فهرست مطالب maral ahmadi

The social landscape is created by collective life and shared interactions between the people themselves and their environment. The historical texture of the cities narrates the city’s identity and depicts its history, and the preservation of their social landscape is greatly important. Adoption of a suitable approach in terms of the social landscape in the historical texture of the cities depends on the creation of a balance between the preservation of the valuable works of the past in the environment and harmony between their different physical, semantic, and functional aspects and the needs of the citizens and contemporary urban society. Preservation of the social landscapes in the historical texture of cities such as Semnan and Damghan is faced with some challenges. Urban management has moved towards a protective and demonstrative approach, with some prioritization of the physical environment. In contrast, in some other cases, it has physically and functionally equipped the environment to allocate the space to contemporary society without sufficient understanding of the meaning of the space, context, and audience needs. The current article aimed to investigate the different aspects of the social landscape and how they evolved in the historical texture of Semnan and Damghan cities in a way that, through considering the effects of different factors, it would be possible to adopt a suitable approach to preserve such landscapes in the context of today’s urban life. The social landscape is a general and synergistic phenomenon of function, body, and meaning, and paying attention to the key role of people to preserve it over time is very important. A unilateral and environment improvement-oriented approach without considering the social and cultural aspects, the instability of social composition would lead to a drop in public participation and commitment and a decline in the social landscape. The necessity to pay attention to the basic prerequisites such as the validation of capabilities, the intrinsic meaning and inclusive nature of each space, the needs of the contemporary society, the supportive factors of individuals' presence, and the key role of people, allows for the realization of the social landscape as the product of the dynamic experience of the environment by the society and the collective asset with widespread ownership. Some forms of active protection and collective management through restoring the relationship with the places positively impact the survival of the social landscape. Planning a holistic, integrated, and multi-dimensional process to increase the citizens’ attachment to the place and observance of a balance between the preservation and manipulation of the landscape also help with the survival of the social landscape and continuous updating of the users’ relationship with the landscape and interpretation of it.

Urban areas today face a number of structural problems that have a lot of impact on the extent of damages. These changes are evident in most cases, in addition to the physical dimensions, in both social and economic dimensions, one of which is exhausting. The concept of urban resilience, considering the extent of these changes, seeks to predict the damage, as easily as to stabilize a system that is particularly important when discussing about valuable historical areas. Urban form as comprehensive idea, composed of all visible elements of the urban center, whether natural or artifact, and the spatial crystallization and form of the activities of the urban community, which is exemplified by its three dimensional nature, in addition to the surface, in bulk. This composition includes human artifacts and natural elements, that the study of its resilience can be a shortcut to measure the stability of the system on an intermediate scale. The aim of this study is to explain the structure and optimal model of the resilience in the urban form of the declined neighborhood in historic neighborhoods of Tehran, which includes Udlajan, Sanglej, Bazzar, Chale-Medan and Dolat neighborhoods. Therefore, this numerical value can be analyzed in the most appropriate method at the level of comparison with the successful global examples, and the urban form resilience is assessed with emphasis on social and physical dimensions. After analyzing the findings, it can provide the necessary strategy and policy to explain and document in urban design projects. In the present methodology, which is analytical-descriptive after collecting data in a library and survey, metric calculations in the form of maps, tables and graphics have been used in the analysis of urban form on the scale of residential neighborhood by analytical method, and to evaluate the local community dimension, numbers of questionnaires have been used on a ordinal scale. In the following, by using the distance from the optimal level, calculating the level of urban form resilience for each neighborhood. The results indicate that the resilience of the urban form of these neighborhoods has an inappropriate distance from the optimal optimum level in successful experiments and practically isn’t resilience, but Dolat neighborhood with an ARI of 0.65 can be a more appropriate example in explaining the urban regeneration approach. Finally, with the explanation and emphasis on the fundamental concepts of sustainability and resilience, due to the long history of historical areas in most metropolises, our country can change the nature of the type of intervention in order to develop tourism and optimize the efficiency of these areas and these issues can be considered as a principle in most urban design projects.

Lack of attention to the concept of social capital as one of the local potential point in regeneration is one of the main problems in the process of renewal of decade neighborhoods.The importance of social capital in the process of regeneration is because of the interventions and action that most of them is performed in a spatial neighborhood but,this element is usually unnoticed.So the purpose of this research is to develop a framework that in addition to the introduction of social capital indicators and measurement involved in regeneration of decade and historical neighborhoods,also measure them in Iranian native position and historical Emamazdeh yahya neighborhood.To this purpose first the principal concepts of research and the role of social capital in regeneration is studied,then the social capital indicators and measures that is effective in regeneration specified. The general approach in this research is mixed(quantitative and qualitative).Methodology of this research is descriptive and analytical research and the data collection method is library and survey.We use structural equation modeling and LISREL to analyzing data. After completing theoretical studies using direct observation and interviews performance of measures is discussed in Emamazdeh yahya neighborhood with questions.As a result of the theoretical section demolition and physical renovation and social relations and association as two new indicators in the terms of regeneration based on social capital, are introduced. The results show that social capital influences regeneration by93%degree.Also we find out that trust and social norms as the indicators of participation have an impressive role in the process of regeneration in this case, otherwise solidarity has no.As well results indicate that the existence of the kind of social capital that can accelerate the process of regeneration is60%,that is the strength point in the process of regeneration.Finally,proposals to promote the realization of goals of regeneration by social capital expressed.

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive mathematical model to describe the supercritical fluid extraction of vegetable oils. The complexity of the plant solid matrix structure, the effect of size, controlling effect of phase equilibrium, interaction between solute and solid matrix have been taken into account as well as axial dispersion in fluid phase. As two new attempts, profile of concentration for the inner region of particle along with concept of free solute on the surface of the particle was considered and equilibrium concentration dependence on concentration of free solute was presented. Obtained differential equations are partial and solved numerically. The ability of the model to predict the extraction yield was checked out under changing operating parameters of solvent flow rate, pressure, temperature and particle size, for the extraction of neem seed oil that percentage of sum of squared differences (SSD%) between the model prediction and the experimental data obtained 1%, 0.4%, 0.3% and 0.3%, respectively. Also for the extraction ofsunflower seed oil, the effect of solvent flow rate was investigated that the SSD% was obtained 0.5%.