerful and efficient method.

In the present paper, fluctuations of inflow into the Karun-4 Dam under different scenarios of the climate change for the future period of 2021-2050 were investigated. For this purpose, the outputs of the HadCM3 model under the scenarios of B1 (optimistic) and A2 (pessimistic) were utilized for the fourth report; additionally, the outputs of the ensemble model under RCP 2.6 (optimistic) and RCP 8.5 (pessimistic) scenarios were used for the fifth report. Moreover, in order to estimate runoff in the future period, the artificial neural network was considered as a rainfall-runoff model. The results indicated that the average annual precipitation in the five study stations under B1 and RCP 2.6 scenarios was increased by 15 and 5%, respectively, while it showed a decrease equal to 8 and 6%, respectively under the scenarios A2 and RCP 8.5. Furthermore, the average annual temperature in all scenarios showed increase, which was at least 1.06 ⁰C under the scenario B1 and 1.89 ⁰C under scenario RCP 8.5. Examining the input inflow into the Karun-4 dam showed that under both B1 and RCP 2.6 scenarios, the annual inflow will be increased by 1.8 and 1.5%, respectively; under the two scenarios A2 and RCP of 8.5, the annual inflow will be decreased to 10.4 and 9.8%, respectively.

Iran’s government has followed subsidies reform since 2010. Due to the fact that a significant part of these subsides historically has belonged to wheat, flour and bread, this study aims to investigate on outcomes and consequences of subsidies reform in above mentioned sectors. To this end, 2-stage cluster sampling method among different populations of bread producers (576 observations) and consumers (1622 observations) plus flour producers(21 observations) is implemented in Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces as the dominant poles of consumption and production. Furthermore, this study covers subjects related to the fields of bread consumption, waste, flour and bread quality and production. Changes in variables have been verified by mean-comparison tests. Results indicate that more successful outcomes have been achieved with ‎bread consumption variables than those of bread and flour production. Consequently, this fact is argued that stems from incomplete enforcement of obligations to producers induced by subsidies-reform law. To address these issues, modification of bread and flour prices is proposed.‎

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of particle size of two forages on rumen parameters of ten Sangsari fistulated lactating ewes using a complete randomized design with five treatments in six replications during 30 days.Experimental rations includes 1) coarse alfalfa犆ꮱ corn silage 2) medium alfalfaઆꮱ corn silage 3) medium alfalfa 縩 corn silage 4) Fine alfalfa犆ꮱ corn silage 5) Fine alfalfaᘩ corn silage. The ruminal content of ewes manually evacuated at 3, 7.5, and 12 h post feeding and seprated to particulate and liquied phase. The chemical composition of feed ingredients and experimental rations were similar but particle size of forages was different among treatments. Along with decrease of particle size, pef>8 decreased significantly. Also, reduction of particle size decreased the value of pef>1.18 in alfalfa and corn silage. Geometric mean of particles was decreased significantly with decrease of particle size, but standard deviation of geometric mean was tended to significance. Consumption of neutral detergent fiber was not affected by forage particle size. Geometric mean of solid particle size in rumen at different hours after feeding did not show significant difference. Along with increase of time after feeding, portion of passable phase particles from rumen was increased. Feeding activity and total chewing time were not affected by experimental treatment, but as was expectable along with decrease of particle size, rumination time was decreased significantly.

The aim of this study was to manufacture of green particleboard with natural adhesive from corn / soybean meal flour. The physical and mechanical properties of obtained particleboard were characterized under different conditions of press at dry environment. Variable agents of adhesive were two levels of press pressure; 15 and 17.5 kg/cm2 and three levels of press time; 600, 660 and 720 seconds. The corn / soybean meal flour with a ratio of equal, mixed with water to produce the adhesive. Sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were added to the adhesive mixture to decrease viscosity and increase adhesion, respectively. Then the particles blended with adhesive 15 wt%, and pressed at 190°C. In addition, the samples were prepared for physical and mechanical tests according to the European standards. The results showed that the bending properties and internal bonding increased with increasing press time to 660 seconds. while, the highest internal bonding was obtained at 0.5 MPa under 17.5 kg/cm2 pressures and time of 660 seconds. Also, water absorption and thickness swelling of the specimens after 2 and 24 h immersion decreased with increasing in press time to 660 seconds. Therefore, this adhesive can be used as a suitable alternative for the urea formaldehyde glue that has a risk of formaldehyde emission in interior locations.

It is of those common Mahdavi doctrines, derived from 33rd verse of Chapter al-Towbah, that Allah shall perfect his light and the religion of Islam shall prevail over all religions. The Shiite and the Sunnite prominent exegetes have a lot in common in this respect. Most of the Shiite and the Sunnite exegetes are of the view that the verse ‘áöíõÙúåöÑóåõ Úóáóì ÇáÏöøíäö ßõáöøåö’ [the true religion that He may make it prevail over all religions], signifies an objective overcome which have not been fulfilled yet. A great number of Shiite exegetes, taking recourse to the traditions, have pointed to Imam Mahdi’s appearance and hold that the true religion will overcome other religions exclusively in the era of Imam Mahdi [a.s]. Sudai, being one of the followers of the prophet’s companions, in commenting the very verse, believes what the Shiite exegeses favor most. Thus, most of the Sunnite exegetes who have found this interpretation more logical and justifiable, related this point from him. The experts hold disagreeing accounts on whether or not he belonged to a Shiite or Sunnite denomination. Due to Sudai’s scholarly position, his historical precedence, and his characteristics, it will be of high significance to explain his exegetical account for he can play a vital part in bringing the Islamic sects closer to Mahdavi doctrine. Therefore, the current paper, following descriptive-explanatory methods, attempts to shed light on his biography, and his exegetical account on verse 33 of Chapter al-Towbah. The writer holds that it can be a step forward in seeking proximity to the Shiite's and Sunnite’s fundamental principles on the issue of Imam Mahdi (a.s). The researcher applies the Quran by Quran exegetical method in explaining the meanings of ‘perfection’, ‘its philosophy’ and etc. it will be unfolded that the meaning of ‘blessing’ in the verse of perfection [Maidah: 3], is the divine authority and its completion means the authority of the prophet and those vested with authority among you. What is meant by divine light is the divine authority and its completion means establishment of a divine state in the whole universe. This promise, the prevail of Islam over all other religions, will be fulfilled in the era of Imam Mahdi and his appearance.

In this study the relationship between annual Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and, remotely sensed indices of Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Differencing Vegetation Index (NDVI) have been studied. MODIS images of Terra satellites for the period of 2000 to 2012, during the growing season of pastures across Golestan province alongwith rainfall data of five meteorological stations in Golestan rangelands from their establishment till 1993 were collected. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between rainfall data and vegetations indices. Correlation coefficient between (SPI) drought index and EVI and NDVI indices was 0.75 and 0.78 respectively at 5% level of significance. Bedsides, correlation between the NDVI and EVI indices in detection of the vegetation changes were 0.98. In general, the results of this study showed that in regions with inadequate rainfall data, remote sensing products can be used for drought and vegetation cover dynamic monitoring.