manzar zahra

Graphene Oxide has been synthesized using Hummer’s method by the oxidation of graphite powder using reagents like potassium permanganate, Sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and distilled water at low temperatures. The filtered suspension of graphene oxide was changed to a dry powder at room temperature. Synthesized Graphene oxide was further modified by functionalizing using diamine 2,6-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzonitrile (BAAP) by ultrasonication and reflux methodology, air-cooled mixture was washed with the equimolar ratio of ethanol and water which was dried at room temperature and followed by drying in the oven at 80 oC. The sample was characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy which confirmed all required functional groups and proved the functionalization and modification of Graphene Oxide. Further, UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the slight reduction of graphene oxide by the redshift which is due to the chromophoric effect of diamine. X-ray diffraction also confirmed the expected d-spacing due to the covalent reduction of graphene oxide by shifting the peak position towards higher 2θ values. The cyclic voltammetry results are in a quasi-rectangular shape, due to the pseudocapacitance behaviour of diamine functionalized graphene oxide; successfully synthesised and functionalized graphene oxide showed electrochemical stability and an increase in capacitance with an increase in scan rates which is the promising property for supercapacitance to ensure energy storage and conservation.

ZnO nano particles and Cu modified ZnO nano composites have been prepared by simple, facile hydrothermal approach. The novelty of this work was the use of aqueous methanolic solution (50:50 ratio) as the solvent of reaction, while zinc chloride was used as the precursor of ZnO NPs and Cu- modified ZnO nano composites. XRD results revealed that the synthesized ZnO and Cu-modified ZnO nano composites were of nano size and XRD patterns matched with JCPDS Card 35-1451, confirming the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The FT-IR results confirmed the synthesis of target materials and also the adsorption of Cu metal on ZnO surface. The UV visible spectroscopic analysis indicated that the optical properties improved as the concentration of Cu metal increased on ZnO surface. SEM analysis explored the spherical shape of synthesized nano composites. The EDX graph showed the elemental composition of prepared materials that composed of Zn, O and Cu and no other impurity was found. The Tartrazine Yellow Azo Dye was degraded to investigate the photo catalytic activity which was optimized under sunlight with increasing the Cu metal concentration on surface of ZnO.

Current studies are performed to review the past 20 years literature regarding the impact of global warming and climatic changes on water availability, its quality/quantity/yield and consequent effects on nutrients, freshwater and biota. Water resources are susceptible to changes in climate. The water holding capacity of the atmosphere is increased with the rise of temperature. Global warming will cause increased sea levels due to the spreading of oceans and melting of glaciers. The flow of affected freshwater into the oceans will cause variations in stratification, nutrient availability, salinity, and turbidity, which will affect tourism, agriculture, and industry. The total amount of organic carbon availability varies from winter to warming, and there are also changes in enzymes' activities. There is a vast shift in rainfall due to climate changes. The intense precipitation, runoff, erosion, and transfer of a vast number of pollutants into the groundwater affect drinking water quality. Many organisms such as animals and plants migrate to other regions, so the biological composition of natural ecosystem agriculture is modified. We cannot measure these complicated processes precisely, yet we roughly estimate these processes through the extinction of species and variation in productivity. The temperature has a pronounced effect on the distribution of various species in different geographical regions. Warming shows an impact on interspecific and intraspecific interaction. It also has an impact growth period and yield of crops. The use of future climate models enables us to understand the environmental issues and future climate changes thoroughly.