maryam darabimanesh

The 1979 revolution of Iran aroused a religion-centric state in Iran. This transformation brings the new conceptual framework in contemporary international relation. Constitute of religion-centric sate in domestic and international level had been shown opposite behavioral pattern in international society. In this regard religion-centric state involves two important concepts: imperialism (estekbar) and community (Umuh). These concept with respect of identity, represent of West as Others. In fact imperialism and community concepts challenged the dominant discourse in international relation. In this article with respect to constructivism theory and the role of ideational and cultural factor, the religion-centric state as producer of new concept in international relation had been analyzed.

Turkey's foreign policy, after Islamists’ coming over in 2002, has created several discussions in academic and political circles. Turkey’s active policy in Middle East in recent years caused some analysts evaluate this Turkey’s attitude change on regional issues as due to Justice and Development Party’s historical and religious tendencies and its evading from Kemalism west-oriented nationalistic discourse and others argue these changes as due to Turkey’s security considerations after America’s invasion to Iraq. The main question in this study is that what is the most important factor in Turkey’s foreign policy change after Justice and Development Party’ coming over? In response to this question, authors of this paper review different views about Turkey's new foreign policy and as well evaluate America's Grand Strategy for Middle East after September 11 as the decisive factor in this attitude change. It seems after September 11, with knowledge of constructive changes in geo-strategic space of Middle East, Turkey has tried,through accompaning with America’s grand stategy, to get an appropriate position as the main supraregional actor in Middle East’s new order.

One of the important consequences of the United States invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam have been the increasing insecurity and violence in Iraq. A violence which its clear manifestation can be seen in terrorist attacks-mostly in the shape of suicidal bombing. From 2003 to 2008 these violent incidents and terrorist attacks have increased dramatically, in a way that its repercussion is still continuing. The aim of the present paper is answering this question that what are the domestic factors contributing to recurrence and increase of such terrorist attacks after the fall of Saddam. The underlying hypothesis which is discussed with a descriptive-analytical method in reply to the above question is that several historical, cultural, social and political factors play role in increase of terrorist attacks in Iraq. Within the framework of the above hypothesis and by making use of constructivist theoretical model, three important indexes namely political history of Iraq and Baath Party, ethnic and religious differences and the United States invasion of Iraq are examined and analyzed.